[ C.B.S.E.

CLASS XII ] PHYSICS (THEORY) 2006 (SET-1 DELHI BOARD) Class XII (Delhi Board Papers Time allowed: 3 hours General instructions: (i) (ii) All questions are compulsory.

Maximum Marks: 70

There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions. Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions, carrying one mark each. Question numbers 6 to 12 are short answer type questions, carrying two marks each. Question numbers 13 to 24 are also short answer type questions, carrying three marks each. Question numbers 25 to 27 are long answers type questions, carrying five marks each. Use of calculators is not permitted. However, you may use log tables, if necessary. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary. Mass of neutron m n 1.610-27 kg Boltzmanns constant

(iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

c = 3108 ms -1 h = 6.610-34 Js e = 1.610-19 C 0 = 4 10-7 TmA -1 1 = 9109 Nm 2 /C 2 4 0

k = 1.3810-23 JK -1
Avogadros number
23

N A = 6.02310 /mole

Q.1. Define the term dielectric constant of a medium in terms of capacitance of a capacitor 1 Ans. Dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor with the dielectric as the medium to its capacitance with vacuum between its plates.

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Q.2. Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity of carbon with temperature. 1 Ans. The resistivity of carbon decreases with increasing temperature as shown in figure on next page.

Q.3. The vertical component of Earths magnetic field at a place is 3 times the horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place? 1 Ans.

tan =

BV 3BH = = 3 BH BH

Angle of dip, = 60o.

Q.4. With that purpose was famous Davisson -Germer experiment with electrons performed. 1 Ans. Davisson -Germer experiment confirmed the wave nature of electrons. Q. 5. Name the type of communication in which the signal is a discrete and binary version of the message or information. 1 Ans. Digital communication. Q. 6. The electric field and electric potential at any point due to a point charge kept in air is 20NC-1 and 10JC-1 respectively. Compute the magnitude of this charge. 2 Ans.

1 q . 2 = 20NC -1 4 0 r 1 q V= . = 10JC-1 4 0 r V 10 r= = = 0.5m E 20 10 0.5 Charge, q = 4 0 Vr = = 0.5510-9 C. 9 910 E=

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Q. 7. Write the mathematical relation between mobility and drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor. Name of mobile charge carriers responsible for conduction of electric current in (i) an electrolyte (ii) an ionized gas. 2 Ans.

Mobility =
(i) (ii)

Drift velocity v or = d Electric field E

The charge carriers in an electrolyte are positive and negative ions. The charge carriers in an ionized gas are electrons and positively charged.

Q. 8. State the principle of working of a cyclotron. Write two uses of this machine. 2 Ans. Principle of cyclotron: A charged particle can acquire a large amount of magnetic energy with a comparatively smaller alternating electric field by making it cross the same electric field against again with the help of perpendicular magnetic field. Uses: (i) A cyclotron is used to bombard nuclei with energetic particles and study the resulting reactions. (ii) It is used in hospitals to produce radioactive substances used in diagnosis.

Q. 9. Draw a labeled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. Write its any one advantage over refracting type telescope. Ans. The ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope is given below:

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As reflecting telescope has mirror objective, the image formed is free from chromatic aberration. Q.10. Draw and explain the output waveform across the load resistor R, if the input waveform is as shown in the given figure. 2

Explain how the width of depletion layer in a p- n junction diode changes when the junction is (i) forward biased (ii) reverse biased. Ans. When the input voltage is + 5 V, the diode gets forward biased; the output across R is + 5V, as shown in the figure. When the input voltage is 5V, the diode gets reverse biased. No output is obtained across R.

When a p -n junction is forward biased, the majority charge carries flow towards the junction, the width of the depletion layer decreases, as shown on next page.

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When a p -n junction is reverse biased, the majority charge carries flow away from the junction, the width of the depletion layer increases, as shown below.

Q.11. The given graph shows the variation of charge q versus potential difference V for two capacitors C1 and C 2 . The two capacitors have same plate separation but the plate area of C 2 is double than that of C1 . Which of the lines in the graph correspond to C1 and C 2 and why? 2

Ans. As q =

C , and graph A has a larger slope than B, so the graph A represents a V

capacitor of larger capacitance.

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Also, C =

0A i.e., C A d As the plate area of C 2 is double of that of C1 , so C 2 has a larger capacitance. Hence the line A of the graph corresponds to C 2 .

Q.12. Two cells E1 and E 2 in the given circuit diagram have an emf of 5V and 9V and internal resistance of 0.3 and 1.2 respectively. 2

Calculate the value of current flowing through the resistance of 3 . Ans. Net emf = E 2 - E1 = 9 - 5 = 4V Total resistance = 0.3 +1.2 + 4.5 + Current through the circuit, 1 =

6 3 =8 6+3

4 = 0.5A 8 6 0.5 1 Current through the 3 resistance = = A. 6+3 3

3

Q. 13. How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when: (i) Separation between the coils is increased? (ii) The number of turns of each coil is increased? (iii) A thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors remaining the same? Explain your answer in each case. Ans. (i) When the separation between the two coils is increased, the flux linked with the secondary due to the current in the primary, decreases. Hence the mutual inductance decreases. (ii) Mutual inductance increases when the number of turns in each coil is increased, because

M N1 N 2

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(iii) When an iron sheet is placed between the two coils the mutual inductance increases, because

M permeasibility().
Q.14 A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn in: 3 (i) edium A of refractive index 1.65 (ii) edium B of refractive index 1.33 Explain, giving reasons, whether it will behave as a converging lens or a diverging lens in each of these two media. Ans. (i) Focal length f A in medium A of refractive index 1.65 is given by M M

1.5 1 1.5 1 1 f A = A g -1 -1 = R1 R 2 1.65 R 1 R 2

0.15 1 1 1.65 R 1 R 2 As f A is negative, the lens is diverging. (ii) Focal length f B in medium B of refractive index 1.33 is given by =
1 1 1.5 1 1 f B = ( A g -1) -1 = R1 R 2 1.33 R1 R 2 0.17 1 1 = 1.33 R1 R 2 As f B is positive, the lens is converging.
Q.15. Define the terms threshold frequency and stopping potential in relation to the phenomenon of photoelectric effect. How is the photoelectric current affected on increasing the (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident radiations and why? 3 Ans. Threshold frequency: The minimum frequency of incident radiation, which can eject electrons from a metal, is called threshold frequency. Below threshold frequency, there is no photoelectric emission.

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Stopping potential: The minimum negative potential given to the anode of a photocell for which the photoelectric current becomes zero is called stopping potential. (i) (ii) The increase of frequency of incident radiation has no effect on the photoelectric current. The photoelectric current increases proportionally with the increase in intensity of incident radiation.

Q.16. Explain, with the help of a nuclear reaction in each of the following cases, how the neutron to proton ratio changes during (i) alpha- decay (ii) beta-decay? 3 Ans. (i) 238 U 4 He 234Th
92 2 uuuur 90

238 92 146 = 90 92 234 90 144 Neutron to proton ratio after - decay = = 90 90 144 146 As > 90 92 Thus the neutron to proton ratio increases in an - decay.
Neutron to proton ratio before - decay = (ii) 210 Bi 210 Po + 0 e
83 84 1

210 83 127 = 83 83 210 84 126 Neutron to proton ratio after - decay = = 84 84 126 127 As < 84 83 Thus the neutron to proton ration decreases in a - decay.
Neutron to proton ratio before - decay = Q.17. What is an intrinsic semiconductor? How can this material be converted into (i) P- type (ii) N- type extrinsic semiconductor? Explain with the help of energy band diagrams. 3 Ans. The pure semiconductor whose conductivity is governed by the electrons thermally excited from valence band to conduction band is called an intrinsic semiconductor. P type semi conductor: If we dope intrinsic Si, with a controlled amount of trivalent atoms say indium (In) or boron (B) or aluminium.
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Trivalent (say indium) impurity atoms will occupy places of some Si atoms and there will be one incomplete covalent bond with a neighboring Si atoms, due to the deficiency of an electron. This is completed by taking an electron from one of the Si - Si bonds, thus completing the In Si bond. This makes it ionized (negatively charged), and creates a hole or an electron deficiency in the covalently bonded electron system in the crystal as shown in figure. The trivalent atoms are called acceptor atoms and this extrinsic semi- conductor is known as p - type semiconductor. n type semi- conductor: If we dope silicon, which has four valence electron, with a controlled amount of pentavalent atoms, say arsenic (As) (or antimony Sb, or phosphorus P), which has

Five valance electrons, the atoms, of the impurity element will substitute the silicon atoms see Fig.). For of the five valence electrons of as are shared in covalent bonding while the fifth electron is comparatively free to move. The pentavalent atoms are called the donor atoms because they donate electrons to the host crystal. Extrinsic semi conductor is
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called n type. On giving up their fifth electron, the donor atoms become positively charged. However, the material remains electrically neutral as a whole. Q.18. Why is the mass of a nucleus always less than the sum of the masses of its constituents, neutrons and protons. 3 If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, how then is the energy absorbed or evolved in a reaction? Explain. Or Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei. Explain, with the help of this graph, the release of energy by the process of nuclear fusion. Ans. During the formation of a nucleus, the protons and neutrons come closer to a distance of 1014 m. The energy required for the purpose is spent by the nucleons at the expense of their masses. So mass of the nucleus found is less than the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons. Since proton number and neutron number are conserved in a nuclear reaction, the total rest mass of neutrons and protons is the same on either side of a reaction. But the total binding energy of nuclei on the left side need not be the same as that on the right hand side. The difference in these binding energies appears as energy released or absorbed in a nuclear reaction. Or Ans. The graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number is shown below.

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The binding energy per nucleon for nuclei with high mass numbers is low due to the large coulomb repulsion between the portions inside these nuclei. The binding energy curve indicates that the binding energy per nucleon of heavy nuclei is less than that of middle nuclei i.e. heavy are less stable. If we break a heavy nucleus (like uranium) into two lighter nuclei, then the binding energy per nucleon will increase and energy will be released. This process is called nuclear fission. Q.19. Define the term modulation. Name three different types of modulations used for a message signal using a sinusoidal continuous carrier wave. Explain the meaning of any one of these.

Ans. Modulation: It is the process in which some characteristic such as amplitude, frequency or phase angle of a high frequency carrier wave is changed in accordance with the instantaneous value of the low frequency modulating signal. A sinusoidal carrier wave can be modulated in three ways: (i) (ii) (iii) Amplitude modulation. Frequency modulation. Phase modulation.

For amplitude modulation, or frequency modulation: (i) Amplitude modulation: In this process the modulating wave is superimposed on a high frequency carrier wave such that the amplitude of the modulated wave varies as the amplitude of the modulated wave. Frequency of the modulated wave is equal to the frequency of the carrier wave.
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(a) Frequency modulation gives better quality transmission (b) Amplitude modulation has a larger coverage. Q.20. What is electric flux? Write its S. I. Units. Using Gausss theorem, deduce an expression for the electric field at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. 3 Ans. The electric flux through a given surface area is the total number of electric lines of force passing normally this area. It is given by

ur uur = E.S

The SI unit of electric flux = Vm.

According to Gausss theorem, the total flux through a closed surface is 1 total charge enclosed by the enclosed by the closed surface.

times the

Derivation: Consider a non - conducting sheet of charge with surface charge density . Consider a cylinder of length 2r and cross - sectional area A as Gaussian surface.

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u r
From symmetry electric field E points at right angle to the end caps and away from the sheet. There is no contribution from the curved surface because angle between u r uu r E and ds is 90o

u r

uu r

At the end faces, angle between E and ds is zero. From Gausss law,

E.ds =

u uu r r

q
0

A EA + EA = 0 E= . 2 0
Q.21. A 10 m long wire of uniform cross-section and 20 resistance is used in a potentiometer. The wire is connected in series with a battery of 5 V along with an external resistance of 480 . If an unknown emf E is balanced at 6.o m length of the wire, calculate: 3 (i) (ii) the potential gradient of the potentiometer wire the value of unknown emf E

Ans. Current through the potentiometer wire AB,

I=

V 5 = = 0.01A R AB + R 20 + 480

Potential drop across wire AB,

V = IR AB = 0.01 20 = 0.2V Length of wire AB, l = 10m

(i) Potential gradient is

V 0.2 k= = = 0.02Vm -1 l 10
(ii) Unknown emf,

E = k l = 0.02 6 = 0.12V.

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Q.22. Draw a circuit diagram for use of NPN transistor as an amplifier in common emitter configuration. The input resistance of a transistor is 1000 . On changing its base current by 10 A, the collector current increases by 2mA. If a load resistance of 5 K is used in the circuit, calculate: 1+2 (i) the current gain (ii) voltage gain of the amplifier Ans. The circuit details for using an NPN transistor as common emitter amplifier are shown in the Fig.

The input (base emitter) circuit is forward biased and the output (collector emitter) circuit is reverse biased. When no a.c. signal is applied, the potential difference Vc between the collector and the emitter, is given by

Vc = Vce - Ic R L where Vce is the voltage of battery VCE

when an a.c. signal is fed to the input circuit, the forward bias increases during the positive half cycle of the input. This results in an increase in Ic and a consequent decrease in Vc , as is clear from (1) Thus during positive half cycle of the input, the collector becomes less positive. During the negative half cycle of the input, the forward bias is decreased resulting in a decrease in I E and hence IC Therefore, form (1) VC would increase, making the collector more positive. Hence in a common emitter amplifier, the output voltage is 180o out of phase with the input voltage.

Numerical: Given R in = 1000,

= 10 = 105 ,

C = 2m = 210-13 , R out = 5k = 5103

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(i)

Current gain,
3

C 2 10 = 105

= 200.
Voltage gain,

(ii)

v =

R out 200 5 103 = 1000. = R in 1000

Q.23. Define the term critical frequency in relation to sky wave propagation of electromagnetic waves. ionosphere on the two days. 3

On a particular day Ans. Critical frequency is the highest frequency of the radio waves which when sent normally towards the given layer of the ionosphere gets reflected from ionosphere and returns to the earth. It is given by

f C = a ( N max ) 2 where N max is the maximum electron density of the ionosphere layer. Numerical: f C = 10 MHz, f C = 8 MHz

N max f C 10 = = = 25 :16 N'max f'C 8

Q.24. Draw a labeled diagram of Hertzs experimental set-up to produce electromagnetic waves. Explain the generation of electromagnetic waves using this set-up. 3 Ans. Figure shown he Hertzs experimental set-up used for producing electromagneticwaves.

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Two large metal plates P and P are connected to metal spheres S and S. The spheres are connected to an induction coil. By interrupting current in the coils, a sudden high voltage is set-up across the gap. This voltage ionizes the air in the gap which produces oscillating current in the gap SS. This process results in the production of electromagnetic waves. These waves are detected by detector which consists of a single loop of wire connected to spheres G and G. Q.25. The given circuit diagram shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source:

(a) Determine the source frequency, which drives the circuit in resonance. (b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating frequency. (c) Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the circuit. (d) How do you explain the observation that the algebraic sum of the voltage of the three elements obtained in (c) is greater than the supplied voltage? Or The primary coil of an ideal step- up transformer has 100 turns and the transformation ratio is also 100. The input voltage the power are 220V and 1100W respectively. Calculate: (i) number of turns in the secondary (ii) the current in the primary (iii) voltage across the secondary (iv) the current in the secondary (v) power in the secondary Ans. (a)

r =

1 1 = = 50rads -1 -6 LC 508010

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(b)

At resonance, Z=R = 40 Current amplitude, 0 =

V0 V0 2Vrms = = Z R R 1.414 230 = = 8.1 40 V 230 23 ( c) rms = rms = = R 40 4 23 V L rms = rms r L = 50 5 = 1437.5V 4 1 23 1 V C rms = rms = = 1437.5V r C 4 508010-6 23 Vrms = rms R = 40 = 230V. 4

The algebraic sum of the three voltage is more than the source voltage of 230V. These voltages are not in the same phase and cannot be added like ordinary numbers. The voltage across L and C are out of phase and get added to zero. So, V R rms = Applied rms voltage. Or Given = 1000, Transformation ratio = 1000, V = 220V P = 1100W (i) S = Transformation ratio = 100 100 = 10000. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

1100 = = 5. V 220

Vs = Transformation ratio V = 100 20 = 22000V V 220 5 s = = = 0.05 Vs 22000

For an ideal transformer,

s = = 1100W.
Q.26. What is interference of light? Write two essential conditions for sustained interference pattern to be produced on the screen. 5 Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity versus the position on the screen in Youngs experiment when (a) both the slits are opened and (b) one of the slits is closed. What is the effect on the interference pattern in Youngs double slit experiment when: (i) Screen is moved closer to the plane of slits?
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(ii) Separation between two slits is increased. Explain your answer in each case. Or What is diffraction of light? Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity with angle in a single slit diffraction experiment. Write one feature, which distinguishes the observed pattern from the double slit interference pattern. How would the diffraction pattern of a single slit be affected when: (i) (ii) the width of the slit is decreased? the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?

Ans. Interference of light is the phenomenon of redistribution of light intensity in a medium due to the superposition of light waves from two coherent sources. Essential conditions for sustained interference are as follows: (i) The two sources of light must be coherent. (ii) The two sources must be narrow. When both the slits are open, we get interference pattern on the screen. Then the following intensity distribution curve is obtained.

When one of the slits is closed, diffraction pattern is obtained on the screen. The following intensity curve is obtained.

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Fringe width, = (i) (ii)

D d

When screen is moved closer to the plane of the slits, the distance D decreases, the fringe width also decreases. When separation d between two slits is increased, fringe width decreases.

Or Diffraction is the phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of small apertures or obstacles and its spreading into the region of the geometrical shadow. The intensity distribution wave for diffraction is shown in the above figure. In interference, all bright fringes are of same intensity. In diffraction, the intensity of bright fringes decreases with the increase in distance from the central bright fringe. (i) When the width of the slit is decreased, the diffraction pattern becomes narrower. (ii) When monochromatic source is replaced by white light source, we get a coloured diffraction pattern. The central band is white. Then the red fringe is wider than the violet fringe etc., Q.27. With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the underlying principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the function of: 5 (i) uniform radial field (ii) soft iron core in such a device? Or Derive a mathematical expression for the force per unit length experienced by each of the two long current carrying conductors placed parallel to each other in air. Hence define one ampere of current. Explain why two parallel straight conductors carrying current in the opposite direction kept near each other in air repel? Ans. (a) Moving coil galvanometer. Principle: A current carrying coil suspended in a magnetic field experiences a torque.

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Working: When current is passed say long ABCD, the couple acts on it. AB experiences outward force and CD, the inward force in accordance with Flemings left hand rule. Since the plane remains always parallel to the magnetic field in all position of the coil (radial field), the forced on the vertical arms always remains perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Let I = the current flowing through coil. B = magnetic field supposed to be uniform and always parallel to the coil. l = length of the coil b = breadth of the coil Deflecting torque acting on the coil is

= NI l Bbsin 90o = NIB(lb) NIBA

where A = lb area of the coil. Due to deflecting torque, the coil rotates and suspension wire gets twisted. A restoring torque is set up in the suspension fibre. If is angle through which the coil rotates and k is the restoring torque per unit angular twist, then Restoring torque, = k In equilibrium, Defecting torque = Restoring torque NIBA = k or I =

k = G NBA

Where G = k/NBA, is the galvanometer constant.

I
This provides a linear scale for the galvanometer.

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Or Consider two infinitely long thin conductors carrying current in opposite directions. Magnetic field 1 due to 1 at on 2nd conductor is given by

1 =

o 1 2r

The magnetic field 1 is perpendicular to plane of paper and directed inward. This field will produce a force/length F2 and 2nd conductor given by.

F1 = 1 2 =

0 1 2 2r

By Flemings left hand rule direction of F2 is away from 1st conductor. Similar the current 2 will create a field 2 at Q directed inward which is turn will create force/length F1

F1 = 21 =

0 1 2 2 r

By Flemings left hand rule, the direction of F1 is away from the second conductor. Hence the two conductors repel each other. Ampere. If 1 = 2 = , and r = m, then

F=

o 4 10-7 = = 210-7 Nm -1 2 2

Thus one ampere is that current which on flowing through each of the two parallel uniform linear conductor placed in free space at a distance of one meter from each other produces between them a force of 2 107 N per meter of their lengths.

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