The University of Sydney MATH1902 Linear Algebra (Advanced)

Semester 1

Exercises for Week 9 (beginning 07 May)

2012

Preparatory exercises should be attempted before coming to the tutorial. Questions labelled with an asterisk are suitable for students aiming for a credit or higher. Important Ideas and Useful Facts: (i) A matrix is an array of numbers, called entries. The plural of matrix is matrices. If a matrix M has m rows and n columns then we say that M is m n. We call a matrix M square if M is n n for some n. The entry lying in the ith row and jth column is called the (i, j)-entry. (ii) A matrix consisting of one row is called a row vector. A matrix consisting of one column is called a column vector. (iii) To add or subtract using two matrices of the same size, simply add or subtract the corresponding entries. To form the negative of a matrix, simply take the negatives of its entries. To multiply a matrix by a scalar, simply multiply its entries by the scalar. (iv) The zero matrix has all of its entries equal to 0, and is denoted by 0 or 0mn if the size needs to be emphasised. (v) The identity matrix is a square matrix with diagonal entries equal to 1 and all entries o the diagonal equal to 0. The identity matrix is denoted by I or In if it is n n and the size needs to be emphasised. (vi) If A is an m n matrix and B is an n p matrix then the matrix product AB is dened and is an m p matrix. The (i, k)-entry of AB is the dot product of the ith row of A with the kth column of B, which can be expressed using sigma notation:
n

aij bjk = ai1 b1k + ai2 b2k + . . . + ain bnk

where aij , bjk denote typical (i, j) and (j, k)-entries of A and B respectively. (vii) If A, B, C are matrices of appropriate sizes for which the expressions make sense, and and are scalars, then the following properties hold: A+B =B+A, (A) = A , (AB)C = A(BC) , (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) , A + (A) = A A = 0 , ( + )A = A + A , A(B + C) = AB + AC , A+0=0+A=A, (A) = ()A , IA = AI = A , (A + B)C = AC + BC ,

(A + B) = A + B ,

(BC) = (B)C = B(C) , 1

0A = 0 = A0 .

(viii) Warning: Matrix multiplication is not in general commutative. Most of the time AB = BA . (ix) Transpose: The transpose of a matrix A is the matrix AT obtained by interchanging rows and columns, that is, the (i, j)-entry of A becomes the (j, i)-entry of AT . The following hold for matrices A and B of dimensions for which the expressions make sense: (AT )T = A , Preparatory Exercises: 1 2 1 3 3 4 0 1 2 6 3 4 2 0 , D= 0 7 . 1 3 (A + B)T = AT + B T , (AB)T = B T AT

1.

Let A =

, B=

, C=

3 5 1

Write down the sizes of A, B, C and D. 2. 3.

For the matrices of the previous exercise, write out AT , B T , C T , D T and their sizes. For the matrix 6 0 3 5 2 4 , M = 0 7 1 3 2 0

locate the

(i) (2, 2)-entry (ii) (3, 3)-entry (iii) (1, 4)-entry (iv) (3, 2)-entry (v) (3, 4)-entry. 4. Write out M T for the matrix M of the previous exercise. Locate within M T the (i) (1, 3)-entry (ii) (3, 1)-entry (iii) (4, 2)-entry (iv) (3, 2)-entry (v) (4, 3)-entry. 5. Consider the following 2 2 matrices: A= Find (i) (viii) (xiv) 6. A+B AB ABCD (ii) A B (ix) BA (xv) A
2

1 2 1 3

, B=

3 4 1 2

, C=

0 2 4 3

, D=

10 0 0 5

(iii) B C (x) CD (xvi) B

(iv) D + C (xi) BC (xvii) A B

(v) 2A (vi) B (xii) A(BC)

(vii)

1 D 5

(xiii) (AB)C

(xviii) (A + B)(A B)

Consider the following matrices: A= 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 1 , B = 1 1 , C = 1 2 1 3 4 2 , D = 1 . 5

(i) Find AB , BA , CD , DC and BA + DC . (ii) Explain briey why A2 , B 2 , C 2 , D 2 and AB + CD do not exist. 2

Tutorial Exercises: 1 2 3 5 5 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 , D = 2 1 2 . , C= 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

7.

Let A =

, B=

(i) Find AB , BA , CD and DC . (ii) Simplify A2 B 2 and C(DCDCD)2 C without any further matrix calculations. 1 2 5 4 1 1 2 5

8.

Let A =

, X=

, Y =

, Z=

5 2

, W =

1 1

Find AX , AY , ZA , W A , ZX , ZAX , ZY , ZAY , W X , W AX , W Y , W AY . 9. 10. 11. Find a 2 2 matrix M such that M 2 = 0 0 0 0 but every entry of M is nonzero.

Explain briey why the associative law for matrix multiplication implies that every square matrix commutes with its square. (suitable for group discussion) This is an exercise in interpreting notation. Suppose A is an m n matrix where m = n. Explain why there is no paradox in the following assertions: A0 = 0A = 0 and 0 = 0 = 0 (suitable for group discussion) Evaluate and simplify the product r cos r sin r sin r cos s cos s sin s sin s cos

12.

where , are any real numbers and r, s are nonnegative real numbers. Relate your answer to multiplication of complex numbers. Is there any connection with addition of complex numbers? 13. (suitable for group discussion) Which of the following do you know to be true or expect to be true for all square matrices A , B , C of the same size: (i) (iii) (v) (vii) (ix) (xi) (AB)C = A(BC) (AB)2 = A2 B 2 (A)(B) = AB (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2 (A + I)2 = A2 + 2A + I (AT B T )T = BA (ii) (iv) (vi) (viii) (x) AB = BA A(B + C) = AB + AC A(B C) = AB AC (A + B)(A B) = A2 B 2 (A + I)(A I) = A2 I

Find a counterexample to each of these that you believe not to hold in general. 3

14. Use sigma notation to verify the associative law for matrix multiplication. 15. Consider the matrix M= (i) Verify that M 2 = 2M I . (ii) Deduce that M 3 = 3M 2I and guess a general formula for powers of M . (You can use the technique of proof by induction to verify that your guess is correct.) (iii) Evaluate M 5 , M 10 and M 100 . Further Exercises: 16. This exercise is an illustration of the correspondence between multiplication of matrices and composition of compatible systems of equations. Suppose 2x + 3y = u x 4y = v , and further that 3u 5v = c 2u + 3v = d . 3 1 4 1

Express c and d in terms of x and y by (i) direct substitution, (ii) matrix multiplication.

17. Solve each of the following for x, y and z: x 1 2 3 15 2 y = 29 (i) 4 1 z 0 6 1 10

x 2 3 3 0 y = 0 4 9 4 (ii) z 2 0 1 0

18. A square matrix is called diagonal if all entries away from the main diagonal are zero. Find a simple rule for multiplying diagonal matrices. More generally, describe in words as simply as you can what happens if you multiply any square matrix (of the same size) (i) on the left by a diagonal matrix, or (ii) on the right by a diagonal matrix. 19. Find all x, y, z and w such that the following matrix equation holds: x y z w 3 0 0 2 = 1 4 1 2 x y z w

20. Find XY in each case, given that X is a row matrix and Y is a column matrix, both with the same number of entries: 3 3 6 2 3 8 (ii) Y X = 4 4 (i) Y X = 2 3 2 2 4 4

21. Find necessary and sucient conditions on a, b, c and d such that the matrix B = commutes with the matrix A in each of the following cases: (i) A= 1 0 0 1 (ii) A = 0 7 7 0 (iii) A = 1 2 0 1

a b c d

22. Use sigma notation to verify that if A and B are matrices such that AB is dened then (AB)T = B T AT . 23. Let k be a constant and n a positive integer which varies. Find formulae for the following. Verify them using mathematical induction. n k 1 0 n n 1 k k 1 (i) (ii) (iii) 0 k 1 0 1 0 k 0 0 k 24. Verify that if x1 and x2 are xed but dierent column vectors with the same number of entries, and is a scalar that varies, then there are innitely many dierent column vectors of the form s = x1 + (x1 x2 ) . Interpret your answer geometrically. 25. Prove that there are no square matrices A and B of the same size such that AB BA = I. Short Answers to Selected Exercises: 1. 2. 3. 22 , 23 , 13, 42 3 1 3 1 1 , 2 2 , 4 2 , 3 2 , 5 , 3 1 , 2 3 0 6 1 (i) 7 6 0 3 5 (i) (vi) (xi) (xvi) (ii) 2 (iii) 5 (iv) 3 (v) 0 0 1 7 3 (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) 2 2 2 4 0 4 2 2 1 3 4 1 2 16 6 8 4 5 4 1 0 (ii) (vii) 2 6 0 5 2 0 0 1 (iii) (viii) 3 2 5 1 5 8 6 10 (xiv)

3 2 0 1 , 24 4 0 7 3

4.

(v) 0

5.

(iv) (ix)

10 2 4 2 1 6 1 4

(v) (x)

2 4 2 6 0 10 40 15 3 8 4 11

(xii) (xiii) (xvii)

32 14 40 18 (xviii)

320 70 400 90

(xv)

2 12 3 11

8 14 4 17

6.

(i)

1 5 1 3

(ii) None of A, B, C, D are square. The matrices AB and CD have dierent sizes. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. (i) I2 , I2 , I3 , I3 1 1 , 12 30 , (ii) I2 , I3 6 6 , 7 , 7 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 7 , 42

3 2 1 3 4 2 0 2 1 2 , [ 3 ] = 3 , 3 4 2 , 5 4 0 , 2 0 5 2 1 15 20 10 20 22 9

5 2 ,

1 1 1 1 AA2 = A(AA) = (AA)A = A2 A A0nn = 0mm A = 0mn rs cos( + ) rs sin( + ) rs sin( + ) rs cos( + ) The following are always true: (i), (iv), (v), (vi), (ix), (x), (xi) (iii) (i) 11 5 20 9 , 21 10 40 19 , 201 100 400 199 and 0nn = 0mm = 0mn

x = 5 , y = 1 , z = 4

(ii) x = t/2 , y = 2t/3 , z = t

Multiply corresponding diagonal elements. (i) Multiply each row by the corresponding diagonal element. (ii) Multiply each column by the corresponding diagonal element. x = s , y = 4t , z = s , w = t (i) 1 (ii) 5 (ii) a = d and b = c (ii) k n nk n1 0 kn (iii) a = d and c = 0 n k nk n1 n(n1) k n2 2 (iii) 0 kn nk n1 0 0 kn

(i) b = c = 0 (i) 1 nk 0 1