UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL

HYDRAULIC & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY OPEN CHANNEL
SUBJECT CODE EXPERIMENT TITLE DATE OF EXPERIMENT GROUP NUMBER & SECTION GROUP MEMBER NAME & ID NUMBER DAA 3911 OPEN CHANNEL 25/09/07 GROUP 4 & SECTION A05 1. MOHD FARID BIN JAAFAR 2. MUHAMAD AIZAT BIN LENGAH 3. MOHD FARHAN IZZAUDDEN BIN ABU TAIB 4. AMRYANA BINTI POHAN 5. NUR FAREZZA BINTI JASMI MR. IDRIS BIN MOHAMAD

AB05019 AB05030 AB05073 AB05004 AB05047

LECTURER/PERSON IN CHARGE MARKS

REMARKS

ENDORESMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title 1. FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR Introduction 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. FLOW OVER A VENTURI Introduction 7. 8. 9. 10 11 . 12 . 13 . Objective Apparatus Procedure Result Discussion/Analysis Conclusion References & Appendices 4 4 5 6 7-16 17-21 22 Objective Apparatus Procedure Result 2 2 2 3 4 Page 2

FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR

INTRODUCTION
The sharp crested weir is frequently used as a device for measuring discharge in a channel. It is simple to install and provided that it conforms to prescribe requirement, it may be used with confident in conjunction with standard calibration data. In this experiment, establish the relationship between head over the weir and discharge.

OBJECTIVE
To establish relationship between head over the weir for a sharp crested weir

APPARATUS
Sharp crested weir with air vent Dial Vernier depth gauge Steel rule Stop watch

PROCEDURE
1. Setting the channel horizontal using screw jack checked by depth gauges at both end. 2. Measure height of weir by steel rule. 3. Place weir vertically in the channel approximately 0.5m upstream of the outlet. 4. Rest a depth gauge on the weir crest and use the reading as references. 5. Admit water to the channel using control valve until a convenient maximum flow is obtained. 6. The discharge is then measured by timing collection of a know weight of the water. 7. During the timed interval, the head over the weir is measured using the depth gauge at distance of 0.3m upstream of the weir.

8. The flow is then reduced in stages where the discharge rate and the head above the weir is measured at each stages with weir head ranging from 50mm to 25mm

RESULT
Height of crest above channel bed, a = 50 mm Width of channel, B = 75 mm Head, H (mm) 24 30 40 52 53 Weight of Water (kgf) 15 15 15 15 15 Time (s) 21 14 10 8 7 Discharge (L/s) 0.714 1.071 1.500 1.875 2.143 C 0.053 0.067 0.076 0.078 0.088 H/a 0.48 0.60 0.80 1.04 1.06

2/3 x B x (2gh3/2)1/2 = 1.071

2/3 x 75 x (2x9.81x243/2)1/2 = 0.067

FLOW OVER A VENTURI

INTRODUCTION
The Venturi flume is formed by a smooth contraction in the cross-section of a channel, along which the accelerates to a throat, followed by a smooth expansion back to the original cross-section. In the expanding section the water may continues to accelerate n a supercritical flow in the expanding section, the condition at the throat must be critical. This feature permits the flume to be used as measuring device needing only measurement of head to obtain the discharge. Compared with the weir it is usually more expensive to build, but it has advantages of utilizing a lower head than required by a weir and of being effectively self-cleaning.

OBJECTIVE
To observe the use of the venture flume as a measuring device through measurement of upstream head to obtained discharge.

APPARATUS
1) Venturi flume 2) Depth gauge 3) Internal caliper 4) Steel rule 5) Pitot tube 6) Sluice gate 7) Stop watch

PROCEDURES
1) One set channel for a mild slope of 1/1500 2) Venturi Flume must be set carefully in position at a station approximately 2 meter upstream of the outlet from the channel 3) The leading edge of the contraction must be place at convenient point of the scale 4) Measure the throat of the flume and the width of the channel 5) Set depth gauge so that it reads zero just as it touches the channel bed 6) The pitot tube must be set so that the division which are marked at 10mm intervals represent 10mm step from the channel bed 7) Water must be fill into the channel by opening the control valve and observe the flow through the flume 8) Reducing the sluice gate opening at the outlet, observe the following, a standing wave is produced between the Venturi Flume outlet and the sluice gate. When the standing wave advances to the throat, the flow there ceases to be critical and the upstream level will then rise 9) The experiment must be start with the maximum flow, collect the discharge of supercritical flow over a timed interval and measure the depth at a point 0.3m upstream 10) Reduce the flow in steps and time the collected discharge and depth at 0.3m upstream

RESULT
Width of channel, B = 75 mm Width of Venturi flume throat, Bc = 49 mm Depth Upstream,y1 (mm) 20 30 40 50 55 Weight Collected, W (kgf) 15 15 15 15 15 Time, T (s) 22 14 10 8 7 Discharge, Q (L/s) 0.6818 1.0714 1.5000 1.8750 2.1429 Velocity Upstream, V1 , (10-4m/s) 1.818 4.290 8.000 12.000 15.710 Specific Energy, E (mm) 20 30 40 50 55 C

0.079 0.095 0.110 0.118 0.127

DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS NAME: MOHD FARID BIN JAAFAR ID NUMBER: AB05019

Sharp Crested Weir The experiment objective is to establish the relationship between head over the weir and discharge for a sharp crested weir. An open channel is conduit in which water flows with a free surface. The classification of open channel flow is made according to the change in flow respect to time and space. Open channel flow is uniform if the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. The discharge, Q in L/s is obtained simply by dividing W in kgf by t in s, since the weight of one liter of water is one kgf. To obtain the value C, we see that: C = Q 2/3 x B x (2gh3/2)1/2 In this test, we get the graph specific energy against discharge. From the graph specific energy against discharge that we had plotted, we get the straight line. If the specific energy increases, the discharge also increases. Specific energy and discharge are related each other in this experiment to measuring the flow in the open channel. The head over the weir directly proportional with the discharge of water. If the head over the weir is high, the discharge of water also high. This maybe happens because when the discharge of water is high, the water friction at the sharp crested weir is high and that why the head of over weir is also high.

When carry out this experiment there will have any mistake and this can affect the result, for example: - Mistake while use the stop watch. - Mistake while take a reading - Error while take the level of water This mistake or error maybe cause the result we get not accuracy. Use the good condition of all apparatus also can give the accuracy result. Venturi Flume The Venturi Flume is formed by a smooth contraction in the cross-section of a channel, along which the water accelerates to a throat, followed by a smooth expansion back to accelerate in a supercritical flow, or it decelerate in a subcritical flow. In this case the velocity upstream V1 is obtained simply by dividing Q by the cross sectional area of the flow upstream, and to obtain the results in m/s we use SI units. The objective of this experiment is to observe the use of the venturi flume as a measuring device through measurement of the upstream head to obtained discharge. Its because when the discharge of water is high, the water friction at the venturi is high because the area of channel is change from big to small. We also get a good result for this test. From the graph upstream depth against discharge, we get the straight line. When the upstream depth increases, the discharge also increases. Flumes are usually designed to achieve critical depth in the narrowest section (the throat) while also giving a very small afflux. We have a several suggestions to improve this experiment. The suggestions are: 1. Weirs are often seen used in clarifiers, grit chambers and other treatment plant units to reduce velocity or control depth in the unit.

2. Water flowing over any weir must fall free of the weir plate (not dribble down the side) for good accuracy. If it doesnt fall free, a weir with smaller notch should be used. 3. They can be permanently installed, but solids carried by the water will catch on the lip or V notch and decrease measurement accuracy. Frequent maintenance must be planned where weirs are in used. Water flowing over a V notch weir must stay within the notch for accurate measurement. If it doesnt, a larger V notch or a rectangular weir should be used.

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NAME: MUHAMAD AIZAT BIN LENGAH ID NUMBER: AB05030

An open channel is conduit in which water flows with a free surface. The classification of open channel flow is made according to the change in flow respect to time and space. Open channel flow is uniform if the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. A uniform flow may theoretically be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time.

OPEN CHANNEL: Flow over a Sharp Crested Weir

In this test, we get a good result because the graph is a straight line. From the graph head against discharge that we had plotted, we get the straight line and across the point. If the head increases, the discharge also increases. So, the specific energy and discharge are related to measuring the flow.

OPEN CHANNEL: Flow over a Venturi Flume

This test also is a straight line. From the graph specific energy against discharge, we also get the straight line. If the specific energy increases, the discharge also increases. Flumes are usually designed to achieve critical depth in the narrowest section (the throat) while also giving a very small afflux.

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NAME: MOHD FARHAN IZZAUDDEN BIN ABU TAIB ID NUMBER: AB05073

From our observation, with the open channel system test we found that we that there have a hydraulic jump happen in the tank. Hydraulic jump is the most commonly encountered varied flow phenomenon in an open channel in which a rapid change occurs from a high velocity low depth super critical state of flow to a low velocity large depth subcritical state. The flow of water in an open channel is a familiar sight, whether in a natural channel like that of a river, or an artificial channel like that of an irrigation ditch. Its movment is a difficult problem when everything is considered, especially with the variability of natural channels, but in many cases the major features can be expressed in terms of only a few variables, whose behavior can be described adequately by a simple theory. The principal forces at work are those of inertia, gravity and viscosity, each of which plays an important role. Actually the hydraulic jump can happen in so many ways such as : a)At the foot of an overflow spillway dam b)Behind a dam on a steep slope c)Below a regulating sluice d)When a steep slope channel suddenly turns flat. Open channel flow is defined as flow in any channel where the liquid flows with a free surface. Open channel flow is not under pressure; gravity is the only force that can cause flow in open channels and a progressive decline in water surface elevation always occurs as the flow moves downstream (BOR, 1997). Examples of open channel flow at mine sites include: rivers, streams, creeks, discharges from tailings ponds, and other uncovered conduits. Closed channels, such as adits, tunnels, and ventilation shafts, can be treated as open channels when flowing partially full and not under pressure.

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Open channel flow occurs under one of three possible flow conditions: subcritical; critical; or super-critical. Three basic relationships govern open channel flow: the continuity equation, the momentum equation, and the energy equation. Each of the relationships is briefly described in the following sub-sections. The reader is encouraged to consult some of the hydrology and hydraulic engineering texts listed in the reference section for more information. We found that the hydraulic jump have some uses in our life : 1. To dissipate excessive energy. 2. To increase the water level on the downstream side. 3. To reduce the net uplift force by increasing the weight, i.e., due to increased depth. 4. To increase the discharge from a sluice gate by increasing the effective head causing flow. 5. To Provide a control section. 6. For thorough mixing of chemicals in water. 7. For aeration of drinking water. 8. For removing air pockets in a pipe line

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NAME: AMRYANA BINTI POHAN ID NUMBER: AB05004

Open channel flow is defined as flow in any channel where the liquid flows with a free surface. Open channel flow is not under pressure; gravity is the only force that can cause flow in open channels and a progressive decline in water surface elevation always occurs as the flow moves downstream. Examples of open channel flow at mine sites include: rivers, streams, creeks, discharges from tailings ponds, and other uncovered conduits. Closed channels, such as adits, tunnels, and ventilation shafts, can be treated as open channels when flowing partially full and not under pressure. Flume Flumes are used to measure flowrate (discharge) in open channels. Flumes, compared to weirs, have the advantage of less head loss through the device, yet are more complicated to construct and more difficult to analyze. Head is measured in the flume upstream of the throat - in the so-called "approach channel". For Parshall flumes, head is measured upstream from the throat a distance of 2/3 of the length of the approach channel (x=length of approach channel in the above diagram). For the other three flumes, head is measured upstream from the throat a distance of 3 to 4 times the maximum expected head. This location is somewhat arbitrary because the head does not vary too much with position, so the exact location of the head measurement is not as important as for a Parshall flume. Since the rectangular, trapezoidal, and U flumes can have a raised throat (a hump), it is important to note that head is measured from the top of the hump rather than from the bottom of the approach channel

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Weir Weirs are typically installed in open channels such as streams to determine discharge (flowrate). The basic principle is that discharge is directly related to the water depth (h) in the figure above; h is known as the "head." Rectangular weirs can be "suppressed," "partially contracted," or "fully contracted." Suppressed means there are no contractions. A suppressed weir's notch width (b) is equal to the channel width (B); thus, there really isn't a notch - the weir is flat all the way along the top. For a weir to be fully contracted, (B-b) must be greater than 4hmax, where hmax is the maximum expected head on the weir. A partially contracted weir has B-b between 0 and 4hmax. Weir contractions cause the water flow lines to converge through the notch.

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Effective use of water for crop irrigation requires that flow rates and volumes be measured and expressed quantitatively. Measurement of flow rates in open channels is difficult because of non uniform channel dimensions and variations in velocities across the channel. Weirs allow water to be routed through a structure of known dimensions, permitting flow rates to be measured as a function of depth of flow through the structure. Thus, one of the simplest and most accurate methods of measuring water flow in open channels is by the use of weirs.

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NAME: NUR FAREZZA BINTI JASMI ID NUMBER: AB05047

The experiment objective is to establish the relationship between head over the weir and discharge for a sharp crested weir. In this experiment, we can prove the objective. The head over the weir directly proportional with the discharge of water. A uniform flow may theoretically be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time. An open channel is conduit in which water flows with a free surface. The classification of open channel flow is made according to the change in flow respect to time and space. A uniform flow may theoretically be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time. The establishment of unsteady uniform flow requires that the water surface fluctuate with time while remaining parallel to the channel bottom. Since it is impossible for this condition to occur within a channel, steady uniform flows are the fundamental type of flow treated in open channel hydraulics.

Figure 1 . The most common types of sharp-crested weirs are rectangular, trapezoidal (Cipolletti), and 90? V-notch weirs. These are shown in Figure 2

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CONCLUSION NAME: MOHD FARID BIN JAAFAR ID NUMBER: AB05019

Sharp Crested Weir The objective given are achieve and we make this experiment is successfully. In this experiment, we know the relationship between head over weir with discharge of water and can prove the objective of test. From the graph we plot, all the graph we get is a straight line. From the result we get, the value of the time to full 5 liter water increased when the depth decreased. So, with doing this experiment, we can learn in more about open channel and how to apply in civil engineering field. This experiment is also important in the hydraulics construction such as dam, canal and others. This experiment used to know the characteristic of the construction. Venturi Flume We do this experiment successfully. We achieve the objective this test accurately. This experiment is also important in the construction field. After do this experiment, we can prove the objective of test and know the relationship between upstream head with discharge of water. This experiment is also important to know the high of the head must be design before make the dam. This also can apply to the construction of the drainage for the area always happen flood.

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NAME: MUHAMAD AIZAT BIN LENGAH ID NUMBER: AB05030 OPEN CHANNEL: Flow over a Sharp Crested Weir
After do this experiment, we can prove the objective of test and know the relationship between head over weir with discharge of water. This experiment is also important in the construction field. For example in the hydro construction such as dam, .canal and others. This experiment used to design the type of this construction

OPEN CHANNEL: Flow over a Venturi Flume

After do this experiment, we can prove the objective of test and know the relationship between upstream head with discharge of water. This experiment is also important in the construction field.

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NAME: MOHD FARHAN IZZAUDDEN BIN ABU TAIB ID NUMBER: AB05073

As a conclusion, we found that the Open-channel flows are a special class of boundary-layer flows that are confined to a channel form. There are some point that we can says Why are open-channel flows important? 1 2 3 4 - Many natural systems responsible for the transport of sediment are channelized, in both subaerial and subaqueous environments. - Nearly all of the modeling performed on the entrainment and transport of sediment is either in open channels or in 1-D boundary layers.

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NAME: AMRYANA BINTI POHAN ID NUMBER: AB05004

As a conclusion, these tests were important to examine the fundamental characteristics of flow over two sharp-crested weirs and to measure the coefficient discharge values. It is also important to determine the relationship between upstream head and flow-rate for water flowing over a sharp crested weir and to calculate the discharge coefficient and to observe the flow patterns obtained. Weirs provide a simple and accurate method of measuring flow rates in open channels. Rectangular, Cipolletti, and 90 V-notch weirs were described, and calibration tables were given for each. Also, procedures for the construction and placement of weirs to ensure greatest accuracy were discussed.

A venturi flume has a special shaped open channel flow section which may be installed in a ditch, canal, or lateral to measure the flow rate. The Parshall flume is a particular form of venturi flume. Types of flumes:

Parshall Palmer-Bowlus Trapezoidal HS/H/HL-Type Cutthroat RBC Montana SANIIRI

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NAME: NUR FAREZZA BINTI JASMI ID NUMBER: AB05047

In this experiment, we know the relationship between head over weir with discharge of water and can prove the objective of test. This experiment is also important in the construction. For example in the hydro construction such as dam, canal and others. This experiment used to know the characteristic of the construction

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REFERENCES & APPENDICES

http://www.engineering.usu.edu/classes/cee/3500/openchannel.htm http://www.fluent.com/solutions/examples/x172.htm http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514259777/html/chapter3_4.html http://www.jfccivilengineer.com/broad_crested_weir.htm From books: Engineering Laboratory Manual: Hydraulic& Hydrology Laboratory: Open
Channel

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