Cooperating with Smartness: Development of Smart Antenna Technology

Sheikh.k.; Gesbert D; Gore.D; Paulraj.A Smart antennas for broadband wirelessacess networks IEEEcommunications Magazine,
[1 ] A. Alexiou, Smart antennas: Teands and Challanges IEEE Magazine. [2] Smart antenna systems Tutorials, The International Engineering Consortium

Abstract: One of the most rapidly developing areas of communications is Smart Antenna systems. This paper deals with the principle and working of smart antennas and the elegance of their applications in various fields such a 4G telephony system, best suitability of multi carrier modulations such as OFDMA, MISSILE GUIDANCE etc.. Keywords: smart antenna, types of antenna, uses in various fields.

1. INTRODUCTION An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and are a necessary part of all radio equipment. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft communication. This paper mainly concentrates on use of smart antennas in mobile communications that enhances the capabilities of the mobile and cellular system such a faster bit rate, multi use interference, space division multiplexing (SDMA), increase in range, Multi path Mitigation, and reduction of errors due to multi path fading and with one great advantage that is a very high security. The signal that is been transmitted by a smart antenna cannot tracked or received any other antenna thus ensuring a very high security of the data transmitted. This paper also deals the required algorithms that are need for the beam forming in the antenna patters. As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. smart antenna systems are capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and thus for an effective solution to the present wireless systems problems while achieving reliable and high speed, high-data-rate transmission. In, fact smart antenna systems comprise several critical areas such as individual antenna array design, signal processing algorithms, space time processing, and network performance. 2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES Like most modern advances in electronics today, the digital format for manipulating the RF data offers numerous advantages in terms of accuracy and flexibility of operation. Speech starts and ends as analog information. Along the way, however, smart antenna systems capture, convert, and

modulate analog signals for transmission as digital signals and reconvert them to analog information on the other end. Working of Smart Antenna Systems Traditional switched beam and adaptive array systems enable a base station to customize the beams they generate for each remote user effectively by means of internal feedback control. Generally speaking, each approach forms a main lobe toward individual users and attempts to reject interference or noise from outside of the main lobe. Listening to the Cell (Uplink Processing)

Fig. Working process of smart antenna It is assumed here that a smart antenna is only employed at the base station and not at the handset or subscriber unit. Such remote radio terminals transmit using omnidirectional antennas, leaving it to the base station to selectively separate the desired signals from interference selectively. Typically, the received signal from the spatially distributed antenna elements is multiplied by a weight, a complex adjustment of amplitude and a phase. These signals are combined to yield the array output. An adaptive algorithm controls the weights according to predefined objectives. For a switched beam system, this may be primarily maximum gain; for an adaptive array system, other factors may receive equal consideration. These dynamic calculations enable the system to change its radiation pattern for optimized signal

reception. Speaking to the Users (Downlink Processing) The task of transmitting in a spatially selective manner is the major basis for differentiating between switched beam and adaptive array systems. As described below, switched beam systems communicate with users by changing between preset directional patterns, largely on the basis of signal strength. In comparison, adaptive arrays attempt to understand the RF environment more comprehensively and transmit more selectively. The type of downlink processing used depends on whether the communication system uses time division duplex (TDD), which transmits and receives on the same frequency (e.g., PHS and DECT) or frequency division duplex (FDD), which uses separate frequencies for transmit and receiving (e.g., GSM). In most FDD systems, the uplink and downlink fading and other propagation characteristics may be considered independent, whereas in TDD systems the uplink and downlink channels can be considered reciprocal. Hence, in TDD systems uplink channel information may be used to achieve spatially selective transmission. In FDD systems, the uplink channel information cannot be used directly and other types of downlink processing must be considered. 3. TYPES OF ANTENNA Smart antenna systems communicate directionally by forming specific antenna beam patterns. When a smart antenna directs its main lobe with enhanced gain in the direction of the user, it naturally forms side lobes and nulls or areas of medium and minimal gain respectively in directions away from the main lobe. Different switched beam and adaptive smart antenna systems control the lobes and the nulls with varying degrees of accuracy and flexibility. A. Adaptive Antennas Systems Adaptive antenna technology represents the most advanced smart antenna approach to date. Using a variety of new signal-processing algorithms, the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability to effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and maximize intended signal reception. Both systems attempt to increase gain according to the location of the user; however, only the adaptive system provides optimal gain while simultaneously identifying, tracking, and minimizing interfering signals. The adaptive antenna systems approach communication between a user and base station in a different way, in effect adding a dimension of space. By adjusting to an RF environment as it changes (or the spatial origin of signals), adaptive antenna technology can dynamically alter the signal patterns to near infinity to optimize the performance of the wireless system. Adaptive arrays utilize sophisticated signal-processing algorithms to continuously distinguish between desired

signals, multipath, and interfering signals as well as calculate their directions of arrival. This approach continuously updates its transmit strategy based on changes in both the desired and interfering signal locations. The ability to track users smoothly with main lobes and interferers with nulls ensures that the link budget is constantly maximized.

Fig. Adaptive Antenna system B. Switched Beam Systems Switched beam antenna systems from multiple fixed beams with heightened sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose from one of several predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves throughout the sector. Instead of shaping the directional antenna pattern with the metallic properties and physical design of a single element (like a sectorized antenna), switched beam systems combine the outputs of multiple antennas in such a way as to form finely sectorized (directional) beams with more spatial selectivity than can be achieved with conventional, singleelement approaches. The switched beam system selects one of several predetermined fixed-beam patterns (based on weighted combinations of antenna outputs) with the greatest output power in the remote user's channel. These choices are driven by RF or baseband DSP hardware and software. The system switches its beam in different directions throughout space by changing the phase differences of the signals used to feed the antenna elements or received from them

Fig. Switch beam antenna 4. APPLICABLE STANDARDS Smart antenna systems are applicable, with some modifications, to all major wireless protocols and standards, including those in wireless communication. Access methods analogfrequency division multiple access (FDMA) (e.g., AMPS, TACS, NMT) digitaltime division multiple access (TDMA) (e.g., GSM, IS136); code division multiple access (CDMA) (e.g., IS95) Duplex methods frequency division duplex(FDD); time division duplex (TDD) 5. APPLICATIONS

penetration loss at 5GHz and the congestion experienced at 2.4GHz, particularly in busy public spaces (such as Heathrow) threaten to reduce the utility of WLAN.

(a) Key enhancement technique to increase system

(d) The effect of multiple path fading in wireless communications environments can be significantly reduced. Hand sets of smart antenna systems have longer battery life because the power required to transmit to the base station is lower than that of conventional systems. Smart antenna system can significantly improve signal-to-interference ratio of a wireless communications systems, and thus significantly increase the capacity of the system.

(b) Smart antennas are already part of current releases

(c) WLAN offers higher speed access to nomadic users than 2 or 3G mobile systems can deliver. In addition WLAN offers benefits to enterprise networks in terms of reduced infrastructure (wiring) costs, and improved working flexibility. However the high