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    Lect Networking Primer

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    radhakodirekka8732
    This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in the EETS 8316 Wireless Networks course at SMU taught by Shantanu Kangude. The document discusses networking basics like packet switching, virtual circuits, and circuit switching. It also covers wireless networking challenges like variable link quality, multipath fading, and shared medium issues. TCP/IP concepts like layers, applications, and protocols are summarized. The document provides an overview of the wireless physical and MAC layers and how they differ from wired networks.

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    Lect Networking Primer

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    radhakodirekka8732
    25 views51 pages
    This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in the EETS 8316 Wireless Networks course at SMU taught by Shantanu Kangude. The document discusses networking basics like packet switching, virtual circuits, and circuit switching. It also covers wireless networking challenges like variable link quality, multipath fading, and shared medium issues. TCP/IP concepts like layers, applications, and protocols are summarized. The document provides an overview of the wireless physical and MAC layers and how they differ from wired networks.

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    This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in the EETS 8316 Wireless Networks course at SMU taught by Shantanu Kangude. The document discusses networking basics like packet switching, virtual circuits, and circuit switching. It also covers wireless networking challenges like variable link quality, multipath fading, and shared medium issues. TCP/IP concepts like layers, applications, and protocols are summarized. The document provides an overview of the wireless physical and MAC layers and how they differ from wired networks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views51 pages

    Lect Networking Primer

    Uploaded by

    radhakodirekka8732
    This document provides a summary of the key topics covered in the EETS 8316 Wireless Networks course at SMU taught by Shantanu Kangude. The document discusses networking basics like packet switching, virtual circuits, and circuit switching. It also covers wireless networking challenges like variable link quality, multipath fading, and shared medium issues. TCP/IP concepts like layers, applications, and protocols are summarized. The document provides an overview of the wireless physical and MAC layers and how they differ from wired networks.

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    of 51

    EETS 8316 Wireless Networks

    Fall 2012 Lecture: Networking Basics & Wireless


    http://lyle.smu.edu/~skangude/eets8316.html

    Shantanu Kangude
    [email protected]

    A similar course at CMU


    http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS12/
    Inspiration for some of our slides besides the textbook

    Packet Switching & Virtual Circuits

    Switched Network

    Observations of Figure 3.3


    Some nodes connect only to other nodes (e.g., 5 and 7) Some nodes connect to one or more stations Node-station links usually dedicated point-topoint links Node-node links usually multiplexed links
    Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

    Not a direct link between every node pair

    Techniques Used in Switched Networks


    Circuit switching
    Dedicated communications path between two stations E.g., public telephone network

    Packet switching
    Message is broken into a series of packets Each node determines next leg of transmission for each packet

    Phases of Circuit Switching


    Circuit establishment
    An end to end circuit is established through switching nodes

    Information Transfer
    Information transmitted through the network Data may be analog voice, digitized voice, or binary data

    Circuit disconnect
    Circuit is terminated Each node deallocates dedicated resources

    Characteristics of Circuit Switching


    Can be inefficient
    Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection Utilization not 100% Delay prior to signal transfer for establishment

    Once established, network is transparent to users Information transmitted at fixed data rate with only propagation delay

    Components of Public Telecommunications Network


    Subscribers - devices that attach to the network; mostly telephones Subscriber line - link between subscriber and network
    Also called subscriber loop or local loop

    Exchanges - switching centers in the network


    A switching centers that support subscribers is an end office

    Trunks - branches between exchanges

    How Packet Switching Works


    Data is transmitted in blocks, called packets Before sending, the message is broken into a series of packets
    Typical packet length is 1000 octets (bytes) Packets consists of a portion of data plus a packet header that includes control information

    At each node en route, packet is received, stored briefly and passed to the next node

    Packet Switching

    Packet Switching

    Packet Switching Advantages


    Line efficiency is greater
    Many packets over time can dynamically share the same node to node link

    Packet-switching networks can carry out data-rate conversion


    Two stations with different data rates can exchange information

    Unlike circuit-switching networks that block calls when traffic is heavy, packet-switching still accepts packets, but with increased delivery delay Priorities can be used

    Disadvantages of Packet Switching


    Each packet switching node introduces a delay Overall packet delay can vary substantially
    This is referred to as jitter Caused by differing packet sizes, routes taken and varying delay in the switches

    Each packet requires overhead information


    Includes destination and sequencing information Reduces communication capacity

    More processing required at each node

    Packet Switching Networks Datagram


    Each packet treated independently, without reference to previous packets Each node chooses next node on packets path Packets dont necessarily follow same route and may arrive out of sequence Exit node restores packets to original order Responsibility of exit node or destination to detect loss of packet and how to recover

    Packet Switching Networks Datagram


    Advantages:
    Call setup phase is avoided Because its more primitive, its more flexible Datagram delivery is more reliable

    Packet Switching Networks Virtual Circuit


    Preplanned route established before packets sent All packets between source and destination follow this route Routing decision not required by nodes for each packet Emulates a circuit in a circuit switching network but is not a dedicated path
    Packets still buffered at each node and queued for output over a line

    Packet Switching Networks Virtual Circuit


    Advantages:
    Packets arrive in original order Packets arrive correctly Packets transmitted more rapidly without routing decisions made at each node

    Effect of Packet Size on Transmission

    Effect of Packet Size on Transmission


    Breaking up packets decreases transmission time because transmission is allowed to overlap Figure 3.9a
    Entire message (40 octets) + header information (3 octets) sent at once Transmission time: 129 octet-times

    Figure 3.9b
    Message broken into 2 packets (20 octets) + header (3 octets) Transmission time: 92 octet-times

    Effect of Packet Size on Transmission


    Figure 3.9c
    Message broken into 5 packets (8 octets) + header (3 octets) Transmission time: 77 octet-times

    Figure 3.9d
    Making the packets too small, transmission time starts increases Each packet requires a fixed header; the more packets, the more headers

    Network Protocols

    Key Features of a Protocol


    Syntax
    Concerns the format of the data blocks

    Semantics
    Includes control information for coordination and error handling

    Timing
    Includes speed matching and sequencing

    Agents Involved in Communication


    Applications
    Exchange data between computers (e.g., electronic mail)

    Computers
    Connected to networks

    Networks
    Transfers data from one computer to another

    TCP/IP Layers
    Physical layer Network access layer Internet layer Host-to-host, or transport layer Application layer

    TCP/IP Physical Layer


    Covers the physical interface between a data transmission device and a transmission medium or network Physical layer specifies:
    Characteristics of the transmission medium The nature of the signals The data rate Other related matters

    TCP/IP Network Access Layer


    Concerned with the exchange of data between an end system and the network to which it's attached Software used depends on type of network
    Circuit switching Packet switching (e.g., X.25) LANs (e.g., Ethernet) Others

    TCP/IP Internet Layer


    Uses internet protocol (IP) Provides routing functions to allow data to traverse multiple interconnected networks Implemented in end systems and routers

    TCP/IP Host-to-Host, or Transport Layer


    Commonly uses transmission control protocol (tcp) Provides reliability during data exchange
    Completeness Order

    TCP/IP Application Layer


    Logic supports user applications Uses separate modules that are peculiar to each different type of application

    Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

    Common TCP/IP Applications


    Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
    Provides a basic electronic mail facility

    File Transfer Protocol (FTP)


    Allows files to be sent from one system to another

    TELNET
    Provides a remote logon capability

    HTTP
    Web Browsing

    Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

    TCP/IP Architecture Dominance


    TCP/IP protocols matured quicker than similar OSI protocols
    When the need for interoperability across networks was recognized, only TCP/IP was available and ready to go

    OSI model is unnecessarily complex


    Accomplishes in seven layers what TCP/IP does with fewer layers

    Internetworking Terms
    Communication network facility that provides a data transfer service among devices attached to the network Internet collection of communication networks, interconnected by bridges/routers Intranet internet used by an organization for internal purposes
    Provides key Internet applications Can exist as an isolated, self-contained internet

    Internetworking Terms
    End System (ES) device used to support end-user applications or services Intermediate System (IS) device used to connect two networks Bridge an IS used to connect two LANs that use similar LAN protocols Router - an IS used to connect two networks that may or may not be similar

    Functions of a Router
    Provide a link between networks Provide for the routing and delivery of data between processes on end systems attached to different networks Provide these functions in such a way as not to require modifications of the networking architecture of any of the attached subnetworks

    Network Differences Routers Must Accommodate


    Addressing schemes
    Different schemes for assigning addresses

    Maximum packet sizes


    Different maximum packet sizes requires segmentation

    Interfaces
    Differing hardware and software interfaces

    Reliability
    Network may provide unreliable service

    Wireless Medium & Traditional Networking

    Wired and Wireless Links


    Wired links
    Constant Reliable Physically isolated Usually single path

    Wireless links
    Variable Error-prone Share the medium with each other and other external, uncontrolled sources like appliances Multi-paths with reflections, refraction, scattering etc.

    Wireless Physical Layer Issues (1)


    Wired error rate 10^(-10) Wireless error rates vary and orders of magnitude worse Signal attenuates with distance and is affected by noise MORE in wireless
    Reception depends on SINR = S/I+N (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) Redundancy from Modulation and coding schemes improves reception rates

    Multipath fading issues when reflections present

    Wireless Physical Layer Issues (2)


    Received power is too low compared to the transmit power
    Received signal will always look like the transmitted signal Collision Detection as in Ethernet not possible ACKs/NACKs are usually the means to infer correct reception, losses, or collisions

    Wireless & MAC Layer Issues


    Multiplexing and Multiple Access
    TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, or randomly access a channel in time Even with TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA, the number of simultaneous channels available may be at-times LESS than the number of simultaneous potential transmitters
    Use MAC protocols to share channels

    Losses can be PHYSICAL layer based on MAC layer based collisions

    Adding Capacity in Wireless Networks


    Not as simple as adding new wires Adding more links increase interference May need to use extra spectrum Or have Frequency Reuse (see cellular arch.)
    Limit/Isolate signal power to certain physical areas Reuse the same frequencies in other areas

    Cellular Coverage Tiling and Frequency Reuse

    Image Source: http://www.realwireless.biz/tag/cellular/

    Mobility Issues
    Time Varying Channel Response, the way the channel modifies what is transmitted Even with stationary transmitters and receivers, the items in the channel may be mobile
    Time varying channel response, again

    Traditional routing and IP addressing are meant for not so frequently changing topologies and SUBNET MEMBERSHIP

    Making Networking Work for Wireless


    Physical layer solutions to deal with signal propagation challenges
    Use of redundancy in space, time, frequency domains, rate adaptation, dealing with multipath

    MAC layer solutions to deal with challenges


    ACKs and retransmissions, hidden terminals, power control mechanisms, Hybrid ARQs

    Higher layer challenges


    TCP congestion control issues, highly variable bandwidth links, dealing with disconnected operation IP address and routing when changing locations? Mobile IP

    Evaluating Wireless Protocols & Networks

    Evaluation Tools in Networking


    Simulations
    Simplistic & least accurate, but easy repeatable first analysis

    Actual testbeds
    Difficult and expensive to build and maintain Hard for repeatability

    Emulators
    Middle ground between Simulations and Testbeds

    Models Used in Wireless Evaluations


    Reception area is circular (not really); better:
    Grey areas where reception is probabilistic Interference, even beyond reception areas

    The world is flat; no, earth is spherical 2 ray ground model 1 ray line of sight, the other reflecting from the ground All radios have equal range; not necessary If A can hear B, B can hear A; not necessary If I can hear you, I may not hear you perfectly Signal strength is not a simple function of distance model fading, transmit rate, terrain factors

    Summary
    Basics of switching and networking Wireless challenges for traditional networking Wireless network evaluation strategies

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