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LECTURE 7: External Forced Convection Syllabus: Skin Friction and Drag, Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates, Flow and Heat Transfer Across

This lecture covers external forced convection, including skin friction and drag on flat plates, cylinders, and spheres. It provides correlations for local and average Nusselt and friction numbers in laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates. For cylinders and spheres, it discusses the complicated flow patterns and variations in local Nusselt number with angle. It presents empirical correlations from Churchill and Bernstein (1948) and Whitaker (1972) for average Nusselt numbers of cylinders and spheres. Although these correlations are considered accurate, results can differ by up to 30%.

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62 views3 pages

LECTURE 7: External Forced Convection Syllabus: Skin Friction and Drag, Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates, Flow and Heat Transfer Across

This lecture covers external forced convection, including skin friction and drag on flat plates, cylinders, and spheres. It provides correlations for local and average Nusselt and friction numbers in laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates. For cylinders and spheres, it discusses the complicated flow patterns and variations in local Nusselt number with angle. It presents empirical correlations from Churchill and Bernstein (1948) and Whitaker (1972) for average Nusselt numbers of cylinders and spheres. Although these correlations are considered accurate, results can differ by up to 30%.

Uploaded by

Kazankapov Nurlan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 7: External Forced Convection

Syllabus : Skin Friction and Drag, Parallel Flow over Flat Plates, Flow and Heat Transfer across
Cylinders and Spheres
Skin Friction and Drag
The drag force is the net force exerted by a fluid on a body in the
direction of flow due to the combined effects of wall shear and pressure
forces:
pressure D friction D
D
D
C C
A V
F
C
, , 2
2
1
+

(1)

(coeff.))
drag pressure
(coeff.) drag
friction skin
) (
+
t coefficien
drag Total
Parallel Flow over Flat Plates
The local friction and convection coefficients are:
Laminar: friction 5 . 0 ,
Re
664 . 0
x
x f
C
, Re
x
< 510
5
; heat transfer
3 1 5 . 0
Pr Re 332 . 0
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
(2)
Turbulent:
2 . 0 ,
Re
059 . 0
x
x f
C
, 510
5
< Re
x
< 10
7
,
3 1 8 . 0
Pr Re 0296 . 0
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu (3)
The correlation for the average friction and convection coefficients are:
Laminar:
5 . 0
Re
33 . 1
L
f
C
, Re
L
< 510
5
,
3 1 5 . 0
Pr Re 664 . 0
L
k
L h
Nu (4)
Turbulent:
2 . 0
Re
074 . 0
L
f
C
, 510
5
< Re
L
< 10
7
,
3 1 8 . 0
Pr Re 037 . 0
L
k
L h
Nu (5)
The above correlations are for the case of isothermal surfaces. When a flat plate is subjected to
uniform heat flux, the local Nusselt number is given by
Laminar:
3 1 5 . 0
Pr Re 453 . 0
x x
Nu , Re
x
< 510
5
; (6)
Turbulent:
3 1 8 . 0
Pr Re 0308 . 0
x x
Nu , 510
5
< Re
x
< 10
7
, (7)
(a) Drag force depends on the wall
shear only.
(b) Drag force depends on the
pressure only.
Flow and Heat Transfer across Cylinders and Spheres
Flow across cylinders and spheres; in general, involve flow separation, which is difficult to handle
analytically. Such flow has been studied experimentally and several empirical correlations have been
developed for the heat transfer coefficient.
The complicated flow pattern across a cylinder
greatly influences heat transfer.
(a) Drag coefficient as a function
of Reynolds number for a smooth circular cylinder and a smooth sphere. (b) Typical flow pattern for
flow past a circular cylinder at various Reynolds numbers as indicated in (a).
The variation of the local Nusselt number Nu

along the
circumference in cross flow starts out relatively high at the
stagnation point ( = 0), but decreases with increasing as a
result of thickening of the laminar boundary layer. On the two
curves at the bottom corresponding to Re = 70,800 and 101,300,
Nu

reaches a minimum at 80, which is separation point in
laminar flow. Then Nu

increases with increasing as a result of
intense mixing in the separated flow region (the wake). The
curves at the top corresponding to Re = 140,000 and 219,000
differ from the first two curves in that they have two minima for
Nu

. The sharp difference at 90 is due to transition from


laminar to turbulent flow. The later decrease in Nu

is again due
to the thickening of the boundary layer. Nu

reaches its second


minimum at about 140, which is flow the separation point in
the turbulent wake region.
In practical applications the average heat transfer coefficients are
required.
The empirical correlations for average Nusselt numbers for cross
flow over a cylinder and sphere are available in literature, the examples follow:
(Churchill and Bernstein):
( ) [ ]
5 4
8 5
4 1
3 2
3 1 2 1
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr 4 . 0 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
+
k
hD
Nu
cyl
(8)
(Whitaker): [ ]
4 1
4 . 0 3 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
2 1

,
_

+ +

s
sph
k
hD
Nu

(9)
Although the two relations above are considered to be quite accurate, the results obtained from them
can be off by as much as 30 percent.
The average Nusselt number for flow across cylinder can be
expressed compactly as

3 1
Pr Re
m
cyl
C
k
hD
Nu (10)
Where the experimentally determined constants C and m are
given in the Table
References:
1. Y. A. engel, A. J. Ghajar . Heat and Mass Transfer. Fundamentals and Applications. 4
th
Ed.,
McGraw-Hill.
2. Munson B.R., Young D.F., Okiishi T.H. / Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition. Wiley Higher
Education.

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