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Write a shell script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers as arguments and displays all the lines between the given line numbers. echo 'enter a filename' read fname echo 'enter starting line number' read st echo 'enter ending line number' read eno echo 'the lines between '$st 'and' $eno 'from' $fname sed -n "$st,$eno p" $fname 2. Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word in one or more files supplied as arguments to it. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then echo "no arguments" else echo "enter a deleting word or char" read y for i in $* do grep -v "$y" "$i" > temp if [ $? -ne 0 ] then echo "pattern not found" else cp temp $i rm temp fi done fi 3. Write a shell script that displays a list of all the files in the current directory to which the user has read, write and execute permissions. pwd for i in `ls` do if [ -r $i -a -w $i -a -x $i ] then echo "$i has all permissions" ls -l $i fi done

4. Write a shell script that receives any number of filenames as arguments checks if every argument supplied is a file or a directory and reports accordingly. Whenever the argument is a file, the number of lines on it is also reported. for fname in $* do if [ -f $fname ] then echo $fname 'is a file' echo 'no.of lines in' $fname ':' wc -l $fname elif [ -d $fname ] then echo $fname 'is a directory' else echo 'Does not exist' fi done 5. Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments, counts and reportsthe occurrence of each word that is present in the first argument file on other argument files. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then echo "no arguments" else tr " " "\n" < $1 > temp shift for i in $* do tr " " "\n" < $i > temp1 y=`wc -l < temp` j=1 while [ $j -le $y ] do x=`head -n $j temp | tail -1` c=`grep -c "$x" temp1` echo $x $c j=`expr $j + 1` done done fi 6. Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory. echo 'enter a directory name' read name echo 'The list of files in the directory' $name 'are' ls -l $dname>file grep '^d' file
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7.

Write a shell script to find factorial of a given integer.

echo 'enter a number' read n i=1 fact=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do fact=`expr $fact \* $i` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo 'The factorial of' $n 'is' $fact 8. Write an awk script to count the number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels. echo "enter a file name" readfn awk '$0 !~/[aeiou]/ {c=c+1} END {print("the no. of lines that do not contain vowels:",c)}' $fn 9. Write an awk script to find the number of characters, words and lines in a file. echo "enter a file name" readfn awk '{ w=w+NF c=c+length($0) } END{ print("no. oflines:",NR) print("no. ofwords:",w) print("no. ofcharacters:",c) }' $fn 10. Write a C program that makes a copy of a file using standard I/O and system calls. #include<stdio.h> #include<fcntl.h> #define MAX_SIZE 1000 main() { int fd1,fd2,r1,w1; char buffer[MAX_SIZE]; charsourceName[100],destName[100]; printf("enter the source file\n"); scanf("%s",sourceName); printf("enter a new file name"); scanf("%s",destName); fd1=open(sourceName,O_RDONLY); r1=read(fd1,buffer,MAX_SIZE); fd2=open(destName,O_CREAT|O_RDWR,0600); w1=write(fd2,buffer,r1);}
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11. Implement in C the following Unix commands using System calls a) . cat #include<stdio.h> #include<fcntl.h> #include<sys/stat.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<unistd.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { int fd1,fd2; intn,count=0; fd1=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY); fd2=creat(argv[2],S_IWUSR); rename(argv[1],argv[2]); unlink(argv[1]); return(0); } b) mv #include<stdio.h> #include<fcntl.h> #include<sys/stat.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<unistd.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { int fd1,fd2; intn,count=0; fd1=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY); fd2=creat(argv[2],S_IWUSR); rename(argv[1],argv[2]); unlink(argv[1]); return(0); } 12. Write a C program to emulate the Unixls l command. #include <sys/types.h> #include <errno.h> #include <stdio.h> main() { pid_tchildpid; childpid=fork(); switch(childpid) { case -1: fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: %s \n", sys_errlist[errno]); exit(1); break;
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case 0: execl("/bin/ls","ls","-l",NULL); perror("child fAiled to exec1 ls"); printf("child code goes here"); break; default: perror("parent failed to wait due to signal or error"); printf("parent code goed here"); break; } } 13. Write a C program to create a child process and allow the parent to display parent and the child to display child on the screen. #include<stdio.h> main() { int a; a=fork(); if(a>0) printf("parent \n"); else printf("child \n"); } 14. Write a C program to create a Zombie process. #include<stdio.h> main() { intpid; pid=fork(); if(0==pid) { printf("child process %d \n",getpid()); } else { wait(0); sleep(30); printf("parent process \n"); } } 15. Write a C program that illustrates how an orphan is created. #include<stdio.h> main() { intpid;
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pid=fork(); if(0==pid) { printf("%d\n",getpid()); sleep(5); printf("%d\n",getpid()); } else { printf("bye from parent\n"); } }

16. Write a C program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently with a command pipe. Ex:- ls l | sort #include<stdio.h> main() { int p[2],pid; pipe(p); pid=fork(); if(0==pid) { close(p[0]); dup2(p[1],1); execl("/bin/ls","ls",(char *)0); perror("ls"); } else { close(p[1]); dup2(p[0],0); execl("/usr/bin/wc","wc",(char *)0); perror("wc"); } } 17. Write a C program in which a parent writes a message to a pipe and the child reads the message. #include<stdio.h> main() { int p[2],pid; char *buf; buf=(char *) malloc(10); pipe(p);
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pid=fork(); if(pid>0) { printf("parent is writing on pipe"); write(p[1],"hello",5); } else { read(p[0],buf,5); printf("child is reading %s \n",buf); } close(p[0]); close(p[1]); } 18. Write a C program (sender.c) to create a message queue with read and write permissions to write 3messages to it with different priority numbers. #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/ipc.h> #include<sys/msg.h> structmsgbuf{ longmtype; charmtext[40]; }; main() { intmsqid,len,ret; structmsgbufmsgsend={0,"\0"}; msqid=msgget((key_t)7,IPC_CREAT|0666); if(-1==msqid) { perror("msgget:"); exit(1); } printf("enter msgtype:\n"); scanf("%d",&msgsend.mtype); printf("enter msgtext:\n"); scanf("%s",msgsend.mtext); len=strlen(msgsend.mtext); ret=msgsnd(msqid,&msgsend,len,0); if(-1==ret) { perror("msgsnd:"); exit(1); } else printf("msgsent:\n"); }

19. Write a C program (receiver.c) that receives the messages and displays them. #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/ipc.h> #include<sys/msg.h> structmsgbuf{ longmtype; charmtext[40]; }; main() { intmsqid,len,type,ret; structmsgbufmsgread={0,"\0"}; msqid=msgget((key_t)7,IPC_CREAT|0666); if(-1==msqid) { perror("msgget:"); exit(1); } printf("enter the msg type:\n"); scanf("%d",&type); len=sizeof(msgread.mtext); ret=msgrcv(msqid,&msgread,len,type,0); printf("ret=%d\n",ret); if(-1==ret) { perror("msgrcv:"); exit(1); } else printf("message type=%d message text=%s\n",msgread.mtype,msgread.mtext); } 20. Write a C program that illustrates suspending and resuming processes using signals. #include<stdio.h> #include<signal.h> void fun(int k) { printf("signal is caught %d\n",k); } void bun(int p) { printf("i am in bun %d\n",p); }
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main() { signal(SIGINT,SIG_IGN); sleep(5); signal(SIGINT,fun); sleep(5); signal(SIGINT,bun); sleep(5); signal(SIGINT,SIG_DFL); for( ; ; ); } 21. Write a C program that implements a producer-consumer system with two processes (using Semaphores). #include<stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/ipc.h> #include<sys/sem.h> #include<signal.h> voidabc() { printf("bye bye from child\n"); exit(0); } void xyz() { printf("bye bye from parent\n"); exit(0); } main() { intsemid; intpid; structsembuf sop; semid=semget((key_t)29,1,IPC_CREAT|0666); if(-1==semid) { perror("semget:"); exit(1); } semctl(semid,0,SETVAL,6); printf("semid=%d\n",semid); pid=fork(); if(0==pid) { sop.sem_num=0; sop.sem_op=-1;
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sop.sem_flg=0; signal(SIGALRM,abc); alarm(6); while(1) { semop(semid,&sop,1); printf("child%d\n",semctl(semid,0,GETVAL,0)); sleep(1); } } else { sleep(7); sop.sem_num=0; sop.sem_op=1; sop.sem_flg=0; signal(SIGALRM,xyz); alarm(6); while(1) { semop(semid,&sop,1); printf("parent%d\n",semctl(semid,0,GETVAL,0)); sleep(1); } } } 22. Write client and server programs (using C) for interaction between server and client processes using Unix Domain sockets. a) SERVER :#include #include #include #include <sys/types.h> <sys/socket.h> <sys/un.h> <stdio.h>

#define NSTRS3 /* no. of strings */ #define ADDRESS"mysocket"/* addr to connect */ /*Strings we send to the client. */ char *strs[NSTRS] = { "This is the first string from the server.\n", "This is the second string from the server.\n", "This is the third string from the server.\n" };

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main() { char c; FILE *fp; intfromlen; register int i, s, ns, len; structsockaddr_unsaun, fsaun; /*Get a socket to work with. This socket willbe in the UNIX domain, and will be astream socket. */ if ((s = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { perror("server: socket"); exit(1); } /*Create the address we will be binding to. */ saun.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strcpy(saun.sun_path, ADDRESS); /*Try to bind the address to the socket. Weunlink the name first so that the bind won'tfail. The third argument indicates the "length" ofthe structure, not just the length of thesocket name.*/ unlink(ADDRESS); len = sizeof(saun.sun_family) + strlen(saun.sun_path); if (bind(s, &saun, len) < 0) { perror("server: bind"); exit(1); } /*Listen on the socket.*/ if (listen(s, 5) < 0) { perror("server: listen"); exit(1); } /*Accept connections. When we accept one, nswill be connected to the client. fsaun willcontain the address of the client. */ if ((ns = accept(s, &fsaun, &fromlen)) < 0) { perror("server: accept"); exit(1); } /*We'll use stdio for reading the socket. */ fp = fdopen(ns, "r"); /*First we send some strings to the client. */
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for (i = 0; i < NSTRS; i++) send(ns, strs[i], strlen(strs[i]), 0); /*Then we read some strings from the client andprint them out. */ for (i = 0; i < NSTRS; i++) { while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) { putchar(c); if (c == '\n') break; } } /*We can simply use close() to terminate theconnection, since we're done with both sides. */ close(s); exit(0); } b) CLIENT:#include #include #include #include <sys/types.h> <sys/socket.h> <sys/un.h> <stdio.h>

#define NSTRS 3 /* no. of strings */ #define ADDRESS "mysocket" /* addr to connect */ /*Strings we send to the server.*/ char *strs[NSTRS] = { "This is the first string from the client.\n", "This is the second string from the client.\n", "This is the third string from the client.\n" }; main() { char c; FILE *fp; register int i, s, len; structsockaddr_unsaun; /*Get a socket to work with. This socket willbe in the UNIX domain, and will be astream socket. */

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if ((s = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { perror("client: socket"); exit(1); } /*Create the address we will be connecting to. saun.sun_family = AF_UNIX; strcpy(saun.sun_path, ADDRESS); */

/*Try to connect to the address. For this tosucceed, the server must already have boundthis address, and must have issued a listen()request. The third argument indicates the "length" ofthe structure, not just the length of thesocket name. */ len = sizeof(saun.sun_family) + strlen(saun.sun_path); if (connect(s, &saun, len) < 0) { perror("client: connect"); exit(1); } /*We'll use stdio for readingthe socket. */ fp = fdopen(s, "r"); /*First we read some strings from the serverand print them out. */ for (i = 0; i < NSTRS; i++) { while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) { putchar(c); if (c == '\n') break; } } /*Now we send some strings to the server. */ for (i = 0; i < NSTRS; i++) send(s, strs[i], strlen(strs[i]), 0); /*We can simply use close() to terminate theconnection, since we're done with both sides. */ close(s); exit(0); } c) Write client and server programs(using c) for interaction between server and client processes using Internet Domain sockets.

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23. Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating via shared memory. a) #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/shm.h> #include <stdio.h> #define SHMSZ main() { char c; intshmid; key_t key; char *shm, *s; key = 5678; if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, IPC_CREAT | 0666)) < 0) { perror("shmget"); exit(1); } printf("shmid=%d\n",shmid); /* Now we attach the segment to our data space.*/ if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1) { perror("shmat"); exit(1); } /*Now put some things into the memory for the other process to read. s = shm; for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) *s++ = c; *s = NULL; /*Finally, we wait until the other process changes the first character of our memory to '*', indicating that it has read what we put there. */ while (*shm != '*') sleep(1); exit(0); } */ 27

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b) #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/shm.h> #include <stdio.h> #define SHMSZ 27 main() { intshmid; key_t key; char *shm, *s; /*We need to get the segment named"5678", created by the server.*/ key = 5678; /*Locate the segment. */ if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, 0666)) < 0) { perror("shmget"); exit(1); } /*Now we attach the segment to our data space. */ if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1) { perror("shmat"); exit(1); } /*Now read what the server put in the memory. */ for (s = shm; *s != NULL; s++) putchar(*s); putchar('\n'); /*Finally, change the first character of the segment to '*', indicating we have read the segment. */ *shm = '*'; exit(0);}

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