1.138J/2.062J/18.376J, WAVE PROPAGATION Fall, 2004 MIT Notes by C. C.

Mei CHAPTER FIVE MULTIPLE SCATTERING BY AN EXTENDED REGION OF INHOMOGENEITIES

Bragg scattering in a periodic medium

Longshore sand bars are often found along gentle beaches. The number of bars can range from a few to dozens and the spacing from tens to hundreds of meters. The bar amplitudes can be as high as a meter. Figure 1 shows a sample prole in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, recorded by accoustic sounding (Dolan, 1982). Scientically it is natural to ask how these sand bars are generated and how the bars aect the propagation of waves. In fact these two questions are coupled through the complex dynamics of sediment transport. It is easier to just consider the second question. If the bar amplitudes are small, D h, one might expect their eects on a train of progresseive waves to be small and apply a straightforward second-order analysis so that the eect on waves will appear at the order kA(KD). The situation is dierent if however the incident waves are twice as long as the bar spacing, i.e., K = 2k then the phenomenon of Bragg resonance occurs and the reection by many small and periodic bars can be very strong. The source of this resonance is due to constructive interference of incident and reected waves and is well known in x-ray diraction by crystaline materials. Referring to Fig. 2 where a number of bars of wavelength b are xed on a horizontal bed, we consider the propagation of a train of waves incident from the left. Every wave crest passing over a bar will be mostly transmitted toward the next bar ahead and sends a weak reected wave towards the bar behind. At any given bar crest, say B, the total amplitude of the left-going wave is the sum of all left-going wave crests each of which is the consequence of reection by the nth bar on the right. Therefore each of these crests has traveled the distance of 2nb . When 1

2b equals the surface wavelength, , all these reected crests are in phase upon arival at B, and reinforce one another, resulting in strong (resonant) reection. Thus many small bars can give rise to strong reection if the Bragg resonance condition is met. Bragg resonance is of interest in many branches of physics. In crystalography, the phenomenon is used to study the structure of a crystaline solid by x-rays. Let us use a one-dimensional example to describe the phenomenon. First, since many scatters must be involved in order for this phenomenon to be appreciable, the total region of disturbances must be much greater than the typical wavelength. The perturbation method of multiple scales can be used. Second, since reection is strong, incident and reected wave must be allowed to be comparable in order. Let us consider the one-dimensional scattering of elastic waves in a rod with a slightly periodic elasticity, = constant, where D is of order unity, i.e., u 2u (1 + D cos Kx) = 2 E0 x x t We now assume that the spatial period of inhomogeneity

E = Eo (1 + D cos Kx),

(1.1)

(1.2) 2/K and the elastic

wavelength

2/k = 2 Eo // are comparable. As a consequence, wave reection

can be signicant. Let us rst try a naive expansion, u = u0 + u1 + . The crudest solution is easily found to be u0 =

A ikxit e + c.c., 2

(1.3)

where c.c. signies the complex conjugate of the preceding term, and 2 k

Eo 2 , or =C= k

E0 .

(1.4)

At the next order the governing equation is

(1.5)

Clearly, when
K = 2k + , k, (1.6)

some of the forcing terms on the right will be close to a natural mode exp(i(kx + t)). Resonance of the reected waves must be expected. It suces to illustrate the response to one of these terms, Eo 2 u1 2 u1 2 = Aeio ex , with o = kx + t. x2 t

Combining homogeneous and inhomogeneous solutions and requiring that u1 (0, t) = 0, we nd u1 = Aeio 1 eix

Eo ((k + )2 k 2 )

. 1.

Clearly if = O( ), u1 O( /) and is not small compared to u0 except for x

Furthermore as x increases, u1 grows as x. This implies that the reected waves are resonated and is no longer much smaller that the incident waves in the distance x = O(1). The relation 2K = k (cf. (1.6) is the well-known condition for Bragg resonance. Let us now focus attention on the case of Bragg resonance. To render the solution uniformly valid for all x, we introduce fast and slow variables in space x, x = x (1.7)

To allow slight detuning from exact resonance, we assume that the incident wave frequency is + , where represents the small detuning and gives rise to a very slow variation in time. Therefore two time variables are needed, t, t = t The following multiple scale expansion is then proposed, u = u0 (x, x; t, t) + u1 (x, x; t, t) + . After making the changes + , x x x 3 + t t t (1.10) (1.9) (1.8)

and substituting (1.9), (1.10) into (1.2), we get

2 u0 =0 t2

(1.11)

at O(1). Anticipating strong but nite reection, we take the solution to be u0 = A ikxit B + + eikxit + c.c.. e 2 2 (1.12)

where A(x1 , t1 ) and B(x1 , t1 ) vary slowly in space and time. At the order O( ) we have u1 2 u0 2 u1 2 u0 Eo 2 = 2Eo + 2 x x t x x tt u Eo D 2ikx 0 e + e2ikx 2 x x A B ikxit ikxit (ik)e (ik)e = Eo + c.c. + + c.c. x x B A ikxit ikxit + + c.c. + + c.c. (i)e (i)e t t Eo D 2ikx ikxit ikxit e + c.c. Ae + c.c. + Be + c.c. (1.13) 4 x x The last line can be reduced to Eo D 2 ikxit k Be + c.c. + k 2 Aeikxit + c.c. 4 3k 2 Ae3ikxit + c.c. 3k 2 Be3ikxit + c.c.

To avoid unbounded resonance of u1 , i.e., to ensure the solvability of u1 , we equate to zero the coecients of terms ei(kxt) and ei(kx+t) on the right of (1.13). The following equations are then obtained: A ikCD A +c = B t x 4

(1.14) (1.15)

B B ikCD c = A, t x 4

where

Eo /o = C = /k denotes the phase speed. These equations govern the

macroscale variation of the envelopes of the incident and reected waves, and can be combined to give the Klein-Gordon equation 2A 2A kCD C2 2 + 2 t x 4 4
2

A = 0.

(1.16)

Note that D kCD = 0 4 4 has the dimension of frequency. With suitable initial and boundary conditions on the macro scale, one nds the slow variation of these wave envelopes, hence the global behaviour of wave motion. Let the inhomogeneity of wavenumber 2k be conned in 0 < x < L and the incident wave train be slightly detuned from resonance, so that the wave frequency is + and the wavenumber is k + K, where = O() and K = O(k). Since + and k + K must be related by the dispersion relation (1.4), = KC . The detuned incident wave = Ao exp[i(k + K)x ( + )t] + , can be alternatively written as = A( t)eikxit , x, where
xCt A( t) = Ao eiK ( ) , x,

(1.17)

(1.18)

x < 0,

(1.19)

x < 0,

(1.20)

x < 0.

(1.21)

When such a wavetrain passes a patch of periodic bars, A and B must vary with x and t according to (1.14) and (1.15). To the left and to the right of the bars, the governing equations are simply At + CAx = 0 , Bt CBx = 0 , x < 0, and x > L . (1.22)

We shall assume further that B = 0 for x > L. Over the bars (1.14) and (1.15), or (1.16) hold. In order that displacement and stress and horizontal velocity be continuous at x = 0, L, A and B must be continuous at x = 0, L. Since the solutions must be of the form, (A, B) = A0 (T ( R( it , x), x))e T and R are governed by (2 2 ) 0 Tx + T = 0, x C 5 0 < x < L.

0 < x < L.

Several cases can be distinguished according to the sign of 2 2 : 0 Subcritical detuning : 0 < < 0 . Let
Qc = (2 2 )1/2
0 then T (x) = and iQC cosh Q(L x) + sinh Q(L x) iQC cosh QL + sinh QL (1.23)

(1.24)

Q sinh Q(L x) . (1.25) iQC cosh QL + sinh QL On the incidence side the reection coecient is just R(0) and on the transmission side R(x) = the transmission coecient is T (L). Clearly the dependence on L and x is monotonic. In the limit of L , it is easy to nd that
x T (x) = eQ ,

R(x) =

Q x eQ . iQC +

(1.26)

Thus all waves are localized in the range x < O(1/Q). Supercritical detuning : > 0 . Let P c = (2 2 )1/2 0 then the transmission and reection coicients are: T (x) = and P C cos P (L x) i sin P (L x) P C cos P L i sin P L (1.28) (1.27)

iQ0 sin P (L x) . (1.29) P C cos P L i sin P L The dependence on L and x is clearly oscillatory. Thus 0 is the cut-o frequency mark R(x) = ing the transition of the spatial variation. For subcritical detuning complete reection can occur for sucinetly large L. For super-critical detuning there can be windows of strong transission. In the special case of perfect resonance, we get from (1.24) and (1.25) that T ( = x)
x) cosh o (L A C = o Ao cosh CL (Lx)

R( = x) 6

i sinh o C B = o Ao cosh CL

(1.30)

In a laboratory experiment for water waves, Heathershaw(1982) installed 10 sinusoidal bars of amplitude D = 5 cm and wavelength 100 cm on the bottom of a long wave ume. Incident waves of length 2/k = 200 cm were sent from one side of the bar patch. On the transmission side, waves are essentially absorbved by breaking on a gentle beach. Sizable reection coecients were measured along many stations over the bar patch. This experiment gives the rst observed evidence of strong reection by periodic bars. Let us apply the present theory to a more general case where the normally incident wave is slightly detuned from perfect resonance. Clearly they both decrease monotonically from x = 0 to x = L. These results agree quite well with the experiments of Heathershaw, as shown in Fig. 3, therefore conrm that enough small bars can generate strong reection, especially in very shallow water. Exercise 5.1: Bragg resonance by a corrugated river bank. An innitely long river has contant depth h and contant averaged width 2a. In the stretch 0 < x < L, the banks are slightly sinusoidal about the mean so that y = a B sin Kx , KB 1. (1.31)

See Fig. 4. Let a train of monochromatic waves be incident from x , = A i(kxt) e 2 (1.32)

where kh, ka = O(1). Develop a uniformly valid linearized theory to predict Bragg resonance. Can the corrugated boundary be used to reect waves as a breakwater? Discuss your results for various parameters that can aect the function as a breakwater.

Wave localization in a random medium

[Ref]: Mei & Pihl Localization of nonlinear dispersive waves in weakly random media, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 2002, 458, 119-134. There are numerous situations where one needs to know how waves propagate through a medium with random impurities: light through sky with dust particles, sound through water with bubbles, elastic waves through a solid with cracks, bers, cavities, hard or soft grains. Sea waves over a irregular topography, etc. It is known that, for one-dimensional 7

propagation, multiple scattering yields a change in the wavenumber (or phase velocity) as well as an amplitude attenuation, if the inhomogeneities extend over a large distance. These changes amount to a shift of the complex propagation constant with the real part corresponding to the wavenumber and the imaginary part to attenuation. In particular, the spatial attenuation is a distinctive feature of randomness and is eective for a broad range of incident wave frequencies.This is in sharp contrast to periodic inhomogeneities which cause strong scattering only for certain frequency bands (Bragg scattering, see e.g., Chapter 1). Phillip W. Anderson (1958) was the rst to show, in the context of solid-state physics, that a metal conductor can behave like an insulator, if the ,ircrostructure has is disordered. This phenomoena, now called Anderson localization, is now known to be important in classical systems also. A survey of localization in many types of classical waves based on linearized theories can be found in Sheng (1998). For weak inhomogeneties, the shift of propagation constant amounts to slow spatial modulations with a length scale much longer than the wavelnegth by a factor inversely proportional to the correlation of the uctuations. In this section we apply the method of multiple scales to introduce the theory for the simplest exampole of one-dimensional sound. We begin with the Helmhotz equation for sinusoidal waves, d2 U + k 2 (1 + V (x))2 U = 0, 2 dx incident wave train Uinc = A0 eikx (2.2) x < . (2.1)

Let V (x) be a random function of x with zero mean and V (x) 0, for x . An

arrives from the left-innity where there is no disorder. What will happen, on the average, to waves after they enter the region of disorder? Consider an ensemble of random media. For each realization, the wave number now uctuates about the mean k by the amount order O( ). Since V = 0, we expect that, on the average, the wave phase is aected only by the root-mean-square, wich is of the order O( 2 ). With this guess, it is natural that slow variations described by x2 = will be relevant. We assume that the disorder has two characteristc scales so that V = V (x, x2 ) 8 (2.3)
2

For simplicity we shall further assume that V is stationary with respect to the short scale V (x, x2 )V (x , x2 ) = Cvv (|x x |, x2 ) where f denotes the ensemble average of f . Let us try the following expansion, U = U0 (x, x2 ) + U1 (x, x2 ) +
2

(2.4)

U2 (x, x2 ) +

(2.5)

Subsituting (2.5) into (2.1), the following perturbation equations are found, 2 U0 + k 2 U0 = 0, 2 x 2 U1 + k 2 U1 = 2k 2 V U0 , x2 2 U2 U0 + k 2 U2 = 2 k 2 2V U1 + V 2 U0 , x2 xx2 The solution at the leading order is U0 = A(x2 )eikx where A(0) = Ao . (2.9) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8)

At the next order the inomogeneous equation is solved by Greens function G(x, x ) dened by 2G + k 2 G = (x x ), x2 i ik|xx| e 2k (2.10)

where G is outgoing at innities. The solution is easily found to be G= (2.11) (2.12) The solution for U1 is U1 =

= ik

dx G(x, x ) 2k 2 V (x , x2 )U(x , x2 ) dx V (x , x2 )eikx eik|xx |

(2.13)

which is random with zero mean. For the O( 2 ) problem, we note that 2 2 U0 A = 2ikeikx , xx x2 9

2k V U1 = 2ikA(x2 )e

ikx

V (x, x2 )V (x , x2 )eik|xx | eik(xx ) dx ,

k 2 V 2 U0 = k 2 eikx V (x, x2 )V (x, x2 )A(x2 ). We now take the ensemble average of (2.14), and get 2 U2 + k 2 U2 2 x = 2ikeikx
2

A x2
ikx

2ikk A(x2 )e

V (x, x2 )V (x , x2 ) eik|xx | eik(xx ) dx

k 2 eikx A(x2 ) V 2 (x, x2 ) For U2 to be solvable, we set the right-hand-side to zero, A + A x2

dx Cvv (|x x |, x2 )e

ik|xx | ik(xx )

ik dx Cvv (0, x2 ) = 0 2

Clearly the integral above is just a known function of x2 once the correlation function is prescribed. Denoting (x2 ) = r + ii = k 2

dx Cvv (|x x
|, x2 )eik|xx | eik(xx ) dx

ik Cvv (0, x2 ). (2.14) 2

If = 0, x2 < 0 and = constant, x2 > 0, then the solution is simply A = A(0)eir x2 ei x2 (2.15)

Thus, not only the phase is changed but the amplitude decays exponentially over the distance O(L) where L = 1/i
2

(2.16)

In summary, due to scattering by disorder, an apparent damping is created. The distance L is called the localization distance. For simple correlation functions, the integral for can be explicilty evaluated. For example let Cvv (|x x , x2 |) = 2 (x2 )e|xx |

(2.17)

so that 2 is the RMS amplitude of the disorder. We leave it as an exercise to show that = r + ii = 2k 2 2 2 + 2k 2 ik 2 2 (2 + 4k 2 ) 2 2 + 4k 2 (2.18)

10

The leading order wave is

2 + 2k 2 x , x>0 2 + 4k 2 (2.19)

As the RMS of the disorder increases, the wwavnumber increases, hence the wave length decreases. A dimensionless localization distance can be dened as kLloc 1 + 4k 2 /2 1 = 2 2 2 (k/)(1 + 2k 2 /2 ) (2.20)

Note that the correlation length is O(1). If the waves are much longer than the correlation length, k/ 1; kLloc increases without bound and localization is weak. If 1; kLloc decreases; waves the waves are much shorter than the correlation length k/ cannot penetrate deeply into the disordered region. IAP (challenge) Project : Scattering of elastic waves by random distribution of hard grains or cavities.

References
[1] Belzons, M., Guazzelli, E., & Parodi, O., 1988, J. Fluid Mech. 186: 539-. [2] Chernov, L. A. 1960, Wave Propagation in a Random Medium Dover. 168 pp. [3] Devillard, P., Dunlop, F. & Souillard, J. 1988. J. Fluid Mech. Localization of gravity waves on a channel with a random bottom, J. Fluid Mech. 186: 521-538. [4] Elter, J. F. & Molyneux, J. E., 1972. The long-distance propagation of shallow water waves over an ocean of random depth. J. Fluid Mech. 53: 1-15. [5] Frisch, U. Wave propagation in random media, in Probabilistic Methods in Applied Mathematics, v. 1. Academic. [6] Karal, F.C., & Keller, J. B., 1964, Elastic, electromagnatic and other waves in a random medium. J. Math. Phys. 5(4): 537-547. [7] Keller, J. B., 1964, Stochastic eqaiton and wave propogation in readom media, Proc. 16th Symp. Appl. Math., 145-170. Amer. Math. Soc. Rhode Island. 11

[8] Nachbin, A., & Papanicolaou, G.C., 1992, Water waves in shallow channels of rapidly varying depth. J. Fluiid Mech. 241: 311-332. [9] Nachbin, A., 1997. The localization length of randomly scattered water waves. J. Fluid Mech. 296: 353-372. [10] Mei, C. C., 1985, Resonant reection of surface waves by periodic bars, J. Fluid Mech. [11] Mei. C. C., 1989, Applied Dynamics of Ocean Surface Waves, World Scieitic, Singapore. 700 pp. [12] Rosales, Rodolfo R., & Papanicolaou, G. C. 1983, Gravity waves in a channel with a rough bottom. Stud. Appl. Math. 68: 89-102. [13] Sheng, Ping, 1995. Introduction of Wave Scattering, Localization, and Mesoscopic Phenomena, Academic, 339 pp. [14] Sheng, Ping,(ed), 1990. Scattering and Localization of Classical Waves in Random Media, World Scientic. [15] Soong, T. T., 1973, Random Dierential Equations in Science and Engineering, 327pp.Academic.

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R. Buckminster Fuller, Intuition: Metaphysical Mosaic.

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Depth at Kean Sea Level (N)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

3.0
0

25 50

75 100

125 150

175 200

225 250

275 300

325 350

Distance Offshore (N)

Bar Profile at Scientists Cliff, Chesapeake Bay, by Dolan.

Image by MIT OCW.

3 2 1 /2 Bragg Resonance as the Result of Constructive Interference.

Image by MIT OCW.

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Bragg Scattering of Surface Water Waves by Periodic Bars. Comparison of Theory with Measurements by Heathershaw.
0.7

0.6

b/h = 0.14
0.5

b/h = 0.14, 012, 0.10, 0.008

0.12

0.4

R(x)

0.10
0.3

0.2

0.08
0.1

-12

-8

-4

12

16

20

x(m)

xm

Bars

Image by MIT OCW.

Can wavy banks serve as a breakwater?

Image by MIT OCW.

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