7 Transformations

7.1 Shapes
You should be familiar with the common 2-D shapes, but to recap, we give the names and definitions below.
NAME ILLUSTRATION NOTES

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Triangle

3 straight sides

Equilateral Triangle

3 equal sides and 3 equal angles ( = 60 ) 2 equal sides and 2 equal angles One angle = 90

Isosceles Triangle

Right-angled Triangle

Quadrilateral

4 straight sides 4 equal sides and 4 right angles Opposite sides equal and 4 right angles 4 equal sides; opposite sides parallel One pair of opposite sides parallel Both pairs of opposite sides equal and parallel

Square

Rectangle Rhombus

Trapezium

Parallelogram

Kite

Two pairs of adjacent sides equal

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Example 1
What could each one of the following shapes be if it has 4 sides and: (a) (c) opposite sides equal and parallel, two adjacent angles are right angles? (b) all sides equal,

Solution
(a) (b) (c) It could be a parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle or square. It could be a rhombus or square. It could be a trapezium, rectangle or square.
(Trapezium )

Example 2
For the grid opposite, name all shapes that are: (a) (b) congruent, similar

A C B D E F J K

to shape A.

Solution
(a) Congruent to A means G the same size and shape as A. The shapes congruent to A are G, L and K.
I H L

(b)

Similar to A means the same shape as A but not necessarily the same size as A. The shapes similar to A are C, F, G, J, K and L.

Example 3
Using 20 m of fencing, design four different rectangular enclosures. For each one, find its area. Which shape gives the maximum area?

Solution
Possible shapes could be:

8m 2m

area = 2 8 = 16 m 2

7m 3m

area = 3 7 = 21 m 2

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

6m 4m

area = 4 6 = 24 m 2

5m

area = 5 5 = 25 m 2
5m

The square (5 m 5 m ) gives the maximum area.

Exercises
1. What could each one of the following shapes be if it has 4 sides and: (a) (b) (c) 2. all angles right angles, exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel, but not equal, diagonals intersecting at right angles?

Which of the shapes in the diagram below are: (a) congruent, (b) similar to shape A ?
L I J A

H E G C F D

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

3.

Using 40 cm of wire, design different rectangles. For each one, find its area. What shape gives the maximum area? These two congruent triangles make a parallelogram.

4.

(a)

On a copy of the grid opposite, draw another congruent triangle to make a rectangle.

(b)

On a copy of the grid opposite, draw another congruent triangle to make a bigger triangle.

(c)

On a copy of the grid opposite, draw another congruent triangle to make a different bigger triangle.

(KS3/98/Ma/Tier 3-5/P2)

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5.

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Mike has a triangle grid. He shades in 2 triangles to make a shape with 4 sides.

(a)

Shade in 2 triangles on a copy of the grid opposite to make a different shape with 4 sides.

(b) (c) (d)

On another copy of the grid, shade in 2 triangles to make another different shape with 4 sides. On another copy of the grid, shade in 4 small triangles to make a bigger triangle. On a copy of the grid below, shade in more than 4 small triangles to make a bigger triangle.

(KS3/97/Ma/Tier 3-5/P2)

6.
Kath puts 1 small square tile on a square dotty grid, like this: Den makes a bigger square with 4 square tiles, like this:

(a)

Scott has 9 small square tiles. On a copy of the following grid, show how Scott can make a square in the same way with 9 small square tiles.

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

(b)

On another copy of the grid, show how to make a square with more than 9 of these small square tiles. How many tiles are there in your square? Huw wants to make some more squares with the tiles. Write down 3 other numbers of tiles that he can use to make squares.
(KS3/96/Ma/Tier 3-5/P2)

(c)

7.

Helen has these eight rods.

2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm 5 cm 6 cm 7 cm 8 cm

She can use 5 of her rods to make a rectangle.

6 cm 2 cm

5 cm

5 cm

8 cm

(a) (b) (c)

On a copy of the grid above, show how to make a different rectangle with a different shape with 5 of Helen's rods. On a larger grid, 13 squares by 10 squares, show how to make a rectangle with 6 of Helen's rods. On another large grid, show how to make a square with all 8 of Helen's rods.
(KS3/99/Ma/Tier 5-7/P1)
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

7.2 Translations
Under a translation, every point is moved by the same amount in the same direction. If each point moves distance a in the x-direction and distance b in the a y-direction, we use the 'vector' notation to describe this translation. b For example, the translation described by the 6 column vector is illustrated opposite; the 2 translation moves the shape 6 units to the right and 2 units upwards. Note that the actual shape does not change its orientation, only its position. It is not reflected or rotated.

Example 1
(a) Draw the square with corners at the points with coordinates (4, 0), (1, 3), (4, 6) and (7, 3).
5 The square is translated along the vector . Draw the new square 2

(b)

obtained by the translation.

Solution
(a)
y
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The diagram opposite shows the square.

(b)

y
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

For this translation each point should be moved 5 units to the right and 2 units up. This diagram shows both squares and the vector that has been used to translate each corner.
x

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Example 2
The diagram below shows the shapes A, B, C and D. Along what vector would you translate: (a) D to A, (b) C to D, (c) A to B,
y

(d)

A to C ?

7 6 5 4 3

2 1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

9 10

6 7 8

Solution
The vector that describes each translation is shown on the following diagram:
y

10 3

7 6 5 4 3

A
5 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

1 8

11 11

3 4 5 6 7 8

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7.2
(a) D to A

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

10 , 3 1 , 8 5 , 10 11 , 11

10 to the right and 3 up.

(b)

C to D

1 to the right and 8 up.

(c)

A to B

5 to the right and 10 down.

(d)

A to C

11 to the left and 11 down.

Exercises
1. (a) Draw the triangle which has corners at the points with coordinates (4, 1), (3, 5) and (1, 2).

(b) (c) 2.

3 Translate the triangle along the vector . 4

Write down the coordinates of the corners of the translated triangle.

The following diagram shows the shape A which is translated to give the shapes B, C, D and E:
y 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

D B E

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Write down the vector that describes the translation from: (a) (d) A to B, A to E, (b) (e) A to C, B to D. (c) A to D,

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

3.

(a) (b)

Join the points with coordinates (1, 1), (2, 3) and (5, 4) to form a triangle. Label this triangle A. Translate the triangle A along the vector: (i)
2 , 1

to obtain B,

(ii)

1 , 3

to obtain C,

2 (iii) , 5
(iv)
1 , 2

to obtain D,

to obtain E.

4.

Write down the vector needed to translate the shape A to each of the other shapes shown on the following diagram:
y
10

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

9 10

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

D C

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7.2
5.

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

The point with coordinates (2, 3) is moved to the point with coordinates (7, 6) by a translation. (a) (b) Describe the translation using a column vector. Where would the point with coordinates (6, 1) move to under the same translation?
y

6.

The diagram shows three shapes, A, B and C: Write down the vector for the translation that moves: (a) A to B, (b) B to C, (c) A to C.

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A C
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 x

Describe any relationship between these vectors. 7. The shape A has corners at the points with coordinates (4, 2) (4, 1) (6, 3) and (6, 0) (a) (b) What is this shape?
4 The shape is translated along the vector to give shape B and 2 5 then shape B is translated along the vector to give C. 2 Draw A, B and C.

(c) 8. (a)

What translation would take A straight to C ? Draw the triangle, A, that has corners at the points with coordinates ( 7, 2), ( 5, 5) and ( 4, 2).

(b) (c) 9. (a)

4 Translate this shape along the vector to obtain B. 8

Describe the translation that would take B to A. Draw three lines by joining the points with coordinates (4, 2) and (2, 4); (6, 4) and (6, 6); (2, 6) and (4, 8).

(b)

Describe how to translate each line to form a hexagon made up of the original and translated lines.
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

10.

A parallelogram has corners at the points A, B, C and D. The points A, B and C have coordinates (1, 2), (2, 5) and (5, 3) respectively. (a) (b) (c) (d) Draw the parallelogram. State the coordinates of the fourth corner, D. Describe the translation that moves A B onto D C. Describe the translation that moves A D onto B C.

7.3 Enlargements
In this section we consider enlargements. We look at the use of the terms 'scale factor' and 'centre of enlargement'.

Example 1
The rectangle A, shown below, has been enlarged to give the shapes B, C and D. Write down the scale factor for each enlargement.

B D A C

Solution
A to B is scale factor 2 because the lengths are doubled.

1 because the lengths are halved. 2 A to D is scale factor 2.5 because the lengths are 2.5 times longer.
A to C is scale factor

Example 2
A rectangle has sides of lengths 2 cm and 3 cm. It is enlarged with scale factor 3. Draw the original rectangle and the enlarged rectangle.

Solution
The lengths of the sides of the enlarged rectangle will be:

3 2 cm = 6 cm 3 3 cm = 9 cm
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7.3
3 cm

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

2 cm

9 cm

6 cm

Examples 3 and 4 show how to use a centre of enlargement when enlarging a shape.

Example 3
The diagram shows the triangle A B C and the point O. Enlarge the triangle with scale factor 3, using O as the centre of enlargement.
O

A B

Solution
The diagram shows the 2 triangles; the explanation follows.
A'

B'

A B

C'

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

First draw lines from point O through A, B and C, as shown in the diagram. Measure the length O A and multiply it by 3 to get the distance from O of the image point A', i.e. O A' = 3 O A . Mark the point A' on the diagram. The images B' and C' can then be marked in a similar way and the enlarged triangle A' B' C' can then be drawn.

Example 4
The following diagrams show two shapes that have been enlarged. Determine the centre of enlargement in each case.
A' A B B'

D D'

C C'

Solution
To find the centres of enlargement, draw lines through the corresponding corners of each shape. These lines will cross at the centre of enlargement, as shown below. The centres have been marked with the letter O in both diagrams.
A' A O D D' C C' B B'

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Exercises
1. The following diagram shows 5 triangles, A, B, C, D and E:

D B A C

What scale factor is used for each of the enlargements described below: (a) (c) (e) 2. (a) (b) B enlarged to A, D enlarged to E, B enlarged to C, (b) (d) (f) C enlarged to E, D enlarged to A, B enlarged to D ?

Draw a rectangle that has sides of lengths 2 cm and 4 cm. Draw enlargements of this rectangle using scale factors 2, 3, 1 and . 2 Construct a triangle that has sides of lengths 3 cm, 4 cm and 5.5 cm. Draw enlargements of this triangle using scale factors 2 and 3.

3.

(a) (b)

4.

Hannah writes her initials as shown:

Enlarge her initials with scale factors 2 and

1 . 2

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

5.

(a)
y

Copy the following diagram:

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 x

(b)

Using (0, 0) as the centre of enlargement, enlarge the shape with scale factor 2 and scale factor 3. Copy the following diagram:
y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x

6.

(a)

(b)

Enlarge the shape with scale factor 2, using first (0, 0) as the centre of enlargement and then (1, 8) as the centre of enlargement.

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7.3
7.

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

For each of the following enlargements, copy the diagram and determine the centre of enlargement. (a) (b)

(c)

(d)

8.

A triangle has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 2), (3, 3) and (0, 3). It is enlarged to give a triangle with corners at the points (5, 4), (11, 7) and (2, 7). Determine the scale factor of the enlargement and the coordinates of the centre of enlargement. A trapezium has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 0), (3, 2), (3, 4) and (1, 5). It is enlarged with scale factor 3, using the point (0, 3) as the centre of enlargement. Determine the coordinates of the corners of the enlarged trapezium. A parallelogram has corners at the points with coordinates (5, 1), (9, 3), 1 (11, 9) and (7, 7). Enlarge this shape with scale factor , using the point with 2 coordinates (1, 3) as the centre of enlargement. Jill has drawn an original picture of a giraffe for an animal charity. It measures 6.5 cm high by 4 cm wide. Different-sized copies of the original picture can be made to just fit into various shapes. ORIGINAL PICTURE

9.

10.

11.

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

(a)

Jill wants to enlarge the original picture so that it just fits inside a rectangle on a carrier bag. The rectangle measures 24 cm high by 12 cm wide. By what scale factor should she multiply the original picture? Show your working. Jill wants to multiply the original picture by a scale factor so that it just fits inside the square shown below for a badge.
2.7 cm

(b)

2.7 cm

By what scale factor should she multiply the original picture? (c) The original picture is to be used on a poster. It must fit inside a shape like this. The shape is to be a semi-circle of radius 6.6 cm. What would be the perimeter of the shape? Show your working.
(KS3/96/Ma/Tier 5-7/P2)

7.4 Reflections
In this section we look at line symmetry and reflections of simple shapes, in horizontal, vertical and sloping lines. In a reflection, a point will move to a new position that will be the same distance from the mirror line, but on the other side. These distances will always be measured at right angles to the mirror line.
B
Mirror Line
C Mirror Line

A'

Mirror Line

C'

B'

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7.4 Example 1

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Draw in the lines of symmetry for each of the following shapes: (a) (b)

Solution
(a) (b)

4 lines of symmetry

1 line of symmetry

Example 2
Draw the reflection of each of the following shapes in the given mirror line. (a) (b)
Mirror Line

Mirror Line

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Solution
(a) (b)

Example 3
A triangle has corners at the points with coordinates (4, 3), (5, 6) and (3, 4). Draw the reflection of the triangle in the: (a) (c) x-axis line x = 6 (b) (d) y-axis, line y = 7

Solution
y

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3

(d) Reflection in line y=7

(b) Reflection in y-axis

y=7 (c) Reflection in line x =6

x =6
4 5 6 7 8

(a) Reflection in x-axis

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7.4 Example 4

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

An 'L' shape has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 4), (1, 7), (2, 7), (2, 5), (3, 5) and (3, 4). Draw the reflection of the shape in the lines: (a)

y=x

(b)

y = x

Solution
y

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y= x

Original

Reflection in y= x
x

Reflection in y = x

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

y = x

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Exercises
1. Copy the following shapes and draw in all their lines of symmetry. (a) (b) (c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

2.

Draw the reflection of each of the following shapes in the line given: (a) (b) (c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

3.

Copy each of the following shapes and draw its reflection in the line shown: (a) (b) (c)

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7.4
4. (a)
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Copy the following diagram:

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

(b) 5. (a)

Reflect the shape in the lines x = 8 and x = 11. Copy the diagram shown.
y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 x

(b) 6. (a) (b)

Reflect the shape in the lines y = 10 , y = 5 and x = 7 . Draw the triangle that has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 1), (4, 7) and (2, 5). Reflect the triangle in the lines: (i) (ii)
x = 8, x = 1,

(iii) y = 2

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

7.
y 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

The following diagram shows the shapes A, B, C, D and E.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Write down the equation of the mirror line for each of the following reflections: (a) A to B (b) B to C (c) A to D (d) B to E (e) D to E (f) C to D 8. (a) (b) (c) Draw the triangle which has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 4), (1, 7) and (3, 5). Reflect this shape in the line y = x and state the coordinates of the corners of the reflected shape. Reflect the original triangle in the line y = x and state the coordinates of the corners of the reflected shape. Draw the shape A shown in the following diagram.
y

9.

(a)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x

(b) (c) (d) 10.

Reflect the shape A in the line x = 6 to obtain shape B. Reflect the shape B in the line x = 14 to obtain shape C. Describe the translation that would take shape A straight to shape C.

Draw the triangle with corners at the points with coordinates (1, 3), (1, 8) and (6, 8). Reflect this triangle in the following lines: (a) x = 0 (b) y = 0 (c)

y=x
171

(d)

y = x

7.4
11.

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

These patterns have one or more lines of symmetry. Draw all the lines of symmetry in each pattern. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you. (a) (b) (c)

EXAMPLE

(d)

(e)

(KS3/94/Ma/3-5/P1)

12.

Nina is making Rangoli patterns. To make a pattern she draws some lines on a grid. Then she reflects them in a mirror line.
Lines Lines and Reflections

Mirror

Mirror

Make a copy each of the following grids and lines. Reflect each group of lines in its mirror line to make a pattern. You may use a real mirror or tracing paper to help you.

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

(a)

Mirror
Mirror

(b)

(c)

Now use two mirror lines to make a pattern. First reflect the group of lines in one mirror line to make a pattern. Then reflect the whole pattern in the other mirror line.
Mirror

Mirror

(KS3/95/Ma/Levels 3-5/P1)

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7.4
13. (a)

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Three points on this line are marked with . Their coordinates are: (1, 1), (3, 3) and (4, 4). Look at the numbers in the coordinates of each point. What do you notice?

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(b)

The point ( ? , 14 1 2 ) is on the line. Write down its missing coordinate. The point is above the line.

(c)

Four points are at (10, 10), (10, 12), (12, 10) and (12, 12). Which one of these points is above the line? Explain why. (d) The point ( ? , 15) is above the line. Write down a possible coordinate for the point. Look at triangles A and B. Triangle A Coordinates of Coordinates of Coordinates of (4, 3) (2, 1) (6, 2) Triangle B (3, 4) (1, 2) (2, 6)

(e)

4 3 2 1 0 0 1

M irr

or

Li

ne

Triangle A was reflected onto triangle B. What happened to the numbers in the coordinates of each corner? (f) Elen wants to reflect the point (20, 13) in the mirror line. What point will (20,13) go to?
(KS3/94/Ma/3-5/P2)

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

14.

Catrin shades in a shape made of five squares on a grid:

She shades in 1 more square to make a shape which has the dashed line as a line of symmetry:

(a)

On a copy of the grid opposite, shade in 1 more square to make a shape which has the dashed line as a line of symmetry.

(b)

On a copy of the grid opposite, shade in 1 more square to make a shape which has the dashed line as a line of symmetry. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you.

(c)

On a copy of the grid opposite, shade in 2 more squares to make a shape which has the dashed line as a line of symmetry. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you.

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7.4
(d)

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

On a copy of the grid opposite, shade in 2 more squares to make a shape which has the dashed line as a line of symmetry. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you.

(KS3/96/Ma/Tier 3-5/P2)

7.5 Rotations
In this section we review rotational symmetry and draw rotations of shapes.

Example 1
State the order of rotational symmetry of each of the following shapes: (a) (b) (c)

Solution
(a) Order 4. This means that the shape can be rotated 4 times about its centre before returning to its starting position. Each rotation will be through an angle of 90 , and, after each one, the rotated shape will occupy the same position as the original square. Order 2 Order 1. This means that the shape does not have rotational symmetry.

(b) (c)

Example 2
The corners of a rectangle have coordinates (3, 2), (7, 2), (7, 5) and (3, 5). The rectangle is to be rotated through 90 clockwise about the origin. Draw the original rectangle and its position after being rotated.

Solution
The following diagram shows the original rectangle A B C D and the rotated rectangle A' B' C' D'. The curves show how each corner moves as it is rotated. The easiest way to rotate a shape is to place a piece of tracing paper over the shape, trace the shape, and then rotate the tracing paper about the centre of rotation, as shown.
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

A
6 4 2 0 2 4

Tracing paper placed over shape, and y then rotated around centre of rotation.
Tracing Paper
6 8 10 x

4 C'

Pencil Point

B'
6

A'

Example 3
A triangle has corners at the points with coordinates (4, 7), (2, 7) and (4, 2). (a) (b) Draw the triangle. Rotate the triangle through 180 about the point (4, 1).

Solution
The diagram shows how the original triangle A B C is rotated about the point (4, 1) to give the triangle A' B' C'.
y

D
4 2 0 2

A
2 4 6

B
8 10 x

A'
4 6

D'

B'

C'

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7.5 Example 4

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

The diagram shows the triangle A B C which is rotated through 90 to give A' B' C'. Determine the position of the centre of rotation.

A'

B'

Solution
B C

C' The first step is to join the points A and A' and draw the perpendicular bisector of this line. The centre of rotation must be on this line.

A'

B' B C' A Repeat the process, drawing the perpendicular bisectors of B B' and C C' as shown opposite. The point where the lines cross is the centre of rotation. A' C

B'

C' Note: For simple rotations you may be able to spot the centre of rotation without having to use the method shown above. Alternatively, you may be able to find the centre of rotation by experimenting with tracing paper.
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Exercises
1. State the order of rotational symmetry of each of the following shapes: (a) (b) (c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

2. 3.

Which of the capital letters have rotational symmetry? A rectangle has corners at the points A (2, 4), B (6, 4), C (6, 6) and D (2, 6). (a) (b) (c) Draw this rectangle. Rotate the rectangle through 90 clockwise about the point (0, 0). Rotate the rectangle A B C D through 180 about the point (0, 0).

4.

Rotate the rectangle formed by joining the points (1, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2) and (1, 2) through 90 clockwise about the origin. A triangle has corners at the points with coordinates (4, 7), (3, 2) and (5, 1). Determine the coordinates of the triangles that are obtained by rotating the original triangle: (a) (b) (c) through 90 anticlockwise about (0, 3), through 180 about (4, 0), through 90 clockwise about (6, 2).

5.

6.

The following diagram shows the triangles A, B C and D. Describe the rotation that takes: (a) (c) A to B, C to B,
179

(b) (d)

A to C, C to D.

7.5
y
10 9 8 7 6 5

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 5 6 7 8

7.

The following diagram shows the rectangles A, B, C and D.

y
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A B

4 5 6 7 8

Describe the rotation that takes: (a) (c) A to B, A to D, (b) (d) A to C, A to E.

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

8.

The triangle A has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 7), (3, 6) and (2, 4). (a) (b) (c) Rotate triangle A through 180 about the origin to get triangle B. Rotate triangle B clockwise through 90 about the point (0, 4) to get triangle C. Write down the coordinates of the corners of triangle C.

9.

The following diagrams show two rotations. Determine the coordinates of the centre of rotation in each case.
y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

10.

A triangle has corners at the points A (4, 2), B (6, 3) and C (5, 7). The triangle is rotated to give the triangle with corners at the points A' (3, 1), B' (4, 3) and C' (8, 2). Describe fully this rotation.

11.

An equilateral triangle has 3 lines of symmetry.

It has rotational symmetry of order 3.

Write the letter of each of the following shapes in the correct space in a copy of the table. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you. The letters for the first two shapes have been written for you.

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7.5

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Number of Lines of Symmetry

0 1
Order of Rotational 2 Symmetry

B A
(KS3/99/Ma/Tier 5-7/P1)

12.

(a)

You can rotate triangle A onto triangle B. Make a copy of the diagram and put a cross on the centre of rotation. You may use tracing paper to help you. You can rotate triangle A onto triangle B. The rotation is anti-clockwise. What is the angle of rotation?

(b)

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

(c)

On a copy of the diagram below, reflect triangle A in the mirror line. You may use a mirror or tracing paper to help you.

Mirror Line

(KS3/99/Ma/Tier 4-6/P2)

13.

Julie has written a computer program to transform pictures of tiles. There are only two instructions in her program, reflect vertical or rotate 90 clockwise.

Reflect vertical

Rotate 90 clockwise

(a)

Julie wants to transform the first pattern to the second pattern.

First Pattern 2 1 A B
183

Second Pattern 2 1 A B

7.5

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Copy and complete the following instructions to transform the tiles B1 and B2. You must use only reflect vertical or rotate 90 clockwise. A1 A2 B1 B2 (b) Tile is in the correct position. Reflect vertical, and then rotate 90 clockwise. Rotate 90 clockwise and then ........................................... ..............................................................................................

Paul starts with the first pattern that was on the screen.
First Pattern 2 1 A B 2 1 A B Paul's Pattern

Copy and complete the instructions for the transformations of A2, B1 and B2 to make Paul's pattern. You must use only reflect vertical or rotate 90 clockwise. A1 A2 B1 B2 Reflect vertical, and then rotate 90 clockwise. Rotate 90 clockwise, and then .......................................... .............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................
(KS3/96/Ma/Tier 4-6/P1)

7.6 Combining Transformations

In this section we combine transformations. We see that sometimes 2 transformations are equivalent to a single transformation. Here we use transformations from the following types: Translations Enlargements Reflections
y

Rotations

Example 1
The shape shown in the diagram is reflected first in the y-axis and its image is then reflected in the x-axis. What single transformation would have the same result as these two transformations?
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

Solution
y 7 6 5

4 3 2 1

The diagram shows how the original shape A is first reflected to B, and B is then reflected to C. A rotation of 180 about the origin would take A straight to C.

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Example 2
A triangle is to be enlarged with scale factor 2, using the origin as the centre of

8 enlargement. Its image is then to be translated along the vector . 1

The coordinates of the corners of the triangle are (2, 1), (2, 4) and (4, 1). What single transformation would have the same result?

Solution
y
10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1

The diagram shows the original triangle, A; the enlargement takes it to B, which is then translated to C.
B A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5 4 3 2 10 1 2

The triangle A could be enlarged with scale factor 2 to give C.

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7.6
y
10 9 8 7 6

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

This diagram shows that the centre of enlargement would be the point (8, 1).

5 4 3 2 1

A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5 4 3 2 10 1 2

(8, 1)

The single transformation that will move triangle A to triangle C is an enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (8, 1).

Exercises
y

1.

(a) (b)

Reflect the shape shown in the x-axis and then reflect its image in the y-axis. What single transformation would have the same result as these two transformations?
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

2.

A rectangle has corners at the points with coordinates (1, 2), (3, 1), (5, 5) and (3, 6). It is first reflected in the x-axis and then its image is rotated through 180 about the origin. Describe how to move the rectangle from its original position to its final position, using only one transformation. A shape is rotated through 180 about the origin and then its image is reflected in the x-axis. (a) (b) Choose a shape and carry out the transformations described above. What single transformation would have the same result as the two transformations described above?

3.

4.

A triangle has corners at the points with coordinates (2, 2), (3, 6) and (8, 6). (a) Draw the triangle and enlarge it with scale factor 2, using the origin as the centre of enlargement.
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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

(b) (c)

3 Translate the enlarged shape along the vector . 6 Describe fully the enlargement that would produce the final triangle from the original triangle.

5.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Draw the triangle with corners at the points (2, 1), (4, 1) and (4, 2). Reflect this shape in the line y = x . Reflect the new triangle in the y-axis. What single transformation would have the same result as the two transformations described above? Reflect a shape of your choice in the line y = x and then reflect the image in the line y = x . Describe a single transformation that would have the same result.

6.

(a) (b)

7.

The shape shown in the following diagram is to be reflected in the line x = 4 and then its image is to be reflected in the line y = 5 .
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

(a) (b) 8.

Draw a diagram to show how the shape moves. What single transformation would have the same result?

10 The shape shown in the diagram is translated along the vector . 0 y

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

(a) (b)

Draw the final position of the shape. Describe how the shape could be moved to this position using 2 reflections.
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7.6
9.

MEP Y9 Practice Book A

The shape shown in the diagram is to be enlarged with scale factor 3 using the point (0, 4) as the centre of enlargement.
y

4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

(a) (b)

Draw the enlarged shape.

0 The enlarged shape is translated along the vector . Draw the new 8

position of the shape. (c) Describe the single enlargement that would have the same result as the two transformations used above.

10.

A shape is reflected in the line y = x , then in the line y = x , and finally in the x-axis. What single transformation would have the same result?

11.

The following design is based on a Celtic pattern.

Part of the pattern is shown below:

y
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

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MEP Y9 Practice Book A

The pattern is made of two rectangular blocks, A and B. Use two transformations to map block A onto block B. Your transformations must be either rotations or reflections. Mark any mirror lines or centres of rotation on a copy of the previous diagram. Write down instructions for the first and second transformations. Give coordinates of any centres of rotation, the amount of turn and direction of turn. Give the equations of any lines of reflection.
(KS3/95/Ma/Levels 9-10)

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