FM 5-116 Engeer Operations Above Echelons Above Corps
FM 5-116 Engeer Operations Above Echelons Above Corps
FM 5-116 Engeer Operations Above Echelons Above Corps
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Headquarters,
Department of the Army
Table of Contents
Page
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1. OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES TO ARMY ENGINEERS .......................... 1-1
THE NATURE OF ENGINEER INVOLVEMENT .................................................................. 1-1
PATTERNS OF OPERATIONS ................................................................................................ 1-1
ENGINEER OPERATIONS ...................................................................................................... 1-4
Mobility ................................................................................................................................ 1-4
Countermobility ................................................................................................................... 1-6
Survivability ........................................................................................................................ 1-6
General Engineering ........................................................................................................... 1-7
Topographic Engineering .................................................................................................... 1-8
THEATER OVERVIEW FROM THE ENGINEER PERSPECTIVE ...................................... 1-9
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS APPLIED TO ARMY ENGINEERS................... 1-11
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF THEATER-ENGINEER OPERATIONS.................. 2-1
COMMAND AND CONTROL ................................................................................................... 2-1
TAILORING AND TASK ORGANIZATION ............................................................................ 2-1
US Army Corps of Engineers .............................................................................................. 2-2
Facilities Engineer (FE) Team............................................................................................ 2-3
Combat Engineers Within the Theater Structure ............................................................. 2-4
ENGINEER COORDINATION ................................................................................................. 2-4
Standards ............................................................................................................................. 2-5
Priorities .............................................................................................................................. 2-6
Reports ................................................................................................................................. 2-6
ENGINEER SUPPORT CONCEPTS........................................................................................ 2-8
THEATER SUPPORT BASE..................................................................................................... 2-8
TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT ...................................................................................................... 2-9
REAL ESTATE SUPPORT...................................................................................................... 2-10
RPMA REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................... 2-11
ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCES ........................................................................................ 2-12
TROOP CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2-12
CONTRACT-CONSTRUCTION AGENT ............................................................................... 2-13
SUPPORT TO COMBAT OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 2-15
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Preface
Field Manual (FM) 5-116 provides doctrine to commanders and staffs concerning the employment
of engineer units at echelons above corps (EAC). These units will be required to complement or
expand the combat capabilities of divisional engineer assets as well as construct, maintain, and
rehabilitate the logistics infrastructure needed for operational sustainment of the combat forces.
Some EAC engineer units may operate as far forward as the brigade’s rear area, but generally
most will operate in the communications zone (COMMZ).
The EAC engineer structure varies depending on the size of the combat force being supported, the
type of action undertaken (offense, defense, stability, and support), the maturity of the theater, the
availability of host-nation support (HNS), and the intensity of the conflict. Engineer EAC
missions change as the theater expands and must be accomplished in nuclear, biological, chemical
(NBC) and electronic warfare environments.
This manual addresses specific actions EAC engineer units must plan and conduct. The doctrine
presented is applicable to combined, joint, and contingency operations.
The proponent for this publication is HQ, TRADOC. Send comments and recommendations on
Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to Commandant, United States Army Engineer
School (USAES), ATTN: ATSE-TD-D, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, 65473-6650.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively
to men.
v
Chapter 1
USACE SFO Desert Shield 1990 Desert Storm 1991 Provide Comfort
(Saudi Arabia) Intrinsic Action
Southern Watch
ERC 1991-present
Sustain Protect
the force Project the force
ce
the for
Offense Stability
Defense Support
Disaster relief
ERC
Humanitarian civic assistance
• Removing debris.
• Performing temporary construction to bolster weakened
superstructures.
• Reestablishing transportation right of ways.
• Constructing diversion or protective structures to counter lava flows.
• Constructing levees to contain rising floodwaters.
• Creating flood-prediction models for the mapping of disaster effects.
• Fighting fire.
Peace enforcement entails life support and force-protection facilities or may
entail constructing physical barriers to ensure separation of combatant forces.
During a major theater war (MTW), all of the above may be added to the
engineer’s combat operations in support of the combatant commander’s
mission.
ENGINEER OPERATIONS
The current trend of military operations has increased the US involvement in
global responses. Operations Restore Hope and Continued Hope in Somalia,
Operation Restore Democracy in Haiti, and Operation Joint Endeavor in
Bosnia are all examples of the expanding role of the Army. Couple this trend
with the global trend toward quantitatively smaller but technologically and
qualitatively better military forces and the need for relevant doctrine becomes
apparent. Engineer integration into staff planning, therefore, requires
increased emphasis, since synchronizing the operation or battle is
increasingly complex.
Engineer command and control (C2) must function rapidly to be responsive to
the dynamics of an ongoing operation. Terrain analysis and its products assist
in faster planning and are unique perspectives of the AOs. Requirements for
fortifications and protective shelters and the Army’s standards for the quality
of life (QOL) for its soldiers have gained importance. Obstacle systems retain
their importance, while our aggressive doctrine within FM 100-5 places
greater emphasis on operational mobility, obstacle breaching, and rapid gap
crossing.
The five primary engineer functions in the TO are mobility, countermobility,
and survivability (M/CM/S); general engineering; and topographic
engineering. Figure 1-3 shows the types of engineer missions by battlespace
function.
MOBILITY
Mobility enables the force commander to maneuver units into advantageous
positions. The Army commander relies on mobility to achieve surprise, mass
at the critical time, and maintain momentum. Operation Desert Storm
provides an excellent example of operational mobility. As it became apparent
that Iraqi forces were content to occupy Kuwait and brace for the coming
attack, CINC planners formulated the offensive plans for the sweep north that
included two Army corps. The end run around Kuwait required displacing the
XVIII Airborne Corps from their defensive positions in Central Saudi Arabia
to the northwest on the Iraqi border. Marshaling areas to upload tracks and
road enhancements allowed for the rapid displacement of the corps into
tactical assembly areas without providing the Iraqi force with even a hint of
the Coalition’s intentions. Army engineers aided in breaching the elaborate
Iraqi defensive system, thereby allowing divisional engineers to remain
integrated with the maneuver force.
In a similar vein, the bridge across the Sava River into Bosnia (and the
accompanying crossing-site support areas) displayed the criticality of
operational mobility during Operation Joint Endeavor.
The Army Service Component Commander (ASCC) designates the routes for
ground forces, well in advance of their intended use, so that engineer units can
upgrade the routes, as necessary, and keep them open or repaired. (See FMs
5-100, 5-430-00-1, 90-13, and 90-13-1 for more information on techniques and
procedures for mobility.)
COUNTERMOBILITY
Countermobility augments natural terrain with obstacle systems according to
the commander's concept of operations. This adds depth to the battle in space
and time by attacking the enemy's ability to maneuver its forces. With its
movement disrupted, turned, fixed, or blocked, the enemy is vulnerable to our
forces. Engineers ensure obstacle integration through the proper exercise of
obstacle C2, focusing on obstacle-emplacement authority and obstacle control.
Obstacle-emplacement authority is the authority that a unit commander has
to emplace reinforcing obstacles. The ASCC usually has the authority to
emplace obstacles. Generally, he delegates the authority to corps commanders
who may further delegate it to division commanders. Obstacle control ensures
that obstacles support current and future operations. The ASCC’s control
mechanism to ensure that subordinate commanders do not emplace obstacles
which will interfere with future operations is establishing obstacle zones and
obstacle-free restrictive areas. The nature of obstacle integration from the
ASCC level to company and/or team level leads to echelons in obstacle
planning. At each lower level, engineers conduct more detailed planning.
Operational planning consists of developing obstacle restrictions and granting
obstacle-emplacement authority to subordinate elements. Obstacle planning
requires engineers at each level to provide subordinate units with the right
combination of positive control and flexibility. The engineer is also an
important advisor/partner in deep-targeting discussions and the coordination
focal point concerning obstacle barriers and mines for joint managers and
coalition forces.
Timely, accurate reporting of obstacles from the emplacement unit all the way
to the ASCC—
• Reduces the risk of fratricide.
• Allows for dissemination as boundaries change or units pass through
areas occupied by others.
• Provides critical information in planning the forward passage of lines
(FPOL).
• Enhances demining operations at the conclusion of contingency
operations.
(FM 90-7 is the primary reference for countermobility planning; however, for
more information on tactics and techniques for countermobility, see FMs 5-100
and 20-32.)
SURVIVABILITY
Survivability provides cover and mitigates the effects of enemy weapons.
Engineers may be called on to mass their skills and equipment, augmenting
combat units in developing defensive positions into fortifications or
strongpoints and in improving defensive positions. More often, however,
engineers participate in and provide staff advice on camouflage, concealment,
and deception (CCD) measures and the hardening of facilities to resist the
destruction of C2 facilities (as part of integrated plans), air-defense weapons
systems, and support structures within the COMMZ. Within a missile-threat
environment, engineers provide field-fortification support to harden key
Deep opns
Close opns
Rear opns
xxxx
measures frees the corps’s engineer assets to anticipate and support the close
fight while posturing for the offensive momentum that Army doctrine
embraces. EWLs are therefore independent of other boundary control
measures, such as the corps’s rear boundary.
The theater also augments the CZ, assuming responsibility for specific
support on a task basis forward of the EWL. For example, in preparation for a
counterattack and an exploitation of retreating enemy forces, the concept of
operations may include major logistic bases well forward within the CZ to
sustain the momentum of tactical units. Constructing these logistic bases will
consume the corps’s engineer assets and tie them to terrain around these
bases. These tactical assets would better serve the combatant forces through
integration into planning, rehearsals, and combat drills vice sustainment
construction activities.
Deep operations within the CZ have Army-engineer concerns as well. The
engineer focuses on future operations, which are shaped by deep operations,
and on setting the conditions for tactical success. Future close operations of
the land force will traverse and/or occupy this area. Therefore, an engineer
analysis of the key terrain, the trafficability, the infrastructure, and the
obstacles within the area are important considerations.
The obstacles that impact operations may be natural barriers, enemy-
emplaced systems, friendly destroyed LOCs, or interdiction scatterable
minefields emplaced deep to separate echelons or disrupt the sustainment
flow to an enemy’s forward elements. The divisional engineers are focused on
close operations; therefore, these concerns are best addressed by the EAD/
EAC engineers. They are also important advisors/partners in deep-targeting
discussions. With the accuracy of smart munitions, careful selection of targets
can render the desired effects on an enemy.
Engineer participation allows—
• The consideration and the comparison of candidate targets with the
knowledge of repair capabilities.
• A greater perception of the impact of targeting on mobility (both
friendly and enemy) or posthostility activity, regarding the restoration
effort required.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS APPLIED TO ARMY
ENGINEERS
Just as engineering manifests the principles of war, it also embraces the five
essential characteristics of Army-operations doctrine:
• Initiative.
• Agility.
• Depth.
• Orchestration.
• Versatility.
FF Team FF Team
mission of assessing and managing the upkeep of the physical plant of our
reserve facilities and mobilization base. The FE TDA is comprised of small
highly skilled teams that can be easily task-organized to manage FE missions.
Environmental considerations and mitigation have become increasingly
relevant to US force-projection operations throughout the world in recent
years. The team is particularly equipped to aid and advise the ASCC on
Environmental Compliance and Assessment System (ECAS) issues as they
relate to current and future operations. The team’s skills, originally
envisioned for use only within the US during partial or full mobilization, has
been used repeatedly during contingency responses. The team was deployed to
Saudi Arabia during Desert Shield, and others have been used in Somalia
(Operation Continued Hope), Haiti (Operation Uphold Democracy), and
Bosnia (Operation Joint Endeavor). The team is normally attached to ASGs
and has a coordination relationship with the ENCOM.
COMBAT ENGINEERS WITHIN THE THEATER STRUCTURE
The use of combat-engineer units and bridge assets are depicted in the
notional structure because of their utility and purpose beyond the needs of the
maneuver elements, see Figure 2-1, page 2-2. These highly mobile, offensive
US force-projection units will span great distances in an area from the entry
points of the COMMZ to the forward edge of friendly forces.
The theater-engineer structure assumes responsibility for forward areas as
the corps structure moves forward in the offense. The battlespace is expected
to be an engineer challenge due to unexploded ordnance, mines, and damaged
road networks. Combat-engineer units have immense utility within the
theater-engineer task organization. Task organizing combat-engineer units
with theater-engineer units increases the survivability of forward EAC
engineer workforces and improves mobility throughout the theater AOR. The
combat engineers’ skill proficiency in demolitions and mine clearing reinforces
the EAC engineers’ military occupational specialties for construction.
Likewise, the engineer bridge specialists’ unique equipment and skills,
organic to bridge units, are required to rapidly expand tactical bridging to a
more permanent gap-crossing site that is capable of transiting sustained two-
way traffic. When other services, such as the Marine Corps, require Army
engineer augmentation, combat engineers may be assigned to the theater
engineer for C2 to provide engineer support in a joint operation. To perform M/
CM/S and general engineering within the environment described above,
bridging units and mechanized and wheeled combat battalions are task-
organized within the theater-engineer structure.
All missions may not require the inclusion of these combat elements, bridge
assets, or TDA units. The makeup of the task organization will vary based on
the METT-TC. Task organization for the operational-engineer structure is
situational dependent. The notional task organization depicted in Figure 2-1
illustrates that the applicable “building blocks” are not limited to the
customary EAC-type units.
ENGINEER COORDINATION
Engineer coordination in modern contingencies is as axiomatic as coordination
between maneuver elements, whose coordination (left to right and higher to
mechanism allows the commander and his staff the visibility of current
operations as they monitor activities. This in turn gives the engineer and his
staff a way to anticipate needs and validate current plans and future engineer
efforts. A thorough awareness of the activity level, unit locations, equipment,
material, and personnel status provide the basis for the commander’s
decisions on—
• Task organization.
• Mission allocation.
• Viability of future operational COAs.
• Time-phased force-deployment data adjustments.
The reporting times, the frequency, and the format will be specified within the
OPORDs or the standing operating procedures (SOPs) for the units involved.
Avoid generating reporting requirements that distract from the unit’s mission
capability or exceed their staffing capability. If the reports serve multiple
purposes and HQ, duplicating information in varied formats would be
minimized. The TCMS software fielded for all Army engineer battalions
(combat) (heavy), groups, brigades, and ENCOMs has imbedded reports
formats that could—
• Standardize reporting.
• Draw from management data assembled for mission execution.
• Benefit the reporting unit by decreasing the generation of reports for
the higher HQ.
Obstacle and minefield reporting are engineer coordination measures with
grave consequences if not recorded and communicated properly. The land-
component commander by joint doctrine is the command repository for all
minefield data. The need for a single clearing house for these reports is
paramount to engineer units, maneuver elements, and logisticians operating
within the theater. As units cross boundaries or push forward into enemy
territory, friendly reinforcing obstacles must be known. Scatterable
minefields, whether emplaced by the Air Force (Gator), Army aviation (air
Volcano), artillery (area-denial artillery munition [ADAM], remote antiarmor
mine [RAAM], and wide-area mine [WAM]), or combat engineers (Volcano or
Modular Pack Mine System [MOPMS]), have variable self-destruct times and
reliability that will affect operations.
At the time of publication, the US’s use of antipersonnel land mines is being
changed according to presidential guidance and the fiscal year (FY) 98 DOD
Authorization Bill. As friendly elements report enemy or friendly emplaced
systems, the ASCC’s staff engineer is the clearing house for this information.
This single repository becomes the authoritative source on obstacle status and
is a principal guard against fratricide. The ASCC’s staff engineer is assessable
by all services that anticipate ground operations in affected areas. He
possesses the visibility and/or connectivity to other services to ensure
maintenance of the most complete, reliable database on obstacles.
CINC Legend
Command
TCEM/
OPCON
RCEM
Coordination
ASCC
USACE
ENCOM TSC
forward Senior Army
engineer commander
Engineer TAACOM
brigade First subordinate (or TSC)
engineer commander
Engineer
ASG
group Second subordinate
engineer commander
Engineer
Base
unit
• Pipelines.
• In-theater recreation and reconstitution areas.
• Storage locations.
• Chemical decontamination sites.
• HQ installations.
Accommodations for displaced civilians and enemy prisoners of war (EPWs)
are often suited to leased facilities within the COMMZ. Some of this property
may be highly developed and may have considerable value to the HN
corporate or civilian population. Procedures must be followed to provide the
property required while ensuring that the legal rights of owners and the US
government are protected. Environmental baseline surveys must be
conducted before US personnel occupy any property.
RPMA REQUIREMENTS
The ASCC has the overall responsibility for the RPMA. The theater Army
area command (TAACOM) (or TSC), through the FE teams (assigned to the
ASGs), normally provides the needed RPMA support, using engineer units
(attached to or in general support [GS] of the ASGs) to provide the engineer-
specific services. These services include—
• Facilities and utilities repair and maintenance.
• Fire prevention and protection.
• Refuse disposal (landfill operations as opposed to refuse collection,
which is an ASG responsibility).
Tailoring engineer units to support the ASGs is based on the expected RPMA
workload. As logistics bases are established, the RPMA requirements are
normally met with the assigned or attached assets of the ASG or other
logistics organizations. As the bases mature and the RPMA requirements
exceed these capabilities, the requirements are forwarded to the supporting
engineer group for execution according to theater priorities. RPMA support is
required for all Army facilities within the AOs, which includes leased
facilities, unless HNS is available for them. The FE team is ideally suited as
an RPMA manager within large HN-provided or -leased facilities equipped
with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and utility systems
typical to commercial buildings and complexes. The FE team—
decentralization requires that work requests enter the system at the lowest
possible level. Within the theater-support base, alignment along area-support
boundaries provides established conduits through the ASG. If the ASG cannot
accomplish the work with its organic assets, it prioritizes the requests and
provides them to the supporting engineer group. When the work cannot be
done at this level, the engineer group enters the requests into a construction
and repair backlog and passes them to the engineer brigade for resolution.
Troop-construction tasks come as construction directives. Appendixes D and E
show sample formats for a construction directive and a construction SOP.
The civil-affairs teams receive HN requests for US engineer support and pass
them to the engineer group for execution. The engineer group enters these
requests into its workload according to established theater priorities. Other
component services submit work requests directly to the engineer brigade
supporting the geographical area where the construction is required. The
engineer brigade prioritizes these requests and provides them to the engineer
group who supports the area requiring the work. When the work cannot be
done, the ENCOM is advised through the reporting procedures so it can
resolve the problem.
The ENCOM may receive work that is required in support of the theater’s
base-development plan (BDP) through coordination with the TAACOM or the
TSC. The ENCOM also receives work generated at the CINC or the ASCC
level based on plans for future operations. The ENCOM prioritizes the work
and passes it to the appropriate engineer brigade for accomplishment. It may
also redistribute backlog work to other engineer brigades that are not fully
committed. This two-way flow of backlog work and taskings identifies the
required workload to each level of the organization. The engineer group can do
objective scheduling according to theater priorities. Only an exceptional case
needs to be referred to the higher HQ; for example, to settle a question of
priority. Figure 2-3, page 2-14, is a flow diagram that summarizes these
procedures. The TCEM/RCEM cells will most likely be involved with
prioritization during the early days of any operation.
CONTRACT-CONSTRUCTION AGENT
The CCA oversees construction and other contracting services that are
available through the USACE, the NAVFAC, or the Air Force regional civil
engineers’ (AFRCE) CCAs, depending on the theater’s location. CCAs will
maintain control of the contractor’s operations. Each service component has
its own geographic AO; however, in any one area, only one CCA is designated.
The DOD has assigned regional contract-construction capabilities as follows:
• The USACE has Northeast and Central Asia, Central and Northern
Europe, North and South America, the Middle East, and Northeast
Africa.
• The NAVFAC has the Iberian Peninsula, the South Pacific, the
Caribbean, Antarctica, Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean Basin, and
the Horn of Africa.
• The AFRCE has the United Kingdom (UK).
requirements theater
Other service requirements
requirements
HNS COMMZ
requirements requirements
CZ
Directives requirements
Priorities
Engr Engr ASCC/ CINC
ASG ENCOM
gp bde
RCEM TCEM
ASG
Regional
backlog
backlog
No
Yes Mission
complete
Mission
complete
Theater Development
Initially, the Central Command (CENTCOM) CINC and staff determined
that Operation Desert Shield was to be sustained in the theater by the
premise of "minimum essential" support from troop units and maximum
support from HN and contracting sources. The 20th Engineer Brigade’s
(Corps) (Airborne) commander initially served as the theater engineer, in
addition to commanding engineer support to the forward fight. Fortunately,
the Iraqi advance halted at the Saudi border, otherwise the XVIII Airborne
Corps engineer commander would have been focused on the close fight vice
the mission he assumed to provide theater troop bed down and logistic
base-construction support.
The CINC made decisions not to deploy theater-engineer construction units,
initially, because of their large strategic lift requirements and the
prevailing attitude within the CENTCOM and Third US Army leadership
(who believed that support facilities, and by inference engineers were not
critical to Army operations). During the initial stages of Operation Desert
Shield, it became quickly apparent that HNS and contracting would not be
able to handle the massive amount of construction needed to logistically
sustain and move forces in theater. The 20th Brigade, the USACE’s Middle
East Area Project Office (MEAPO), and the Third US Army’s engineer
staffs were not adequately staffed to control increasing theater-engineer
requirements. The 416th ENCOM was mobilized and deployed to serve as
the theater engineer.
— Major General (MG) Robert B. Flowers
The foundations of basic theater development come from theory, history, and
experience. The Army’s requirement to project ground forces to anywhere in
the world shaped current engineer concepts for the patterns of operations.
From a strategic perspective, the patterns of conflict that we have experienced
since about 1989 will likely continue into the 21st century. We expect to be
involved—normally as part of a multinational force—in large-scale combat
contingencies such as the Persian Gulf Conflict, 1990 to 1991; foreign
humanitarian assistance efforts such as Operation Sea Angel in Bangladesh,
1991; peace operations such as those in Bosnia and Haiti; and various other
types of operations requiring US military engineer capability.
The theater-development principles are incremental deployment, split-based
operations, and mobilization of the Reserve Components (RC). Engineer units
must be part of the initial or early deploying forces that enter the AOs and the
last to leave the contingency area. Engineers will operate dispersed over the
extended battlespace. They will be required to operate at all levels from
tactical to strategic. Engineers rely on split-based operations to obtain current
technical data or mission planning and execution from CONUS- and other
COMMZ-based engineer organizations. Access to and involvement of the RC
engineer units and soldiers will be essential whenever division formations
deploy for extended periods. With about three-quarters of the engineer force in
the RC, highly capable, rapidly deployable RC engineer units must be
mobilized and inserted early in the time-phased force-deployment list.
INCREMENTAL DEPLOYMENT
The force-projection Army's first major challenge in a crisis response is
mobilizing and deploying into the theater. This is particularly true for
engineers whose force structure is largely made up from the RC forces. Also
factored into the mobilization process is the availability of space on the
military strategic sea lift and airlift and the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF).
Experience shows that the incremental deployment of individual engineer
units meets the needs within the AOR with appropriate expertise and
readiness from within the force-projection Army. This modular building of the
theater support acknowledges the profound competition for available lift
capabilities. The immediate needs within the AOR vary with each contingency
operation. The functions that the theater HQ provides will be required in the
early stages of any contingency operation. However, large C 2 organizations
will not be needed entirely within the first 15 days of any contingency
operation.
Deploying the well-trained, identifiable increments of the theater command
early provides its expertise and oversight from the beginning of operations.
Such a deployment strategy allows the tactical commander to plan and
remain focused on his mission. Likewise, incremental deployment minimizes
the footprint of theater command units when sea-lift and airlift capabilities
are in great demand and troop-support capabilities within the AOR are
limited. As the theater matures, follow-on lift capabilities will be allocated to
larger increments of the theater’s assets, increasing their capabilities in
theater. This allows sea-lift and airlift capabilities to be appropriately
allocated to the proper forces throughout theater development.
The two ENCOMs in the Army’s force structure have early deploying cells.
The cells’ makeup differs between the two commands; however, there are
common characteristics in nearly all early deploying incremental cells.
The cells—
• Have a well-defined structure versus an ad hoc organization.
(Derivative unit-identification codes (UICs) aid in the time-phased
force-deployment-data (TPFDD) development and access during
contingencies.)
• Are made up of active, Active Guard Reserve (AGR), and M-day
soldiers.
• Are represented by several (but not all) staff elements of the main
command post (CP).
• Require significant communications assets to meet mission demands
within the AOR in the absence of the main CP, yet leverage the
resources of the main CP.
• Have a full-time forward element that is the nucleus (most familiar
with the AOR, the agencies involved in the crisis action, and the
circumstances and responses that led to the current crisis).
• Conduct specific collective team training during peacetime exercises
with early deploying cells from other MSCs.
These common characteristics, regardless of the specific makeup of the
derivative cell, equip it to meet the initial needs within the theater. Those
initial needs are predominantly centered on the RSO&I of the projected force.
As the theater increases both in physical terrain (which US forces occupy or
operate within) and in the number and the makeup of forces, the demands for
the theater functions also escalate. At some point, the theater requirements
will surpass the capabilities of this initial cell. Consequently, among the
implied tasks for these derivative elements is to assess the AOR needs and
make recommendations on the makeup and timing of the follow-on flow to
meet the engineer-function needs successfully. This includes recommendations
for the subsequent modular building of the theater-engineer C2 package.
The next package may be the entire ENCOM or, more likely, a significant
element that provides—
• Greater in-theater capabilities.
• Additional services.
based theater structure within the limits of lift capabilities and the theater
footprint.
Before executing incremental deployment, the availability of materials within
the AOR must be considered. Class IV is fundamental to construction
missions. In general terms, construction materials are available everywhere.
Developed theaters typically have more resources within the country from
which to draw. Theaters with a permanent presence are also more likely to
have at least some initial stocks pre-positioned within the theater to meet the
initial needs. However, from a contingency perspective, the right Class IV or
the needed quantities or quality of Class IV may not be locally available. In
the crisis planning phase, the mission analysis should address the local and
regional availability of the Class IV that is needed to meet mission
requirements.
Local sources of gravel and sand need to be identified. The HN’s known
requirements for construction materials need to be considered (if US demands
for construction materials exceed supply, the local economy may experience
hyperinflation). Materials procured from other countries in the region may be
delivered using regional transportation assets. Class IV procured in CONUS
for overseas delivery will compete for space on US military sea lift, which may
be scarce. Therefore, engineer planners must consider and plan for acquiring
and delivering the necessary construction materials from sources within or as
close to the AOR as possible. This will save on costs and assure delivery to
meet project time tables.
SPLIT-BASED OPERATIONS
Split-based operations are associated with both inter- and intratheater
operations from multiple locations. Deploying the derivative elements places
theater assets into the AOR early to establish the theater backbone and
initiate theater missions. Because the numbers are purposely held small,
these derivative elements have moderate capabilities. Intertheater split-based
operations overcome these shortfalls by leveraging the knowledge and the
production base of the CONUS HQ, thereby magnifying the support within
the AOR. For example, the Army engineer cell in theater defines engineer
missions in concert with the commander’s scheme of maneuver or support. By
using tele-presence engineering (tele-engineering), the engineer on the ground
can access detailed engineer expertise and technical advice from a variety of
CONUS/outside continental US (OCONUS) sources to resolve engineering
missions that are outside the scope of the in-theater engineers’ capabilities.
These sources can—
• Assist with construction design and drawings that exceed the in-
theater staff ’s capabilities.
• Research alternate solutions and propose COAs to—
— Meet mission needs.
— Locate viable equipment and material sources outside the
immediate AOR without the constraints or the limitations of in-
theater communications networks.
— Access CONUS-based suppliers.
OVERVIEW
General Shalikashvili, former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, echoes these
opening remarks in Joint Publication (JP) 1, “...the concepts and principles
found in joint doctrine have been implemented and validated during major
operations and deployments in Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti, and Kuwait, each
skillfully executed by armed forces of our great nation. The enduring theme—
joint warfare is team warfare.” Beyond joint warfare, future operations will be
multinational and include interagencies inside and outside the government
structure. This is particularly true as our military force has been significantly
drawn down in size and corresponding capability. The consequence of smaller
components in the armed forces and the reduced overall total for the military
structure is sharing the responsibility and the execution of war-fighting,
stability, and support operations globally. Joint engineer capabilities are
discussed in FM 5-100, Chapter 4. This chapter elaborates on those
discussions and expounds on the fundamental actions that arise from the
team effort of joint, multinational, and interagency engineer activities.
JOINT CAPABILITIES
Discussions of the joint units’ capabilities and missions are relevant within
Army doctrine because of the team approach to war fighting and the units’
conduct within stability operations and support operations. Army units have
and will continue to participate in joint response to crises around the world.
For example, the Third US Army and each corps has been trained to act as a
nucleus for a joint task force (JTF) HQ. The HQ is augmented with Marine,
Navy, Air Force and interagency civilians who address component schemes
unfamiliar to these Army staffs. Besides directing joint engineer operations in
a small contingency as a JTF, Army engineers will be engaged in joint
operations with missions and roles affected by other component activities. FM
5-100, Chapter 4, describes the missions and the organizations of component
engineer forces such as the—
• Navy Seabees.
• Air Force Prime base engineer emergency force (BEEF); Prime
readiness in base support (RIBS); and rapid, engineer-deployable,
heavy, operational repair squadron (RED HORSE).
• Marine combat-engineer battalion.
Table 4-1 is a summary of the equipment that is available within these units.
The table is arranged in a format that allows general comparison of the
equipment.
TOPOGRAPHIC SUPPORT
Joint topographic operations include liaison with and support from the NIMA
and operations with the US Marine Corps (USMC). These operations will
come out of normal engineer channels as the USMC’s topographic platoons are
intelligence forces. The GI&S officer at the CINC or JTF level may work in the
Intelligence Directorate (J2), Operations Directorate (J3), or even the
Logistics Directorate (J4).
Multinational topographic operations may come out of normal engineer
channels as topographic functions; however, in other countries, they are
handled by the intelligence and field-artillery communities as well as the
engineers’.
Interagency topographic operations in support of natural disasters and
emergencies within the US will include coordination with the US Geological
Survey (USGS) as well as the NIMA and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA). FM 5-105 describes topographic operations in more detail.
JOINT BOARDS
A joint staff often convenes boards to manage activities and ensure the
visibility of all issues. These boards allow concerns to be raised and considered
before policy implementation. The CINC’s J4 or his engineer may convene
these boards before deployment, if appropriate, to establish the standards and
provide the guidance to components during their mission analysis and during
deployment preparations. Often, this will not be possible as the joint staff, or
the contingency JTF staff, will be assembled and deployed along with the
component forces in a rapid fashion. Nevertheless, the nature of these boards
dictates assembling at the earliest possible time. Based on the scope of the
mission, the engineer may choose to convene the following boards to facilitate
establishing policy and executing his responsibilities:
• Joint Facilities Utilization Board (JFUB).
• JCMEB.
• Joint Environmental Management Board (JEMB).
German soil. This was their first experience in multinational efforts outside of
NATO. Smaller countries will have more regional bounds on their
involvement, and their experience will be correspondingly narrow. However,
they are also more likely to be attuned to the special circumstances that are
relevant to the AO.
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) AND PRIVATE
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS (PVOs)
Like operations with the UN or its operating agents, relationships with
international and domestic NGOs and PVOs must be established through
negotiation. Most agreements are made at the strategic level (unified
command); however, the operational commander may have some latitude
delegated to him. All agreements normally have serious legal restrictions on
using military personnel and equipment. Some of these agencies may have
unique and significant engineer capabilities and intelligence that could be
used as a part of the overall operational concept. These capabilities may be a
useful source of Class IV material, not only for the agency’s own projects, but
as a negotiated barter for services rendered in support of its mission. More
often than not, however, these agencies and organizations may request
extensive engineer support for their activities and programs. As these
organizations play an important part in the CINC’s achievement of strategic
objectives, their demands should not be ignored but must be coordinated.
Therefore, it is critical that an effective engineer liaison be established and
maintained with the force HQ civil-military operations center (CMOC).
INTERAGENCY OPERATIONS
Interagency operations greatly expand the scope and capabilities of any given
response team because of the wide variety of expertise and funding resources
that can be tapped to perform functions during a crisis response. This is true
whether the response is international or is within the territorial confines of
the US and its protectorates and territories. Not only do interagency
operations increase the resources engaged in any given operation, they also
significantly increase and complicate the coordination necessary to achieve
victory and generate mechanisms that reduce efficiency as organizations work
at cro ss pu rp os es. T he SO P s, the re po rt f ormats, the i nf ormati on
requirements, and the intermediate goals and perceptions of each of these
organizations vary greatly. Therefore, coordination and a clear understanding
of the commander’s intent are absolutely crucial when arranging operational
efforts involving multiple interagency organizations. The following are some
of the interagency organizations that could be involved:
• FEMA.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
• Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
• USGS.
• Public-health service.
• Civil air patrol.
• Department of Agriculture.
• Department of State.
• Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA).
• Department of the Interior/Fish and Wildlife Agency.
• General Accounting Office (GAO).
USACE FORWARD ELEMENT
The USACE has worldwide operations, activities, and responsibilities that
enable it to respond quickly and more effectively during the initial stages of a
crisis because of its forward-deployed field offices. As a major Army command
(MACOM), the USACE has trained rapidly deploying cells to meet mission
requirements. The USACE forward element (may be a district command or a
subdistrict organization) will be tailored to meet the anticipated needs (see
Appendix B for a more detailed discussion). Within this element, there can
be—
• A technical staff (with all the engineer disciplines).
• Contract constructing agents and project/program managers.
• Quality-assurance representatives (QARs) to monitor contract-
construction progress and specification compliance.
• CREST elements.
• Specialized scientists and engineers from USACE laboratories and
centers of expertise.
The element’s makeup is situational dependent and not only varies from crisis
to crisis, but also has the flexibility to vary with time in any given crisis. The
deployed USACE organization may be assigned to the ASCC and in turn,
placed under the control of the most senior ENCOM in theater. Regardless of
the C 2 relationship, the USACE forward element retains technical and
support channels to the division or the district with the responsibility for the
crisis region. This split-based operation allows leveraged support from the
CONUS outside the immediate crisis area and greatly increases the
capabilities of the element. It may use liaison/action teams (forward corps, Air
Force) that are collocated with customer activities. These teams have
significant or special demands that require on-location USACE site
representation, particularly in a geographically extended theater. Regardless
of the mix or the employment strategy, this element of professional expertise
is extremely valuable within the TO (particularly in the RSO&I) because of its
long-standing association with area vendors and its accessibility in the
theater before significant troop units arrive.
DEFENSE SECURITY ASSISTANCE AGENCY (DSAA)
The DSAA directs, administers, and supervises the execution of security
assistance programs. This involves providing guidance to—
• Military services.
• Unified commands.
Operational Planning
To a conscientious commander, time is the most vital factor in planning. By
proper foresight and correct preliminary action, he knows he can conserve
the most precious elements he controls, the lives of his men. So he thinks
ahead as far as he can. He keeps his tactical plan simple. He tries to
eliminate as many variable factors as he is able. He has a first hand look at
as much of the ground as circumstances render assessable to him. He
checks each task in the plan with the man to whom he plans to assign it.
— General Matthew B. Ridgeway
(Korean War)
PLANNING CHALLENGES
The challenges of planning successful engineer missions within diverse
theaters are vast and varied. Sound operational planning and execution are
vital to the success of deployed forces.
As General Ridgeway pointed out, planning saves lives. It also—
• Shapes the forces that respond to a contingency.
• Drives the timing and the quantities of equipment and supplies that
forces use to execute the missions.
• Forecasts the missions that engineer commanders will have to
accomplish.
Understanding how the engineers effect each of the operating systems equips
the planner with the background to form his plan of engineer actions. The
significant role of the engineer within multiple elements of the Battlefield
Operating System was discussed in previous chapters. This universal
application of engineers within all operating systems is crucial at all levels.
OPERATIONAL MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER
Operational movement and maneuver is the disposition of forces to create a
decisive impact on the conduct of a campaign or major operation. The
commander achieves this decisive impact by securing the operational
advantages of position before battle and/or by exploiting tactical success to
achieve operational results. Engineers—
• Enhance the mobility of friendly forces while they degrade the
mobility of enemy forces. This in turn allows friendly forces to achieve
dominant maneuver and press the advantage and thereby dominate
key terrain.
OPERATIONAL C2
Operational C2 is the exercise of authority and direction by a commander to
accomplish operational objectives. Operational C2 focuses efforts, establishes
limits, and provides structure to operational functions. Commanders perform
operational C 2 activities through planning, directing, coordinating, and
controlling the forces that conduct campaigns and major operations to
JEPES
JEPES
TPFDD model
output data
Engineer
annex to model
OPLAN
(Tabs A-I)
eer
Engin s
t ie
Facili
Study X
NX
OPLA
CESP X
NX
OPLA
In deliberate planning, the CINC includes a CESP within the logistics annex
of the OPLAN. Independent of the CINC’s plan, the Army’s service-component
engineers routinely develop their service plan as a means of detailed,
deliberate planning.
The TPFDD is the primary driver of the JEPES model. The JEPES model
extracts information such as the unit type, the destination location, the
arrival time, and the population from the TPFDD. Given this input, the
J EP E S mo d e l e s t i ma t e s c o n s t ru ct i o n ma n - h o u r a n d f a c il i t y - t y p e
requirements to support the bed down of US forces deploying into a theater.
The JEPES model also computes estimates on the US engineer assets (man-
hours) that are available to meet the estimated requirements. The JEPES
model provides Class IV output in the form of long- and short-ton totals. The
results from the analyzed JEPES data are gross estimates that are used in the
deliberate planning process for analyzing COAs for engineer support to the
OPLAN. Because of the integral relationships between the JEPES model, the
OPLAN, and the TPFDD for a theater, the JEPES does not readily lend itself
to crisis planning in theaters where an existing OPLAN and the TPFDD have
not been prepared.
The JEPES-model algorithms are based primarily on support facilities
necessary for the RSO&I of all inbound forces. The JEPES model calculates
facility requirements for a unit’s final destination on the TPFDD but does not
compute other engineer missions and support requirements within the
theater. Aspects of the estimate that are not automatically calculated by the
JEPES model are–
• Construction, maintenance, and repairs of MSRs.
• Construction of forward logistics bases and EPW and displaced
persons camps.
2. Engineer analysis
Engineer
Adjust facilities
for on-site study
variance (Tab C)
Producing the annex organizes thoughts and forces a careful review of the
engineer tasks, the required coordination, and the allocation of resources to
meet the commander’s intent. As the task organization is developed, a review
of the span of control ensures mission clarity and simplifies mission
dissemination.
Unit resources, materials, and time are considered when assigning tasks.
Unity of effort and continuity of support are considerations in determining
what resources will be assigned to which missions. The suitability of logistics
support for the plan is determined, and adjustments are made to best equip
the forces with the means for mission success.
An integral component of the deliberate decision-making process is the
production of the annex. The annex is a product that clarifies the plan and
initiates the dialog between subordinate, supported, and supporting
commands to orchestrate the effort. It includes the–
• Priorities of work to shape the theater/JOA.
• Operational project planning, preparation, and execution
responsibilities.
• Engineer organization for combat.
• Engineer tasks for subordinate units.
As a result, the engineer community is better postured to support the
operational commander.
Logistics
I don’t know what the hell this ‘logistics’ is that Marshall is always talking
about, but I want some of it!
— Fleet Admiral E.J. King
(to a staff officer in 1942)
LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS
Field Marshal Rommel once remarked that battles are won or lost on the back
of logistics before the first rounds are fired. Admiral King’s statement and
Field Marshal Rommel’s belief place a significance on logistics that
underscores the relevance of logistic matters in doctrinal discussions. JP 1
emphasizes logistics by stating “Logistics sets the campaign’s operational
limits. The lead time needed to arrange logistics support and resolve logistics
concerns requires continuous integration of logistic considerations into the
operational planning process.”
Engineer-force sustainment maintains and multiplies combat power. Engineer
commanders must understand the CSS system and know where to obtain
logistic support. Many engineer needs are unique, one-of-a-kind requirements
that stress the logistics system, such as massive requirements for Class IV
barrier and construction materials.
Adequate Class IV supplies are central to the ability of engineer units to
construct and maintain facilities in support of the ASCC’s operations and the
supporting sustainment base. For this reason, the senior Army engineer HQ
(typically an ENCOM) plays a key role in establishing distribution protocols,
stockage levels, and construction-material allocation in theater. The joint-
force commanders, through the TCEM/RCEM cells, often control critical Class
IV supplies across the theater. The ENCOM may send a liaison to support the
packaging of critical engineer Class IV supplies.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
In the TO, construction materials may be difficult to obtain. Required
construction materials might be—
• Supplied by the CONUS through the supply system.
• Procured from neighboring countries within the region of operations.
• Obtained from local suppliers.
• Extracted from local natural sources.
• Produced by engineer units.
Logistics 6-1
FM 5-116
6-2 Logistics
FM 5-116
Logistics 6-3
FM 5-116
6-4 Logistics
FM 5-116
there are no anticipated, preprogrammed surge rates for these items. With
technological advances in material management, logistics planners can reduce
the time required to get mission material to engineers. The management
practices, however, cannot change the physical constants in execution—
engineer-mission materials are normally bulky, heavy, and require dedicated
transportation. Pre-positioning Class IV stocks reduces lift requirements
during the initial stages of force projection.
Construction material is expensive and susceptible to weather damage;
therefore, only limited quantities are on hand in the areas of major war plans.
For this reason, the ASCC validates needs and initiates requisitions in
advance of deployment or operations. Initial material forecasts are submitted
by the senior Army engineer staff using data from the TCMS and the JEPES
and the base-development plans in the theater-specific, mission-oriented
CESP.
Successful execution of the theater’s construction program depends on
sufficient materials, logistics units to process the materials, and construction
capability. Typically, during the early stages of a conflict, war-damage repair
and construction of mission-essential facilities will dominate the engineer’s
construction activities. The RSO&I mission places heavy demands on the
engineer as well as logisticians to receive and launch the combatant forces
into forward operating areas. As the theater matures, more substantial
facilities will be required and more construction forces will be available. The
senior Army engineer forecasts adequate construction materials that are
flexible enough to meet the varied construction requirements throughout all
operation phases.
Special logistics-support considerations for topographic forces are equally
important. Equipment such as the Multispectral Imagery Processor (MISP)
System and the Combat Terrain Information System require specialized
critical low-density supplies. For example, during the Dayton Peace Accord
negotiations, November 1995, the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) (currently
known as NIMA) distributed some 30,000 paper copies of maps covering the
revised inter entity boundary (IEB) on Bosnia-Herzegovina. As troops
deployed to monitor the authoritative cease-fire line (the IEB and their
respective buffer zones), thousands more copies of the 1:50,000 scale tactical
line maps were needed. Engineer planners anticipated for demand surges on
topographic products before operations and recognized that topographic forces
we r e no t equ ipped to r u n ma p war eh ou s es, n or did th ey h ave the
transportation assets to distribute topographic products.
MAINTENANCE SUPPORT
An effective maintenance program ensures that engineer units are capable of
providing continuous, responsive support to combatant forces and the
sustainment base. An effective supply system for repair parts and lubricants
is also necessary. Engineer units consider the risks involved in mobility versus
ample coverage for prescribed load list (PLL) repair parts. Logisticians
anticipate and provide forward stockage of engineer-specific maintenance-
supply support requirements. The Material Management Center (MMC)
coordinates with tailored engineer forces in stockage selection and execution
to maintain the dominant tempo of operations.
Logistics 6-5
FM 5-116
6-6 Logistics
FM 5-116
Logistics 6-7
Chapter 7
GLOBAL RESPONSE
Stability operations and support operations are two distinct types of
operations. Stability operations consist of those applications of military power
or presence intended to influence the political environment, facilitate
diplomacy, and interrupt specific illegal activities. These operations can
include peace, combating terrorism, counterdrug, civil disturbance, noncombat
evacuation, arms control, show of force, nation assistance, support to
insurgencies, and support to counter insurgencies.
Support operations consist of providing essential supplies and services to
assist designated groups. These operations are conducted mainly to relieve
suffering and help civil authorities respond to crises that are man-made or
natural disasters. Support operations can include humanitarian assistance
and environmental assistance.
The following are some of the stability operations and support operations US
forces have conducted:
• Peacekeeping in Bosnia.
• Humanitarian assistance in Somalia.
• Support to oppressed Kurds in Northern Iraq and to tribesmen in
Rwanda.
• Civil restoration in Haiti.
• Refugee and migrant control in Guantanamo Bay.
• Earthquake response in Los Angeles.
• Wildfire fighting in the west.
Governmental Nongovernmental
Informational PVO
Diplomatic UN
Economic NGO
Military
HQ, ENCOM
The ENCOM is normally assigned to an ASCC. It—
• Commands, controls, supervises, coordinates, and performs
operational planning for the activities of assigned or attached
engineer brigades, groups, and other units engaged in—
— Operational M/CM/S.
— Construction.
— Topographic activities.
The light team should be capable of supporting the heavy diving team in ports,
harbors, and coastal zones. However, it will lack the heavy salvage and diving
equipment required to perform salvage and continuous deep-sea diving
operations.
ENGINEER TEAM, REAL ESTATE
The team is normally assigned or attached to an ENCOM or may be organized
into an engineer composite service unit. It—
• Acquires, uses, and disposes of real property for military purposes.
• Inventories and records installed and personal property located on
installations.
ENGINEER TEAM, TOPOGRAPHIC PLANNING AND CONTROL
The team is normally assigned to a theater Army. It—
• Coordinates the activities of and performs topographic operational
planning for units and agencies engaged in producing and supplying
military geographic information and topographic products to the
theater Army.
• Determines the requirements and provides the programs for and the
coordination of engineer topographic units assigned or attached to the
theater.
• Coordinates with the NIMA, the host/allied nations’ topographic
support activities, and the higher HQ to accomplish the mission.
FE TEAM
The FE team is a reserve TDA unit with specific installation responsibilities.
In times of national emergencies and contingency operations, it may be
mobilized and attached to either an ASCC, a TAACOM, an ASG, a corps HQ,
or a staff element of a TF HQ. When three or more FE teams are operating in
a theater, an engineer support group is usually formed. It provides an
additional depth of FE capability, and it has C2 over its assigned teams. The
engineer support group has the capability to perform the same missions as the
FE teams. The group—
• Manages engineer resources in support of facility and civil
engineering, performs master planning, and allocates resources, to
include inspecting facilities; identifying, prioritizing, and conducting
work; planning boards; and developing facility and civil-engineer
projects.
• Manages real property and can control real estate engineer teams and
coordinate their activities.
• Manages housing and space use.
• Manages the theater environmental-compliance and prevention
programs, to include environmental-compliance assessments,
recommendations for corrective actions, and proper reporting.
for which there is no DOD-designated CCA, the CINC will usually designate a
CCA for contingency support.
CONUS CONTINGENCY MISSIONS
The USACE is the single most active DOD agency under the capstone military
support to civil authorities (MSCA) program. Most USACE operations in
CONUS are executed under the following authorities:
• Public Law 84-99. Through this law, the USACE has unique
authorities for flood fighting and disaster preparedness. The USACE
operates flood-control, or damage-reduction, structures (dams and
levee systems) and provides technical assistance to state and local
authorities. In addition to flood control and coastal emergencies
(FC&CE), the USACE has authorities for navigation on US waterways
and other authorities provided under project authorization acts.
• FRP. The USACE supports the FEMA as the responsible agency for
eme r g en c y s u p po r t f u nct io n 3 (E SF 3) of p u bl ic w o r ks and
engineering. In this plan, the USACE is a coequal of the other federal
departments and agencies. When activated, the USACE is responsible
for such engineering missions as—
— Debris removal and disposal.
— Temporary repairs to and construction of facilities.
— Acquisition and distribution of emergency water supplies.
— Provision of electrical power.
At FEMA’s request, the USACE also conducts damage surveys for public
buildings. When DOD engineer units are activated to execute disaster-
response missions under ESF 3, they are provided mission taskings from the
USACE. Unlike OCONUS support, the prime-power battalion’s assets remain
under the C2 of the USACE in a CONUS disaster response.
Therefore, in a given disaster, the USACE may operate under its own
authorities; execute FRP missions with support from the Commander in
Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) Command or the Commander in Chief, Atlantic
(CINCLANT) Command; and execute missions in support of the CINCPAC or
the CINCLANT.
CLASSIFICATION
HEADQUARTERS, _______________
APO __ XXXXX
DATE
e. CJCSM 3122.03, Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Volume II,
Planning Formats and Guidance, 1 June 1996.
h. JP 5-03.1, Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Volume I, 4 August 1993,
Unclassified.
n. Army Regulation (AR) 415-30/Air Force Regulation (AFR) 93-10, Troop Construction
and Engineering Support of the Air Force Overseas, 15 May 1979, Unclassified.
1. GENERAL.
a. Purpose, Scope, and Limitations. State in general terms what will and will not be
addressed. State the character and the magnitude of the theater engineer effort. Include a gross
estimate of expected enemy damage and any constraints affecting the engineering model.
(1) Describe the construction and contingency real estate policies for the
USCINC****AOR in this OPLAN.
(4) Provide financial guidance for the theater engineer support to this OPLAN.
(5) Describe what will not be addressed and what restraints will be imposed on the
military forces (limitations). The CESP does not include the DS that is normally provided to
ground combat forces in the CZ.
b. Engineering Intelligence.
(2) List sources of engineering intelligence data; for example, see Appendix __ to
Annex __ for information on mobility, transportation, seaport, and airport capabilities in the AOR.
(1) Describe the concept of theater engineer support for this OPLAN. Theater
engineer support includes tasks that are associated with life support areas (LSAs) such as force
bed down; base development; MSR improvement, maintenance and repair; logistics
sustainment; and war-damage repair to critical facilities within the COMMZ.
(3) Exploit the capabilities of subordinate units with organic engineer assets.
(4) Satisfy facility requirements, in the order of priority, by using existing facilities and
field organic equipment, erecting pre-positioned portable or relocatable facilities, and using
locally approved Class IV(A) materials for expedient construction. Expedient construction within
the COMMZ will require the theater engineer’s approval or his designated representative’s.
(6) Identify who is responsible for the RPMA. The TAACOM will be responsible for
the RPMA until the facilities are returned to the HN. The TAACOM should address the RPMA in
its support plan. Maximum use of indigenous personnel or contractors should be made.
d. Definitions. List the definitions that are necessary to understand this plan at Tab B.
(2) Real Property. State local policies for real-property acquisition and use. Where
facilities cannot be provided by the HN government, use of commercial property via real estate
leasing is the quickest means of providing critical facilities. Subordinate units will include in their
engineer support plan a prioritized list of anticipated leasing requirements. The USCINC****will
review the leasing requirements for funding, and the DOD construction agent will review the list
for lease planning. Acquiring and using HN real property are subject to the agreement between
HN and US embassies, the federal acquisition regulation (FAR), and other applicable regulations
and guidance.
(3) Host Nation Support. Discuss using the following, to include resources that may
be available. Specify the quantity where possible.
(a) Indigenous and third-country labor. Discuss the use of local labor and
funding.
(c) Local Contractor. Discuss the availability of local contractors and indicate
the level of planned usage.
(d) Local Facilities. Discuss the availability of local facilities and indicate the
level of planned usage.
(4) Limiting Factors. Identify rights, agreements, or other arrangements that are not
in existence and are required to execute the plan. The absence of current agreements with HNs
in the AOR may limit the detailed planning ability of subordinate units. Planning will be based on
the maximum use of existing facilities in the AOR to reduce engineering requirements.
g. Planning factors. Explain the proposed deviations from the joint planning factors for
military construction in contingency operations. The planning factors that are used when
developing facility requirements are outlined in reference h.
(1) State the enemy’s capability to inflict damage. (A quantitative evaluation is not
required.)
(2) State the protection level that is required for weapons systems, personnel, and
material.
(3) Discuss self-help versus engineer troop effort. Self-help will be the principal
means for protective construction. Engineer efforts should be confined to technical advice and
the limited use of special equipment. Detailed supporting plans will reference each components’
commander’s assessment of the self-help activities in support of protective construction
requirements.
(1) Contract Support. The DOD CCAs have been integrated into the theater-
contingency engineer-management organization to perform contract-management support. The
subordinate units should identify the requirements for the responsible DOD CCAs during
detailed peacetime planning.
(a) The USCINC****subordinate units will use civilian construction forces and
US, international, and HN-civilian construction firms that operate routinely in the
USCINC****AOR to the maximum extent possible before attempting to use out-of-country
assets. It is anticipated that many of these firms will be available for contracting through the DOD
contract-construction agencies. The subordinate unit’s support plans should identify the
requirements that civilian construction forces could perform according to the existing
USCINC****policy.
(c) The subordinate unit’s support plans should include provisions for supporting the
contracted effort if hostilities force contract-labor forces to withdraw.
a. Primary Responsibility. Identify each echelon of the joint command having civil-
engineering-support-planning responsibility (for example, multinational, subordinate, unified, or
joint TF) and identify the specific tasks of each.
(1) The USCINC****is the theater engineer (until a theater engineer is delegated)
who ensures that all available engineer resources, including those provided through HNS, are
according to the USCINC****priorities.
(2) The theater engineer provides adequate engineer support to meet the
USCINC****subordinate unit’s requirements. The subordinate units are encouraged to plan and
interface with the theater engineer as early in the planning process as possible to improve the
effectiveness and the economy of operations by eliminating engineer-support duplication.
The USCINC****Army service component engineer ensures that all available Army
engineer resources are according to the USCINC****priorities. His responsibilities include
coordinating overall engineering support for Army engineer resources, coordinating with the
USCINC****for the engineer-support effort, and coordinating with the ASCC for engineer-support
planning.
d. War-Damage Repair. Identify the locations where heavy attacks are assumed and the
percent of the engineer workload that is estimated for repairs. Assess the expected effect of
repairs on the material and the equipment, the people’s readiness, and the adequacy of the
assigned engineer force to repair equipment.
5. SUMMARY OF CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE CESP. Indicate the major problem
areas in the CESP that may inhibit OPLAN implementation until they are resolved. Analyze
possible solutions to these problem areas and evaluate the implications of each alternative in
terms of its effect on the OPLAN.
c. Leased Facilities. Summarize leasing considerations and the impact to the OPLAN.
TABS:
CLASSIFICATION
HEADQUARTERS, ________________
APO XX XXXX
DATE
3. STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION.
a. Construction standards are used to determine the types of material and construction
techniques to use when constructing facilities in support of joint operations. Contingency
construction standards provide construction criteria to accomplish the engineer combat-support
mission efficiently. Facilities that are built using these standards are of a quality consistent with
mission requirements, personnel health and safety, and the expected availability of construction
resources. Where mission requirements are similar, all services use the same construction
standards.
b. The JEPES contains listings of facility components by a facility category code. The
services are able to establish construction standards for each category code by selecting
specific components that are consistent with the construction standards defined in the following
paragraphs (see Table C-1). Initial and temporary construction standards are described as
follows:
(1) The initial standard provides for immediate austere operational support of units
upon arrival in theater, which minimizes engineer construction effort. Facility use is for a limited
time, normally ranging from 1 to 6 months (depending on the specific facility). In some cases,
replacement by more substantial or durable facilities is required.
(2) The temporary standard provides for sustained operations. The facilities
provided are the minimum required to increase efficiency of operations for periods of time
extending to 24 months. In some cases, the temporary standard replaces the initial standard.
Where mission requirements dictate, the temporary standard can be used from the start of the
operation.
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
PROJECT: DESCRIPTION:
PRIORITY: LOCATION:
COORDINATION: Include the start date, the completion date, the notes recorded from
the successive subordinate HQ, and any special instructions on how to handle the admin-
istrative policies of the project, to include materials and funding.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL:
WEIGHT: VOLUME: COST:
CONSTRUCTION EFFORT:
HORIZONTAL HOURS: VERTICAL HOURS:
GENERAL HORIZONTAL: GENERAL VERTICAL:
TOTAL MAN-HOURS REQUIRED:
ADDITIONAL MAINTENANCE:
1. Purpose. This SOP outlines the process for accomplishing engineering services (reports;
planning studies; design calculations; construction drawings, specifications, and schedules; a
BOM; cost estimates; project documentation files; troop-construction and related construction
training; and maintenance and repair activities throughout the command).
2. Application. This SOP applies to all subordinate units assigned, attached, or OPCON to
this unit.
4. General.
a. The objective of this SOP is to ensure that engineering services are accomplished to
uniform standards and executed in a professional, high-quality, economical, and expeditious
manner.
(2) Provide the opportunity for units to accomplish battle-focused collective training
on mission-essential tasks.
(3) Develop those technical, supervisory and management skills that the unit
requires to achieve a high state of operational readiness.
5. Administration.
b. Project priorities. All assigned projects will be given a priority designation. The
priority, normally assigned by the battalion if initiated at the battalion level, will be indicated on
the project directive by one of the following numeric designators:
(1) Priority 1. This is the highest priority. It will not be assigned unless the project
is required to prevent death or extensive property loss. This priority requires maximum effort to
complete the project on time, even if other projects must be halted and resources diverted.
(2) Priority 2. This is the highest priority normally assigned to a project. This
priority requires maximum effort to complete the project on time. It is conceivable that this type
of project may not enhance other training yet must be done.
(3) Priority 3. This the normal priority assigned to projects. Individual unit training
will be given significant consideration as to the order in which projects are done.
(4) Priority 4. This priority will normally be assigned to projects initiated at the
company level. These projects will be completed on a time-available basis, or they will be
completed while waiting to start on higher-priority projects.
c. Project files. These files will be maintained according to the guidelines in Annex J.
d. Project planning.
(1) The Operations and Training Officer (US Army) (S3)/engineering section will
complete the planning by—
(b) Preparing and issuing the project directive to the performing unit.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
(h) Assisting the construction unit with engineering services to clarify needed
techniques, methods, or materials.
(d) Developing a CPM schedule, to include early and late start and finish
dates, manpower estimates, and activity duration according to Annex B.
(e) Identifying the material required for each activity and preparing a BOM to
complete the project.
(f) Identifying tasks that will require technical and/or other support from a
higher HQ (soils analysis and surveying).
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
(g) Selecting an appropriate estimated start date (ESD) that coincides with
the present training/construction program. The estimated completion date (ECD) will be
derived from the CPM construction schedule.
(h) Providing a specific date on which critical BOM items are needed for
critical-path activities. For troop-construction projects, coordinate with the installation’s troop-
construction coordinator and ascertain the status of construction materials, inventory, and
requisitions. The performing units will obtain, as necessary, a commitment to materials delivery
and plan contingency requisitions, if appropriate. For overseas deployments, separate the
supply-acquisition schedule by CONUS and OCONUS sources.
(i) Preparing a public-affairs plan, to include pictures of the project from start
to finish. The performing units will coordinate for photographic support through the S1 at the
battalion, the group, or the brigade, as applicable.
(j) Identifying the mission-essential tasks and the soldier’s manual tasks that
may be incorporated into the construction activity as a means of instructing individual soldiers
and supervisors.
(m) Identifying special tools (heavy-duty jacks and scaffolding) that will be
essential to complete specific activities and determining the time frame they may be required.
(o) Preparing a QC plan to explain specifically how the officer in charge (OIC)/
noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC) ensures that the project is constructed according
to specifications. The plan addresses QC of materials before placing soil and aggregate and
QC of materials before the initial step in construction (placing the first layer of concrete). The
plan should emphasize centralized planning by the leaders and decentralized execution by the
subordinates.
(p) Preparing a force-protection plan for deploying units with the appropriate
measures and warning notifications against the current threat.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
e. Project Management
(a) Ensures that all projects are being managed to obtain maximum training
and according to the construction specifications and schedule and project plans.
(e) Provides all official visitors with a site briefing by the senior member of the
unit who is on site. The individual should be prepared to brief the visitor on the following: the
scope, the description and the dimensions, the total funded cost, and the schedule of the
project; the project customer; the planned functions; and the estimated completion date.
(2) The unit’s construction officer (company level or higher) will be responsible for
the following:
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
(i) Updating and revising the CPM construction schedule daily. The ECD
and the CPM construction schedule will be thoroughly reevaluated any time the actual
completion percentage falls behind the planned completion percentage more than 10 percent.
(l) Maintaining a project log. The project log is a diary of the daily activities on
the project. It is used to document working hours, weather, delays, accelerations, decisions,
and field changes. The project log will be the basis for daily and weekly construction-progress
reports. The unit’s construction officer will maintain the log. He will employ a bound notebook. It
will be initiated on the first day of construction, continued through completion, and filed with the
project-completion documents. The mandatory entries in the log are the date and the location,
the weather description, the workforce size, the equipment used and the number of hours
operated, the activities completed and initiated (keyed to the CPM with a description), the
coordination comments, the materials received, the QC tests, and the project delays.
a. Project duration frequently exceeds the initial estimate for various reasons. It is
imperative that the new completion dates be determined for all activities to accurately forecast
future construction progress. Construction schedules will be updated when a project deviates
from the current schedule by more than 10 percent.
7. Project completion.
a. The constructing unit will ensure that the project is complete and functional. It
should be the goal of the constructing unit to finish and sign over the project with no
deficiencies.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
b. The following paragraphs are the sequence of events for signing over the project.
(1) The constructing unit’s OIC inspects the project to note deficiencies and
eventually verify completion.
(2) The constructing unit’s OIC and the construction directive authority will verify
completion according to the specifications.
(3) The constructing unit prepares the project acceptance certificate for the
customer’s/higher HQ signature.
(4) The constructing unit’s OIC and the construction directive authority will perform
the final inspection with the customer. The constructing unit will provide three copies of the
signed project acceptance certificate to the originating HQ.
8. Reports required. Specify the construction progress reports that are required by the
higher HQ. Brevity and maximum use of automation in construction management are
encouraged by using the TCMS reports.
a. Field changes. The constructing unit to the appropriate approving authority will
submit proposed field changes to construction drawings or specifications. The approving
authority will be the design engineer who will consult with and have the approval of the using
agency or higher HQ. Approving authority may be delegated to the subordinate S3 sections
with engineering and design capabilities.
(1) Field changes will not be made by any personnel except, or with the written
concurrence of, the original designer. Field changes considered essential to successful project
execution are encouraged. Such changes may be made with the approval of the construction
unit’s commanding officer and the concurrence of the approving authority.
(2) Field changes will not be accomplished by the unit until the original approving
authority has approved the changes.
(3) Verifying the completion date and the construction schedule will be required
when any field changes are made. The unit’s construction officer will take appropriate action to
update the CPM construction schedule, as required.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
(4) Field changes will be shown in red on the “Record Construction Drawings” set.
This set will be submitted to the drawing originator who will prepare the final record drawings set
and distribute the drawings to the user.
b. Construction drainage.
(1) Before the start of any construction, a detailed plan will be developed to ensure
minimal damage to the construction in progress due to surface runoff or flooding.
(2) At the close of each construction day, a check will be made and the necessary
actions taken to ensure that all water will drain freely from the site. The water will be directed
from the project area to adjacent areas where it will not cause significant damage or hinder
construction for the next day.
(3) Extra materials that are needed are culverts and hay or straw. The construction
officer should identify these materials early so that they can be properly acquired before the
project starts.
d. Job-site appearance.
(1) During construction, sites will be policed daily for all waste materials, empty
containers, and other items to present an orderly appearance.
(2) All construction materials will be stored properly, protected from the elements,
and secured against theft.
(3) Construction areas will be graded and reseeded, if necessary, to restore the
area to its original condition. The construction unit is responsible for turning over a well-
groomed project.
(1) Before starting any construction effort on a project, the constructing unit will
coordinate with the local authorities to ensure that projects will not hinder their utilities. If there
is a possible conflict, representatives from the constructing unit will visit the appropriate agency
to resolve conflicts.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
(2) During construction, all known facilities must be marked clearly and be
protected. Any damage to utilities must be reported immediately to the appropriate agency and
through the higher HQ.
g. Project briefing board. A platoon- or larger-size project will have a project briefing
board on site.
h. Project sign. Each major project will have a project sign posted at the entrance to the
project and kept in good condition.
Figure E-1. Engineering services and troop construction SOP sample (continued)
abn airborne
AO area of operation
AR Army regulation
Glossary-1
FM 5-116
attn attention
avail available
bde brigade
cbt combat
CI counterintelligence
Glossary-2
FM 5-116
CONUS continental US
CP command post
CS combat support
Glossary-3
FM 5-116
cu cubic
cyl cylinder
CZ combat zone
DC District of Columbia
DS direct support
DTD dated
EA engagement area
Glossary-4
FM 5-116
engr engineer
FE facilities engineer
FF fire fighting
FM field manual
Glossary-5
FM 5-116
fwd forward
FY fiscal year
gp group
GS general support
HN host nation
HQ headquarters
hvy heavy
Glossary-6
FM 5-116
J2 Intelligence Directorate
J3 Operations Directorate
J4 Logistics Directorate
JP joint publication
Glossary-7
FM 5-116
lt light
MG major general
Glossary-8
FM 5-116
MP military police
no number
Glossary-9
FM 5-116
opns operations
QA quality assurance
Glossary-10
FM 5-116
QC quality control
RC Reserve Components
spt support
Glossary-11
FM 5-116
TF task force
TO theater of operations
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
US United States
Glossary-12
FM 5-116
util utility
vs versus
yd yard
Glossary-13
References
SOURCES USED
These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
Military Publications
Army Regulation (AR) 415-30/Air Force Regulation (AFR) 93-10. Troop Construction and
Engineering Support of the Air Force Overseas. 15 May 1979.
CJCSM 3122.03. Joint Operation Planning and Execution System, Volume II, Planning Formats
and Guidance. 1 June 1996.
DODD 4270.36. DOD Emergency, Contingency, and Other Unprogrammed Construction.
16 May 1991.
DODD 6050.7. Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Department of Defense Actions.
31 March 1979.
DODI 4165.3. Department of Defense Facility Classes and Construction Categories.
24 October 1978.
DODI 4270.5. Military Construction Responsibilities. 2 March 1982.
DOD Overseas Environmental Baseline Guidance Document (OEBGD). October 1992.
FM 5-71-100. Division Engineer Combat Operations. 22 April 1993.
FM 5-100. Engineer Operations. 27 February 1996.
FM 5-100-15. Corps Engineer Operations. 6 June 1995.
FM 5-103. Survivability. 10 June 1985.
FM 5-104. General Engineering. 12 November 1986.
FM 5-105. Topographic Operations. 30 September 1993.
FM 5-114. Engineer Operations Short of War. 13 July 1992.
FM 5-430-00-1. Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports in the Theater of
Operations - Road Design (AFJPAM 32-8013, Volume 1). 8 August 1994.
FM 20-32. Mine/Countermine Operations. 29 May 1998.
FM 90-7. Combined Arms Obstacle Integration. 29 September 1994.
FM 90-13/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-17.1. River-Crossing Operations.
26 January 1998.
FM 90-13-1. Combined Arms Breaching Operations. To be published in the next six months.
FM 100-5. Operations. 14 June 1993.
FMFM 3-1. Command and Staff Action. 21 May 1979.
JP 1. Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States. 10 January 1995.
References-1
FM 5-116
References-2
Index
A construction materials, 6-1
design considerations, 6-3
Army Service Component Commander (ASCC),
planning considerations, 6-2
1-5
construction standards
ASCC. See Army Service Component
initial, 6-3
Commander.
temporary, 6-3
B contingency real estate support team (CREST),
1-9
bills of material (BOM), 6-4
contract-construction agent (CCA), 2-2, 2-13
BOM. See bills of material.
counterintelligence, 5-4
C countermobility, 1-6
CRAF. See Civil Reserve Air Fleet.
C2 .See command and control. CREST. See contingency real estate support
C4I. See command, control, communications,
team.
computers, and intelligence.
CRREL. See Cold Regions Research and
camouflage, concealment, and deception
Engineering Laboratory.
(CCD), 1-6
CCA. See contract-construction agent. D
CCD. See camouflage, concealment, and
Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), 6-5
deception.
district commands, B-1
centers, B-2
division commands, B-1
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), B-2
DMA. See Defense Mapping Agency.
CERL. See Construction Engineering and
Research Laboratory. E
CESP. See Civil-Engineering Support Plan.
emergency support function 3 (ESF 3), B-3
characteristcs of Army-operations doctrine
engineer annex, 5-8
agility, 1-12
engineer coordination, 2-4
depth, 1-12
engineer facilities study, 5-4
initiative, 1-12
engineer work line (EWL), 1-10
orchestration, 1-12
engineer-support planning process, 5-4
versatility, 1-12
EOD. See explosive ordnance disposal.
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency.
ERC. See Exercise-Related Construction
Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), 3-2
Program.
Civil-Engineering Support Plan (CESP), 2-5,
ESF 3. See emergency support function 3.
4-9, 5-7, C-1
EWL. See engineer work line.
civil-military operations center (CMOC), 4-7
Exercise-Related Construction (ERC)
CMOC. See civil-military operations center.
Program, 1-2
Cold Regions Research and Engineering
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), 6-6
Laboratory (CRREL), B-2
command and control (C2), 2-1 F
command, control, communications,
Facilities Engineer (FE), 2-3
computers, and intelligence (C4I), 2-12
FE. See Facilities Engineer.
construction considerations, 6-4
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Construction Engineering and Research
(FEMA), 4-9
Laboratory (CERL), B-2
Index-1
FM 5-116
FEMA. See Federal Emergency Management mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available,
Agency. and civilian consideration (METT-TC), 2-1
force bed down, 7-7 MMC. See Material Management Center.
force protection, 7-6 mobility, 1-4
MOUT. See military operations on urbanized
G terrain.
general engineering, 1-7 Movement Control Center (MCC), 6-4
geospatial information and services (GI&S), multinational operations, 7-2
1-8 multinational units and organizations, 4-5
GI&S. See geospatial information and services. Multispectral Imagery Processor (MISP), 6-5
H N
HCA. See Humanitarian and Civic Assistance nation assistance, 7-8
Program. national command authority (NCA), 4-6
human intelligence, 5-4 national guard participation, 7-10
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance (HCA) National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Program, 1-2 (NIMA), 2-10
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
I (NAVFAC), 2-2
interagency operations, 4-7 NAVFAC. See Naval Facilities Engineering
intermediate staging base (ISB), 1-2 Command.
ISB. See intermediate staging base. NCA. See national command authority.
NGO. See nongovernmental organizations.
J NIMA. See National Imagery and Mapping
JEPES. See Joint Engineer Planning and Agency.
Execution System. nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 4-7
joint boards, 4-2
Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board,
O
4-4 operational
Joint Environmental Management Board, C2, 5-2
4-4 firepower, 5-2
Joint Facilities Utilization Board, 4-4 intelligence, surveillance, and
joint capabilities, 4-1 reconnaissance, 5-3
Joint Engineer Planning and Execution movement and maneuver, 5-1
System (JEPES), 5-4 protection, 5-2
joint operations, 7-2 support, 5-3
operations planning group (OPG), 4-5
L OPG. See operations planning group.
laboratories, B-2
logistics support, 6-6
P
PLL. See prescribed load list.
M prescribed load list (PLL), 6-5
maintenance support, 6-5 principles of war, 1-11
Material Management Center (MMC), 6-5 private voluntary organizations (PVOs), 4-7
MCC. See Movement Control Center. PVO. See private voluntary organizations.
METT-TC. See mission, enemy, terrain, troops,
time available, and civilian consideration.
R
military operations on urbanized terrain real estate, 4-10
(MOUT), 7-9 real estate support, 2-10
MISP. See Multispectral Imagery Processor. real-property maintenance activities (RPMA)
functions, 2-3
Index-2
FM 5-116
requirements, 2-11
reception, staging, onward movement, and
integration (RSO&I), 1-2, 6-5
redeployment, 7-9
reserve participation, 7-10
RPMA. See real-property maintenance
activities.
RSO&I. See reception, staging, onward
movement, and integration.
S
split-based operations, 3-4
survivability, 1-6
T
TCMS. See Theater Construction Management
System.
TCN. See third country national.
TEC. See Topographic Engineering Center.
Theater Construction Management System
(TCMS), 2-7, 4-9, B-2
theater support command (TSC), 2-8
third country national (TCN), 4-11
topographic
engineering, 1-8, 7-5
support, 2-9, 4-2
Topographic Engineering Center (TEC), B-2
troop construction, 2-13
TSC. See theater support command.
U
unit organizations, A-1
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 1-3,
2-2, B-1
USACE. See US Army Corps of Engineers.
W
Waterways Experiment Station (WES), B-2
WES. See Waterways Experiment Station.
Index-3
FM 5-116
9 FEBRUARY 1999
DENNIS J. REIMER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
06676
DISTRIBUTION: