EE141 Digital Signal Processing (Fall 2003)

Solution Manual
Prepared by Xiaojun Tang and Zhenzhen Ye
Text: A.V. Oppenheim, R.W. Schafer, and J. R. Buck, Discrete-Time Signal
Processing, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 1999.
HW#1: P2.1 (a), (c), (e), (g); P2.4; P2.24
HW#2: P2.5; P2.18; P2.29 (a), (c), (e)
HW#3: P2.40; P2.41; P3.27 (a), (c)
HW#4: P3.6 (d), (e); P3.20; P4.1; P4.3
HW#5: P4.5; P4.7; P5.2; P5.3
HW#6: P5.10; P5.12; P5.15
HW#7: P6.7; P6.8; P6.11; P6.25; P7.15
HW#1: P2.1 (a), (c), (e), (g); P2.4; P2.24
P2.1
(a) T(x[n]) = g[n]x[n];
Stable if g[n] is bounded;
Causal output is not decided by future input;
Linear T(ax[n] + by[n]) = ag[n]x[n] + bg[n]y[n] = aT(x[n]) + bT(y[n]);
Time variant T(x[n-m]) = g[n]x[n-m];
Memoryless output only depends on x[n] with same n;
(c)

+
=
=
0
0
] [ ]) [ (
n n
n n k
k x n x T ;
Stable;
Causal only if n
0
= 0, else non-causal;
Linear T(ax[n] + by[n]) = aT(x[n]) + bT(y[n]);
Time Invariant

+
=
+
=
= =
0
0
0
0
'
] ' [ ] [ ]) [ (
n n
n n k
n m n
n m n k
m k x k x m n x T ;
Memoryless only if n
0
= 0;
(e)
] [
]) [ (
n x
e n x T = ;
Stable;
Causal;
Nonlinear T(ax[n] + by[n]) aT(x[n]) + bT(y[n]);
Time Invariant
] [
]) [ (
m n x
e m n x T

= ;
Memoryless output only depends on x[n] with same n;
(g) T(x[n]) = x[-n];
Stable;
Non-Causal output depends on future input;
Linear T(ax[n] + by[n]) = aT(x[n]) + bT(y[n]);
Time Variant;
Not Memoryless;
P2.4
As ] 1 [ 2 ] 2 [
8
1
] 1 [
4
3
] [ = + n x n y n y n y , the Fourier transform is
jw jw jw jw jw jw jw
e e X e e Y e e Y e Y

= + ) ( 2 ) (
8
1
) (
4
3
) (
2
When 1 ) ( ] [ ] [ = =
jw
e X n n x , thus
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=

jw jw jw jw
jw
jw
e e e e
e
e Y
) 4 / 1 ( 1
1
) 2 / 1 ( 1
1
8
) 8 / 1 ( ) 4 / 3 ( 1
2
) (
2
] [
4
1
2
1
8 ] [ n u n y
n n
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
P2.24
As h[n] = [1 1 1 1 2 2] for n from 0 to 5 and x[n] = u[n-4], the system response is:
y[n] = x[n] * h[n] = [0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 2 0 ..]; The sketch is shown as follows:
HW#2: P2.5; P2.18; P2.29 (a), (c), (e)
P2.5
(a) The roots for polynomial 0 6 5 1
2 1
= +

z z are 2 and 3, so the homogeneous
response for the system is:
n n
A A n y 3 2 ] [
2 1
+ =
(b) As ] 1 [ 2 ] 2 [ 6 ] 1 [ 5 ] [ = + n x n y n y n y and ] [ ] [ n n x = , the impulse response of
the system is:
] [ ) 2 3 ( 2 ] [
2 1
1
3 1
1
2
6 5 1
2
) (
2
n u n h
e e e e
e
e H
n n
jw jw jw jw
jw
jw
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=

(c) As ] 1 [ 2 ] 2 [ 6 ] 1 [ 5 ] [ = + n x n y n y n y and ] [ ] [ n u n x = , the step response of the

=
+
= =
+ +

P2.18
(a) ] [ ) 2 / 1 ( ] [ n u n h
n
=
Causal, the output of the system does not depend on future input;
(b) ] 1 [ ) 2 / 1 ( ] [ = n u n h
n
Causal, the output of the system does not depend on future input;
(c)
n
n h ) 2 / 1 ( ] [ =
Non-Causal, the output of the system depends on future input;
(d) ] 2 [ ] 2 [ ] [ + = n u n u n h
Non-Causal, the output of the system depends on future input;
(e) ] 1 [ 3 ] [ ) 3 / 1 ( ] [ + = n u n u n h
n n
Non-Causal, the output of the system depends on future input;
P2.29
As x[n] = [1 1 1 1 1 1/2] for n from 1 to 4,
(a) x[n-2] = [1 1 1 1 1 1/2] for n from 1 to 6; The sketch is:
(c) x[2n] = [1 1 1/2] for n from 0 to 2; The sketch is:
(e) x[n-1][n-3] = x[2]; The sketch is:
HW#3: P2.40, P2.41, P3.27 (a), (c)
P2.40
] [ ) 1 ( ] [ ) cos( ] [ n u n u n n x
n
= =
] [ )
2
( ] [ n u
j
n h
n
=
) 2 / ( 1
) 2 / ( 1
) 1 (
)
2
( ) 1 ( ] [ ) 1 ]( [ )
2
( ] [ ] [ ] [ * ] [ ] [
1
0
j
j
j
k n u k u
j
k n x k h n x n h n y
n
n
k
n
k
k n k n k
k


=
= = = =
+

= =

=

Since
2 / 1
1
) 2 / ( 1
) 2 / ( 1
lim
1
j j
j
n
n
+
=


+

The steady state response to the excitation ] [ ) 1 ( ] [ n u n x
n
= is
2 / 1
) cos(
2 / 1
1
) 1 (
j
n
j
n
+
=
+

P2.41
Given a periodic impulse train

=
+ =
k
kN n n x ] [ ] [ , we can write its Fourier transform as

=
+ =
k
j
N k
N
e X ) / 2 (
2
) (

(1)
(Refer to Signal and Systems, 2
nd
edition by A.V. Oppenheim and A.S. Willsky, Page 371 for its proof)
In problem, 2.41,N=16, so its Fourier transform is

=
+ =
k
j
k e X ) 16 / 2 (
16
2
) (

(2)
Let ) (
j
e Y denotes the output of the system, then
) ( ) ( ) (
j j j
e H e X e Y = (3)
If 8 / 3 | | < ,
3
) (
j j
e e H

=
)] 8 / ( ) 8 / ( ) ( [
16
2
) 16 / 2 (
16
2
8 / 3 8 / 3 3

+ + + = + =

j j
k
j
e e k e (4)
If 8 / 3 | | , 0 ) ( =
j
e H , thus 0 ) ( =
j
e Y , (5)
So )] 8 / ( ) 8 / ( ) ( [
16
2
) (
8 / 3 8 / 3

+ + + =
j j j
e e e Y (6)
Take the inverse Fourier transform, we can get
)) 3 (
8
cos(
8
1
16
1
)) 3 (
8
cos 2 1 (
16
1
) 1 (
16
1
) 1 (
16
1
] [
8 / ) 3 ( 8 / ) 3 ( 8 / 8 / 3 8 / 8 / 3
+ = + =
+ + = + + =

n n
e e e e e e n y
n n n j n j


(7)
Note: Take a look at (3), ) (
j
e H is band limited, ) (
j
e X is infinite pulse train. If we
multiply them together, we can only consider those pulses falling into the band
( 8 / 3 , 8 / 3 ). The rest pulses are cancelled due to the multiplication with 0. There are
three pulses falling into the band ) (
16
2

, ) 8 / (
16
2

+ , ) 8 / (
16
2

, so we get
(6)
P3.27
(a)
1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1
2
1
1 )
2
1
1 ( ) 3 1 )( 2 1 ( )
2
1
1 (
1
) (


+

+
+
+
+
=
+
=
z
D
z
C
z
B
z
A
z z z
z X
X (z)s poles are z=-1/2, 2, 3, if it is stable, the ROC is ) 2 , 2 / 1 ( | | z
35
1
) 3 1 )( 2 1 (
1
)
2
1
1 )( (
2 / 1
1 1
2 / 1
2 1
=

= + =
=

=

z z
z z
z z X A
1225
1568
) 3 1 ( )
2
1
1 (
1
) 2 1 )( (
2
1 2 1
2
1
=
+
= =
=

=

z z
z z
z z X C
1225
2700
) 2 1 ( )
2
1
1 (
1
) 3 1 )( (
3
1 2 1
3
1
=
+
= =
=

=

z z
z z
z z X D
Also, Let 0
1
=

z at both sides,
D C B A z X
z
+ + + = =
=

1 ) (
0
1
Thus,
1225
58
1 = = D C A B
1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
1225 / 2700
2 1
1225 / 1568
2
1
1
1225 / 58
)
2
1
1 (
35 / 1
) 3 1 )( 2 1 ( )
2
1
1 (
1
) (


+

+
+
+
=
+
=
z z
z z z z z
z X
Since the ROC is ) 2 , 2 / 1 ( | | z ,
] 1 [ 3
1225
2700
] 1 [ 2
1225
1568
] [ )
2
1
(
1225
58
] 1 [ )
2
1
)( 1 (
35
1
] [ + + + + = n u n u n u n u n n x
n n n n
Note: To get the inverse Z-Transform of second-order term or multiple order term, we
can use the differentiation property
dz
z dX
z n nx
) (
] [ (Refer to page122 of textbook for
its proof)
E.g. right side sequence
1
1
1
] [ ] [

=
az
n u a n x
n
(ROC: | | | | a z > )
2 1
1
1
) 1 (
]
)
1
1
(
[ ] [

az
az
dz
az
d
z n na
n
, So
2 1
1
1
) 1 (
] [

az
z
n na
n
(c)
1
2
3
2 1
2
2
2
2
) ( ] [

+ + =

=
z
z z
z
z z
z X n x
X(z) has its only pole at z=2. If x[n] is a left-sided sequence, the ROC is 2 | | < z
] 1 [ ) 2 ( 2 ] 1 [ 2 ] 2 [ ] [ + + + = n u n n n x
n

or ] 1 [ 2 ] 1 [ 2 ] 2 [ ] [
1
+ + + =
+
n u n n n x
n

P3.1
(g)
] [ )
2
1
( ] 10 [ ] [ ( )
2
1
(
9
0
n n u n u
n
n n

=
= is a finite length sequence, so its ROC is 0 | | z . The
solution in the textbook is right.
HW#4: P3.6 (d), (e); P3.20; P4.1; P4.3
P3.6
(d) 2 / 1
) 4 / 1 ( 1
) 2 / 1 ( 1
) (
2
1
>

z
z
z
z X
Partial Fraction Expansion:
] [
2
1
] [
) 2 / 1 ( 1
1
) ) 2 / 1 ( 1 )( ) 2 / 1 ( 1 (
) 2 / 1 ( 1
) 4 / 1 ( 1
) 2 / 1 ( 1
) (
1 1 1
1
2
1
n u n x
z z z
z
z
z
z X
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
=
+

=

Power Series Expansion:

\
|
=
+ + + =

L
Fourier Transform exists as the ROC including unit circle.
(e) a z
a z
az
z X / 1
1
) (
1
1
>

Partial Fraction Expansion:

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
+ +

n u
a
n u
a
n u
a
n a n u
a
n x
z a
a
a
z a
a
a z
a
a
a z a z
az
a z a z
az
z X
n n n n

Power Series Expansion:

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
|
.
|

\
|
= + + + + =

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
+

n u
a
n u
a
n x n x n x
n u
a
n x z
a
z
a
z
a
z
a z
az
n u
a
n u
a a
n x z
a
z
a
z
a a a z
a z
az
a z a z
az
z X
n n
n
n n
L
L
Fourier Transform exists when the ROC including unit circle, which means
1 < a .
P3.20
(a) As the ROC of X(z) is |z| > 3/4, and the ROC of Y(z) is |z| > 2/3, the ROC of H(z)
should be |z| > 2/3 ;
(b) As the ROC of X(z) is |z| < 1/3, and the ROC of Y(z) is 1/6 < |z| < 1/3, the ROC of
H(z) should be |z| > 1/6 ;
P4.1
As | | ) 100 ( 2 sin ) ( t t x
c
= and T = 1/400 sec,
| |
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
2
sin ) 100 ( 2 sin ) ( ] [

n
nT nT x n x
c
P4.3
As | | t t x
c
4000 cos ) ( = and
(

=
3
cos ] [
n
n x ,
(a) Let
000 , 12
1
) ( ] [ = = T nT x n x
c
(b) T is not unique, for example,
000 , 12
5
= T
HW#5: P4.5; P4.7; P5.2; P5.3
P4.5
(a) From Nyquist Sampling theorem, to avoid aliasing in the C/D converter, the sampling
frequency Hz Hz
T
m
s
s
4
10 5000 * 2 2
1
= = = , so s T
s
4
10

(b) Hz
f
s
cutoff
cutoff
625 10
2
8 /
2
4
= = =

(c) kHz Hz
f
s
cutoff
cutoff
25 . 1 1250 10 2
2
8 /
2
4
= = = =

Note: The relation between digital frequency f and analog frequency is

,
where
s
is the sampling frequency, f is in radians.
P4.7
(a)
) ( ) ( ) (
d c c c
t s t s t x + =
) 1 )( ( ) (
d
j
c c
e j S j X

+ =
Consider sampling, ) ( ] [ nT x n x
c
= , in frequency domain (refer to Eq4.19 in textbook, P147),
( ) ))
2
( (
1

=
k
c
T j
T
k
j X
T
e X

( ) ( )
))
2
( ( ) 1 (
1
))
2
( ( ) 1 (
1
))
2
( (
1
/

+ =
+ = = =
k
c
T j
k
c
j
k
c
T j j
T
k
T
j S e
T
T
k
j S e
T T
k
j X
T
e X e X
d
d

(b)
T j j
d
e e H
/
1 ) (

+ =
(c)

) / (
] ) / sin[( ) sin(
2
1
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
) (
2
1
] [
) / ( /
T n
T n
n
n
d e d e d e e d e e H n h
d
d
T n j jn jn T j jn j
d d

+ =
+ = + = =

if T
d
= , ] 1 [ ] [
) 1 (
] ) 1 sin[( ) sin(
] [ + =

+ = n n
n
n
n
n
n h

if 2 / T
d
= ,

) 1 (
] ) 2 / 1 sin[(
] [
) 1 (
] ) 2 / 1 sin[( ) sin(
] [

+ =

+ =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n h
P5.2
] [ ] 1 [ ] [
3
10
] 1 [ n x n y n y n y = + +
) ( ) ( ) (
3
10
) (
1
z X z zY z Y z Y z = +

1 1 1 1
1
1 3 1
8 / 3
) 3 / 1 ( 1
8 / 3
) 3 1 )( ) 3 / 1 ( 1 (
3
10
1
) (
) (
) (

=

=
+
= =
z z z z
z
z z
z X
z Y
z H
(a) H (z) has two zeroes: 0, ; two poles: 1/3, 3
(b) The system is stable, so the ROC includes the unit circle. The ROC is 1/3<|z|<3
] 1 [ 3
8
3
] [ )
3
1
(
8
3
] [ = n u n u n h
n n
P5.3
] [ ] 2 [
3
1
] 1 [ n x n y n y = +
) ( )) (
3
1
) (
2 1
z X z Y z z Y z = +

1 1 1 2 1
) 3 / 1 ( 1 ) ) 3 / 1 ( 1 (
1
) 3 / 1 (
1
) (
) (
) (

+
=
+
=
+
= =
z
z
z z z z z X
z Y
z H
The poles are: 3 / 1 , there are two ROC, 3 / 1 | | 0 < < z , 3 / 1 | | > z
(1) 3 / 1 | | 0 < < z : ] 2 [ )
3
1
( ] [
1
=
+
n u n h
n
, choose (d)
(2) 3 / 1 | | > z : ] 1 [ )
3
1
( ] [
1
+ =
+
n u n h
n
, choose (a)
HW#6: P5.10; P5.12; P5.15
P5.10
As one of the zeros of H(z) is at = z , the corresponding pole of Hi(z) will be also at
infinity. The existence of a pole at = z implies that the system is not causal.
P5.12
(a)
As the poles of H(z) are 0.9, -0.9, ROC includes the unit circle, the system is stable.
(b)
) ( ) (
) ) 3 / 1 ( 1 )( ) 3 / 1 ( 1 (
) 3 / 1 )( 3 / 1 (
) 9 . 0 1 )( 9 . 0 1 (
) ) 3 / 1 ( 1 )( ) 3 / 1 ( 1 )( 2 . 0 1 ( 9
) 9 . 0 1 )( 9 . 0 1 (
) 3 1 )( 3 1 )( 2 . 0 1 (
) (
1
) (
1 1
1 1
) (
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
z H z H
z z
z z
z j z j
z z z
z j z j
z z z
z H
ap
z H z H
ap
=
+
+
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=






4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1
P5.15
Generalized Linear Phase GLP;
Linear Phase LP;
(a) As
jw
e w jw H n n n n h

+ = + + = ) cos 4 1 ( ) ( ] 2 [ 2 ] 1 [ ] [ 2 ] [ ,
w jw A cos 4 1 ) ( + = and 0 , 1 = = , it is a GLP, but not LP as ) ( jw A is not always
nonnegative for all w;
(b) It is not a GLP or LP as it is not a symmetric filter;
(c) As
jw
e w jw H n n n n h

+ = + + = ) cos 2 3 ( ) ( ] 2 [ ] 1 [ 3 ] [ ] [ ,
w jw A cos 2 3 ) ( + = and 0 , 1 = = , it is a GLP and also LP as ) ( jw A is always
nonnegative for all w;
(d) As
) 2 / (
) 2 / cos( 2 ) ( ] 1 [ ] [ ] [
w j
e w jw H n n n h

= + = ,
) 2 / cos( 2 ) ( w jw A = and 0 , 2 / 1 = = , it is a GLP, but not LP as ) ( jw A is not always
nonnegative for all w;
(e) As
) 2 / (
sin 2 ) ( ] 2 [ ] [ ] [



= =
w j
we jw H n n n h ,
w jw A sin 2 ) ( = and 2 / , 1 = = , it is a GLP, but not LP as ) ( jw A is not always
nonnegative for all w;
HW#7: P6.7; P6.8; P6.11; P6.25; P7.15
P6.7
The difference equation is: ] [
4
1
] 2 [ ] 2 [
4
1
] [ n x n x n y n y =
Z-Transform: ) (
4
1
) ( ) (
4
1
) (
2 2
z X z z X z z Y z Y =

Transfer function:
2
2
4
1
1
4
1
) (
) (
) (

+
= =
z
z
z X
z Y
z H
P6.8
] 2 [ ] 1 [ 3 ] 2 [ 2 ] [ + = n x n x n y n y
P6.11
1
3 2 1
1
1 1 1
2
1
1
8 6
2
1
1
) 4 1 )( 2 1 (
) (

+
=

=
z
z z z
z
z z z
z H
(a)
-1/4
1
z
1
z
] [n x ] [n y
1/4
1
z
1
z
] [n y
1/2
-6
1
z
8
(b)
P6.25
(a) )
1
1
)]( 2 1 (
8
7
8
3
1
2
1
1
[ ) ( )] ( ) ( [ ) (
1
2 1
2 1
1
3 2 1

+ + +
+

= + =
z
z z
z z
z
z H z H z H z H
The Z-Transfer function:
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
8
7
4
5
8
11
1
8
7
8
11
8
9
8
9
2
) (


+
+ + + +
=
z z z
z z z z
z H
(b)
The difference equation:
] 4 [
8
7
] 3 [
8
11
] 2 [
8
9
] 1 [
8
9
] [ 2 ] 3 [
8
7
] 2 [
4
5
] 1 [
8
11
] [ + + + + = + n x n x n x n x n x n y n y n y n y
(c)
P7.15
Specifications:
(a) Pass band ripple: 05 . 0 =
p
, dB A
p p
02 . 26 log 20 = =
Stop band ripple: 1 . 0 =
s
, dB A
s s
20 log 20 = =
Pass band edge: 25 . 0 =
p
Stop band edge: 35 . 0 =
s
] [n x
1
z
1
z
] [n y
-6
1/2
1
z
8
2
1
z
1
z
] [n x ] [n y
-5/4
11/8 9/8
9/8
1
z
1
z
7/8 11/8
7/8
Cutoff: 3 . 0 =
c
The peak approximate error dB 02 . 26 log 20
10
<
Among the windows in Table7.1 (Page 471), Hanning, Hamming, Blackman can be used
(b)
Hanning:
M

8
1 . 0 = , 80 = M , 81 1 = + = M L
Hamming:
M

8
1 . 0 = , 80 = M , 81 1 = + = M L
Blackman:
M

12
1 . 0 = , 120 = M , 121 1 = + = M L
Note that the estimation is not accurate. We can use MATLAB to find the minimum of
filter order to meet the requirements.