Whole blood

This is a unit of blood collected into an anticoagulant and filtered to remove most leucocytes. It contains the red cells, platelets and plasma component of donor blood. Only whole blood stored for less than 24 hours at 2024 C can be considered a clinical source of wbc and viable platelets or therapeutic levels of labile coagulation Factors V and VIII.

Anticoagulants for whole blood collections CPD and CPDA are the two anticoagulants used in blood bag IN CPDA THERE IS ADENINE rest is same in both
Also latest is CPDA2 WHERE ADENINE is twice and glucose i.e dextrose is 40% more

Below is a list of anticoagulants between 6169 mL, which is used to collect 450 mL +_ 10% of whole blood. 14 ML OF SOLUTION PER 100 ML OF BLD IS USED Whole Blood Anticoagulants Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD) Constituents (in 63 mL) Terumo Corporation Sodium citrate dihydrate 1660 mg Citric acid monohydrate 210 mg Dextrose monohydrate 1610 mg Sodium phosphate 160 mg dihydrate 0 mg Adenine Distilled water100 ml Manufacturer Pall Corporation 1656 mg 206 mg 1610 mg 140 mg 0 mg

Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine (CPDA-1)

Fresenius MacoPharma 1657 mg 1660 mg 206 mg 210 mg 1610 mg 2010 mg 158 mg 0 mg 160 mg 17.3 mg

OR REMEMBER THIS

TRI SODIUM CITRATE 2.63 GM CITRIC ACID 0.32 GM

DEXTROSE 3.2 GM MONOBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE 0.22 GM ADENINE 17.33 GM DIST WATER 100ML

Both are same but nichewala is easy to remember

The underlined are the COMPONENTS of anticoagolants used in the blood just remember the name MANNITOl is used for preserving RBC Blood bag contains only 350 ml of bld REMEMBER THAHT A BLD BAG CONTAINS ONLY 450 ML BLOOD Blood is stored at 2-4 degree C FOR 35 DAYS 1 bag whole blood = 1% HB increase 1 bag packed cell = 3% HB increase GREEN IS THE NAME OF COMPANY NO NEED TO REMEMBER IMP Varios blood components 1.whole bld 2.packed red bld cells and plasma 3.frozen rbc 4.platelet concentrate 5.fresh frozen plasma 6.cryoprecipitate 7.factor viii (8) concentrate 8.albumin 9.rh immune globulin 10.immune serum globulin VARIOS ANTICOAGULANTS USED IN LABORATORY FOR BLD CHECKING 1. DOUBLE OXALATE ROUTINE HAEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION & ESR 2. CITRATE BLOOD BAG / BLD TRANSFUSION 3. E.D.T.A (ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETIC ACID) ROUTINE HAEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION & ANTI COAG OF CHOICE FOR PLATELET COUNT

4. HEPARIN-COAGULATION STUDIES, OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST,BLD TRANSFUSION ESPECIALLY IN PAEDIATRIC(CHILDRENS) PATIENTS 5. POTASSIUM OXALATE- RMBR NOT USED ALONE 6. AMMONIUM OXALATE RMBR NOT USED ALONE 7. RMBR BOTH OF THE ABUVE ARE USED AS DOUBLE OXALATE IN COMBINATION 6 PARTS AMMONIUM AND 4 PARTS POTASSIUM 8. SODIUM FLUORIDE- PREVENTS GLYCOLYSIS i.e destruction of GLUCOSE HENCE USED FUR BLOOD SUGAR ESTIMATION I.E IN DIADETIC PATIENTS PLATELETS An apheresis machine separates anticoagulated blood into components with retention of the platelets and a portion of plasma to create a standard adult dose of Platelet Apheresis. PRESERVATIVES IN PLATELETS ALMOST ALL THE PRESERVATIVES ARE SAME SO NO NEED TO REMEMBER

Sodium chloride Sodium acetate trihydrate Sodium citrate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogenophosphate Disodium hydrogenophosphate Potassium chloride Magnesium chloride

1215 mg 1326 mg 954 mg 315 mg 915 mg 111 mg 90 mg

Fresh frozen plasma is separated and frozen within 18 hours after collection of whole blood. It can also be prepared from anticoagulated blood that is separated into components by an apheresis machine, The apheresis plasma is then divided into 2 or 3 units of equal volume and frozen within 6 hours of collection. A unit of fresh frozen plasma contains all coagulation factors including the labile plasma coagulation factors VIII and V. An adult dose contains approximately 200 IU of factor VIII. Cryoprecipitate This component, either derived from whole blood or collected via apheresis, is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma between 16 C and recovering the precipitate. The cold-insoluble precipitate is refrozen. One unit of cryoprecipitate apheresis is approximately equivalent to 2 units of cryoprecipitate derived from whole blood. It contains most of the factor VIII, fibrinogen, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor and fibronectin from fresh frozen plasma. Cryodepleted plasma This component is the supernatant remaining after cryoprecipitate has been removed from fresh frozen plasma, which is either derived from whole blood or collected via apheresis. It contains most clotting factors in similar amounts to fresh frozen plasma but is deficient in factor VIII, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (the high molecular weight multimers are more thoroughly removed than the smaller multimers), factor XIII and fibronectin. Whole blood donations may be given safely every 12 weeks. Approximately 470 mL of donor blood is collected via aseptic venepuncture into the primary blood pack.

The donation is collected over 510 minutes with the first 30 mL being diverted into sample tubes for laboratory testing. The appointment takes around 40 minutes including registration and interview time, as well as rest and refreshment time after the donation has finished.

Donation testing
Blood Service laboratories perform a range of tests on all donations for the following reasons:

To allow appropriate selection of blood for transfusion (eg, permitting ABO compatibility between donor and recipient) To minimise or prevent adverse consequences of transfusion (eg, preventing transmission of infections in transfusion recipients) Viral testing of donor blood To identify donors whose donations are not suitable for transfusion (eg, donors who carry transfusion-transmissible infections are notified and counselled).

Mandatory testing consists of: All platelet donations are screened for bacterial contamination 24 hours post collection. When required, additional donor testing is performed, including confirmatory testing, CMV screening and malarial antibody screening. Donor should be above 18 yrs No fever
no history of malaria within 3 months typhoid within 1 year jaundice within 1 year not on any medication no bld donatn during menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation THESE ARE VERY IMPORTANT SO REMEMBER THESE Blood is checked for following 1.ABO and Rh(D) blood groups 1.SYPHILIS disease (VDRL)

2.HIV disease disease 3.HEPATITIS B disease (HBSA) 4.HEPATITIS C disease (HCV) 5. MALARIAL ANTIBODIES disease 7. RED CELL ANTIBODY SCREENING Minimum period between two blood donatn is 3 months 350 ml of blod is taken from each donor and blood donation bag contains 150 ml of anticoagulant cpda BLOOD BAG HAS 3 OPENINGS - 2 OUTLETS AND 1 INLET BLD BAG ARE PVC (PAMPOL) BAGS If a screening test for infectious disease is confirmed reactive, and the donation is destroyed, and we notify and counsel the donor as part of Blood Service procedure. Once donor selection criteria have been met, mandatory viral screening is non-reactive, blood grouping results have been confirmed, red cell antibody screening is complete and product quality is acceptable as per defined component specifications, components are labelled for release and made available in stock inventory. Overview JUST READ AND BYHEART YELLOW

What is blood? Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that circulates through the body's: heart arteries veins capillaries What is the function of blood? Blood carries the following to the body tissues: nourishment electrolytes hormones vitamins antibodies heat oxygen Blood carries the following away from the body tissues: waste matter carbon dioxide What are the components of blood? 4 main components PLASMA , RED BLOOD CORPUSCULES (RBC) , WHITE BLOOD CORPUSCULES (WBC), PLATELETS
Blood plasma is the straw-colored/pale-yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension.

Human blood consists of about 22 percent solids and 78 percent water. The components of human blood are: Plasma, in which the blood cells are suspended, including: red blood cells (erythrocytes) - carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

white blood cells (leukocytes) - help fight infections and aid in the immune process. Types of white blood cells: 5 TYPES lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils platelets (thrombocytes) - help in blood clotting. Fat globules Chemical substances: carbohydrates proteins hormones Gases: oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen Where are blood cells made? Blood cells are made in the BONE MARROW. The bone marrow is the spongy material in the center of the bones that produces about 95 percent of the body's blood cells. There are other organs and systems in our bodies that help regulate blood cells. The lymph nodes, spleen, and liver help regulate the production, destruction, and differentiation (developing a specific function) of cells. The production and development of new cells is a process called hematopoiesis. RBC is destroyed in the SPLEEN hence spleen is known as the graveyard of the rbc Blood cells formed in the bone marrow start out as a stem cell. A "stem cell" (or hematopoietic cell) is the initial phase of all blood cells. As the stem cell matures, several distinct cells evolve such as the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Immature blood cells are also called blasts. Some blasts stay in the marrow to mature and others travel to other parts of the body to develop into mature, functioning blood cells. What are the functions of blood cells? The primary function of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin (Hgb) is an important protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of our body. The primary function of white blood cells, or leukocytes, is to fight infection. There are several types of white blood cells and each has its own role in fighting bacterial, viral, fungi, and parasitic infections. Types of white blood cells that are most important for helping protect the body from infection and foreign cells include the following: neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes granulocytes

White blood cells: help heal wounds not only by fighting infection but also by ingesting matter such as dead cells, tissue debris, and old red blood cells. are our protection from foreign bodies that enter the blood stream, such as allergens. are involved in the protection against mutated cells, such as cancer. The primary function of platelets, or thrombocytes, is blood clotting. Platelets are much smaller in size than the other blood cells. They group together to form clumps, or a plug, in the hole of a vessel to stop bleeding. What is a complete blood cell count (CBC)? A complete blood cell count is a measurement of size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood. A complete blood cell count can be used to determine many abnormalities with either the production or destruction of blood cells. Variations from the normal number, size, or maturity of the blood cells can be used to indicate an infection or disease process. Often with an infection, the number of white blood cells will be elevated. Many forms of cancer can affect the bone marrow production of blood cells. An increase in the immature white blood cells in a complete blood cell count can be associated with leukemia. Anemia and sickle cell disease will have abnormally low hemoglobin.
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) and Differential

White blood cells, or leukocytes, are classified into two main groups: granulocytes and nongranulocytes (also known as agranulocytes). The granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, have granules in their cell cytoplasm. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils also have a multilobed nucleus. As a result they are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes or "polys." The nuclei of neutrophils also appear to be segmented, so they may also be called segmented neutrophils or "segs." The nongranuloctye white blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes, do not have granules and have nonlobular nuclei. They are sometimes referred to as mononuclear leukocytes. The lifespan of white blood cells ranges from 13 to 20 days, Normal values for total WBC and differential in adult males and females are: Total WBC: 4,500 - 10,000 Granulocytes (or polymorphonuclears) 1.Neutrophils : 50 - 70% relative value (2500-7000 absolute value) 2.Eosinophils: 1 - 3% relative value (100-300 absolute value) 3.Basophils: 0.4% - 1% relative value (40-100 absolute value) Agranulocytes (or mononuclears) 4.Lymphocytes: 25 - 35% relative value (1700-3500 absolute value) 5.Moncytes: 4 - 6% relative value (200-600 absolute value)

LEARN THE PERCENTAGE REMEMBER cytosis OR philia MEANS INCREASE IN COUNT PENIA MEANS DECREASE IN COUNT Leukocytosis, a WBC above 10,000, is usually due to DISEASE STATE Neutrophilic leukocytosis = neutrophilia Lymphocytic leukocytosis = lymphocytosis Eosinophilic leukocytosis = eosinophilia Monocytic leukocytosis = monocytosis Basophilic leukocytosis = basophilia

Red blood cell indices

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) - the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres. Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic based on whether this value is above or below the expected normal range. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)

Type of Cell Increase Decrease Red Blood Cells (RBC) erythrocytosis or polycythemia anemia or erythroblastopenia White Blood Cells (WBC): leukocytosis leukopenia -- lymphocytes -- lymphocytosis -- lymphocytopenia -- granulocytes: -- granulocytosis -- granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis -- --neutrophils -- --neutrophilia -- --neutropenia -- --eosinophils -- --eosinophilia -- --eosinopenia -- --basophils -- --basophilia -- --basopenia Platelets thrombocytosis thrombocytopenia All cell lines pancytopenia RED BLOOD CELLS RBC Human erythrocytes OR RBC are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days. When matured, these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).[32] At the end of their lifespan, 100 to 120 days they become senescent, and are removed from circulation. Erythrocytes in mammals are anucleate when mature, meaning that they lack a cell nucleus Red blood cells are red only because they contain a protein chemical called hemoglobin which is bright red in color. Hemoglobin contains the element Iron, making it an excellent vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. As blood passes through the lungs, oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin. As the blood passes through the body's tissue, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen to the cells. The empty hemoglobin molecules then bond with the tissue's carbon dioxide or other waste gases, transporting it away.THEY HAVE A BICONCAVE SHAPE vitamin B12 and folic acid. ARE imp for synthesis of rbc NORMAL RANGE

Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL) Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin is made from two similar proteins that "stick together" called 2alpha, the other is 2beta. Two parts Haem carries iron Globin Haemoglobin (Hb), protein constituting 1/3 of the red blood cells each hemoglobin molecule is able to carry four molecules of O2

Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL Reduction in haemoglobin causes ANAEMIA
The gene for sickle cell anemia also provides protection against malaria FOUND VERY COMMONLY IN AFRICANS