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09 Assembly Example

This document discusses assembly language programming and flowcharts. It provides examples of different types of flowcharts like if-then-else, while-do, repeat-until, and case. Guidelines are given for creating clear and structured flowcharts without referencing registers. An example is given to convert an array of big-endian values to little-endian using assembly code. The example flowchart and code shows pointing to the start of each array, copying bytes between arrays, incrementing pointers, and repeating until all elements are processed. Questions are invited at the end and it is noted that flowcharts and templates will be helpful for understanding assembly programs.

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Kavyashree Jamadagni
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views

09 Assembly Example

This document discusses assembly language programming and flowcharts. It provides examples of different types of flowcharts like if-then-else, while-do, repeat-until, and case. Guidelines are given for creating clear and structured flowcharts without referencing registers. An example is given to convert an array of big-endian values to little-endian using assembly code. The example flowchart and code shows pointing to the start of each array, copying bytes between arrays, incrementing pointers, and repeating until all elements are processed. Questions are invited at the end and it is noted that flowcharts and templates will be helpful for understanding assembly programs.

Uploaded by

Kavyashree Jamadagni
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 9: Assembly Language g g Example

Todays Topics
Fl Flowcharts h t Practice assembly programming

Flowcharts
There are other Th th more sophisticate hi ti t methods th d of f representing ti programs. Flowcharts Fl h t work k well ll f for software ft written itt in i assembly bl code d level. We will W ill see l logical i lb building ildi bl blocks k i in fl flowchart h f formats along l with assembly code templates.

Flowcharts
Meaning of symbols

Start or End

There are many more symbols Th b l other th than th these. Sh Shapes may be b different. diff t In this course, those four symbols are pretty much h all ll we need. d

flow
Decision

Process

Flowcharts
If-Then-Else
Set S t CCR bit bits f for decision d i i Bxx Process A Process B code
Color of Pill is RED?

TRUE FALSE Matrix RealWorld

If(PillColor == RED) RealWorld Else Matrix Example: ldaa PillColor cmpa #RED bne lmatrix RealWorld bra lskip lmatrix: Matrix lskip: ...

Flowcharts
While-Do
Set S t CCR bit bits f for decision d i i Bxx past BRA Process code Set CCR bits for decision BRA to Bxx
KnowThis? TRUE FALSE S StudyMore

Example: ldaa KnowThis lloop: cmpa #YES beq lnext StudyMore ldaa KnowThis bra lloop p lnext: NextStep

Flowcharts
Repeat-Until
Process code P d Set CCR bits Bxx to Process code Example: loop: DoSomething ldaa Result beq ldone bra loop ldone:

DoSomething

Is the Job done? TRUE

FALSE

Flowcharts
Case
nTemp < 20 FALSE nTemp < 70 FALSE nTemp < 100 FALSE Alarm TRUE T TurnOnCooler O C l TRUE FlashIndicator TRUE

TurnOnHeater

Set CCR bits Bxx to Process 1 Set CCR bits Bxx to Process 2 Set CCR bits Bxx to Process N Default Process code BRA past Process N code Process 1 code BRA past process N code Process 2 code BRA past Process N code Process N code Example: ldaa nTemp cmpa #20 bhs l1 TurnOnHeater bra lres l1: cmpa #70 bhi l2 FlashIndicator bra lres l2: cmpa #100 bhi l3 TurnOnCooler bra lres l3: Alarm lres:

Flowchart Guidelines
D not Do t refer f to t registers i t in i the th flowchart fl h t Arrows should never cross
They will not need to if the flowchart represents a structured program

The purpose is Th i to t remove any questions ti about b th how to t program and understand the algorithm, and this usually determines when the flowchart contains enough detail.

Assembly Example
Convert C t an array of f 4-byte 4 b t Bi Big-Endian E di values l t to an array of f Little-Endian values. L t Let
$1000 hold the address of the array of Big-Endian values, y for the Little-Endian values, , $1002 hold the address of the array $1004 hold the two-byte length of numbers to convert.

Write an assembly yp program g to implement p these requirements. q

Start

1: Point to the first BE item 2: Point to the first LE item 3: Make a copy of the length

4. There are no more elements FALSE 5: Copy 1st BE byte to 4th LE byte 6: Copy 2nd BE byte to 3rd LE byte 7: Copy 3rd BE byte to 2nd LE byte 8: Copy 4th BE byte to 1st LE byte 9: Point to next elements & dec length

TRUE

End

Start

1: Point to the first BE item 2: Point to the first LE item 3: Make a copy of the length

Bend LEnd Length TmpLen

Loop
TRUE

4. There are no more elements FALSE 5: Copy 1st BE byte to 4th LE byte 6: Copy 2nd BE byte to 3rd LE byte 7: Copy 3rd BE byte to 2nd LE byte 8: Copy 4th BE byte to 1st LE byte 9: Point to next elements & dec length

End

Done

org ds.w ds.w ds w ds.w ds.w org ldx ldy ldd std beq ldaa staa ldaa staa ldaa staa ldaa staa inx inx inx inx iny iny iny iny ldd subd bra swi

$1000 1 1 1 1 $2000 BEnd Lend Length TmpLen Done 0 x 0,x 3,y 1,x 2,y 2 x 2,x 1,y 3,x 0,y

; 3 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1

; 1

TmpLen #$0001 Loop

; 3

Start

1: Point to the first BE item 2: Point to the first LE item 3: Make a copy of the length

org Bend ds.w LEnd ds.w Length ds.w org ldx ldy ldd beq movb movb movb movb leax leay subd bd bra swi

$1000 1 1 1 $2000 BEnd Lend Length Done 0,x,3,y ; 5 1,x,2,y 2,x,1,y 3,x,0,y 4,x ; 2 4,y #1 ; 2 Loop

4. There are no more elements FALSE 5: Copy 1st BE byte to 4th LE byte 6: Copy 2nd BE byte to 3rd LE byte 7: Copy 3rd BE byte to 2nd LE byte 8: Copy 4th BE byte to 1st LE byte 9: Point to next elements & dec length

TRUE

Loop

Done

End

Note:Youcansave10(=3+2x2 +3)cycles.

Questions?

Wrap-up
What weve learned Fl Flowcharts h t
Templates will be greatly helpful.

A Assembly bl program example l

What to Come
A ith ti instructions Arithmetic i t ti Logic instructions

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