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The document discusses the limitations of the basic entity-relationship model and the enhanced entity-relationship model which incorporates additional concepts like specialization and generalization. Specialization and generalization allow subclassing of entities where subclasses share attributes from the superclass and can have additional attributes of their own.

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70 views18 pages

ch12 PPT Pps

The document discusses the limitations of the basic entity-relationship model and the enhanced entity-relationship model which incorporates additional concepts like specialization and generalization. Specialization and generalization allow subclassing of entities where subclasses share attributes from the superclass and can have additional attributes of their own.

Uploaded by

arya_himanshi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 12

Enhanced Entity-Relationship Modeling Transparencies

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Chapter 12 - Objectives
Limitations

of basic concepts of the ER model and requirements to represent more complex applications using additional data modeling concepts. Most useful additional data modeling concept of Enhanced ER (EER) model is called specialization/generalization. A diagrammatic technique for displaying specialization/generalization in an EER diagram using UML.
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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Enhanced Entity-Relationship Model


Since

1980s there has been an increase in emergence of new database applications with more demanding requirements. concepts of ER modeling are not sufficient to represent requirements of newer, more complex applications.

Basic

Response

is development of additional semantic modeling concepts.


3

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

The Enhanced Entity-Relationship Model


Semantic

concepts are incorporated into the original ER model and called the Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) model. of additional concept of EER model is called specialization / generalization.

Examples

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization / Generalization
Superclass

An entity type that includes one or more distinct subgroupings of its occurrences.
Subclass

A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity type.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization / Generalization
Superclass/subclass

relationship is one-

to-one (1:1).
Superclass

may contain overlapping or distinct subclasses. all members of a superclass need be a member of a subclass.

Not

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization / Generalization
Attribute

Inheritance An entity in a subclass represents same real world object as in superclass, and may possess subclass-specific attributes, as well as those associated with the superclass.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization / Generalization

Specialization Process of maximizing differences between members of an entity by identifying their distinguishing characteristics.

Generalization

Process of minimizing differences between entities by identifying their common characteristics.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

AllStaff relation holding details of all staff

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization/generalization of Staff entity into subclasses representing job roles

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Specialization/generalization of Staff entity into job roles and contracts of employment

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

EER diagram with shared subclass and subclass with its own subclass

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Constraints on Specialization / Generalization


Two

constraints that may apply to a specialization/generalization: participation constraints disjoint constraints. constraint Determines whether every member in superclass must participate as a member of a subclass. May be mandatory or optional.
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Participation

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Constraints on Specialization / Generalization


Disjoint

constraint Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. May be disjoint or nondisjoint.

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Constraints on Specialization / Generalization

There are four categories of constraints of specialization and generalization: mandatory and disjoint optional and disjoint mandatory and nondisjoint optional and nondisjoint.

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DreamHome worked example - Staff Superclass with Supervisor and Manager subclasses

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DreamHome worked example - Owner Superclass with PrivateOwner and BusinessOwner subclasses

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DreamHome worked example - Person superclass with Staff, PrivateOwner, and Client subclasses

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Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

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