Library Research: 1983-1997

A Report to the National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong

Learning and the National Library of Education, Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, U.S. Department of Education

Table of Contents

Executive Summary........................................................................................................ ii
Findings........................................................................................................................ 1
Background................................................................................................................... 1
Key Findings -- Priorities ................................................................................................. 5
Key Findings -- Funding .................................................................................................. 7
Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 8
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 10
The Digital Library Initiative ............................................................................................ 13
Research Methodology.................................................................................................... 15
The Data....................................................................................................................... 22
Funded Projects and Research Priorities............................................................................ 61
List of Tables
Table I: Research Priorities… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………….2
Table II: Consolidated Priorities… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………… . . 3
Table III: Distribution of Research by Priority… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………5
Table IVA: Federally funded library research ..................................................................... 22
Table IVB: Privately funded library research ...................................................................... 27
Table VA: Journal articles............................................................................................... 42
Table VB: Dissertations and other unpublished studies ...................................................... 56

List of Matrices
Matrix A: Federally funded programs and research priorities.............................................. 61
Matrix B: Privately funded programs and research priorities .............................................. 66
List of Figures
Figure 1: Library Research Priorities: 1983-1997… … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………5
Figure 2: Library Research: Federal and Non-Federal Funding… … … … … … … … …………………8
 Library Research: 1983-1997

A Report to

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

The National Institute on Postsecondary Education,

Libraries, and Lifelong Learning

and

The National Library of Education

From

Libraries for the Future

121 West 27th Street
New York, New York 10001
(212) 352-2330
 Library Research: 1983-1997

Executive Summary

This report was commissioned by the National Institute on Postsecondary Education,

Libraries, and Lifelong Learning (PLLI) and The National Library of Education (NLE),
Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education
to serve as the basis for decisions concerning continued U. S. Department of Education
support for library research. We have sought to inform that process by describing two
earlier efforts in OERI to establish a research agenda and comparing the priorities
established at that time to research since accomplished. We have also examined Federal
and non-Federal funding trends and compared those with the OERI priorities. Based on
this data and its analysis, we have made recommendations for the U. S. Department of
Education in regard to library research policy.

In 1982, A Library and Information Science Research Agenda for the 1980s (henceforth,
“Cuadra Report”) documented a project sponsored by OERI that developed a “research
agenda” through a process involving 26 researchers and practitioners, selected to
represent the leadership of the field. A later document, Rethinking the Library, was
based on yet another project sponsored by OERI in 1986-87 consisting of a series of four
meetings at which field-nominated experts identified issues they considered most
important to the profession. Research priorities from these two projects were
consolidated for this report and used as a basis for comparison with subsequent library
research.

Library research projects from 1983 to 1997 were collected and compared to the 1980s
priorities that emerged from the two initiatives mentioned above. These included
Federally-funded projects, non-Federally funded projects, unfunded published studies,
and unfunded unpublished studies. It was found that:

• Some of the 1980s priorities were frequently met by the research studies;
others were less frequently met. There were no indications that the priorities,
as a group, affected the direction of research.

On the other hand,

• A comparison of “priorities” met by the surveyed library research shows a

remarkable coincidence in the percentage of projects groupable under specific
priorities between those projects funded by the Federal government and those
privately funded, while there are quite different distributions for published
research and unpublished (dissertations, conference papers, etc.) research.

In regard to funding patterns, it was found that:

ii
 • Total Federal funding for library research since 1983 has been approximately
three and a quarter million dollars. In other words, total Federal support for
library research has averaged less than $275,000 per year.

• Annual Federal funding for the entire period to all library research projects
has been approximately one-quarter of the typical annual funding of OERI
national centers of research in other topics.

• Federal funding for library research peaked in 1987. As funding from

traditional sources, such as the Department of Education, has declined, so has
the amount of research on traditional areas involving physical collections,
their use and access.

• Total non-Federal funding for library research since 1983 has been under $6
million ($5,593,797), or approximately $430,000 per year.

• Total funding for library research, Federal and private, has averaged less than
three-quarters of a million dollars per year since 1983.

• In recent years, funding for library research from other Federal agencies,
including the Department of Defense, and from two large private foundations,
has sharply increased in the specific research area of digital or electronic
library planning.

The unfocused nature of library research in the period 1983-1997, the decline in research
support from traditional sources, the relatively low level of federal support in relation to
other research areas advanced through National Research Centers, and recent shifts in
research support towards electronic library issues, all suggest the need for a coordinated
national agenda for library research. Recommendations include:

• Develop a national library research policy and capacity.

• Develop a Federal -- interdepartmental -- library research policy.

• Develop a National Center for Library Research, modeled after other U.S.
Department of Education research centers, to provide national and Federal leadership
in library research. The National Center for Library Research should be closely
linked to both the National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and
Lifelong Learning and the National Library of Education, with strong liaison
relationships with the National Science Foundation and other Federal funders of
library research, especially the Institute for Museum and Library Services, the
National Endowment for the Humanities and the United States National Commission
on Libraries and Information Science.

iii
 Library Research: 1983-1997

Findings

Background

The following analysis of library research emerged from a concern in the field, shared by
Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) officers, regarding the paucity
of research on public libraries and the perceived lack of a research agenda for the nation’s
libraries. This is not a new concern. In 1982 A Library and Information Science
Research Agenda for the 1980s (henceforth, “Cuadra Report”) documented a project
conducted for the Department of Education, Office of Libraries and Learning
Technologies, under the direction of Dr. Carlos A. Cuadra, President of Cuadra
Associates. The project developed a “research agenda” through a process involving 26
researchers and practitioners, selected to represent the leadership of the field. The
intention of those planning the project was that the research agenda developed would be
the basis for planning of public investments in library research. The process included a
three-day meeting during which the project participants identified a research agenda
based on submissions from the fifteen researchers among the project participants who had
each developed approximately six proposed research projects. The research agenda that
resulted was thought proper to “guide and support the allocation and targeting of present
and prospective research funds.”

Then, in 1986-87, OERI, through the Office of Library Programs, held a series of four
meetings at which field-nominated library experts identified issues they considered most
important to the library profession. Office of Library Program staff then developed a list
of the major issues. The resulting study, Rethinking the Library in the Information Age:
Issues in Library Research -- An Agenda for the 1990s (1989), “was designed to identify
researchable issues that could help libraries attain -- or maintain -- a position of
leadership in the information society.”

The present report was commissioned to review the match between those past priorities
and the actual research conducted; determine emerging research topics, and serve as the
basis for decisions concerning the establishment of a new research agenda and continued
U. S. Department of Education support for library research. We have sought to inform
that process by describing the two earlier efforts to establish a research agenda and
comparing the priorities established at that time to research since accomplished. Because
the Cuadra research agenda was completed in 1982, it was determined that we should
examine research from 1983 on. We have also examined funding trends and compared
those with those same priorities. Based on this data and its analysis, we have made
recommendations for the U. S. Department of Education in regard to library research
policy.

1
Table I lists the research priorities that emerged from the Cuadra Report and Rethinking
the Library and notes those which are similar in each.

Table I: Research Priorities

Report Priority Common to both?

Cuadra (1982)
C1. Information Generation and
Provision of Information
Services
C2. Information Users and Uses (RL 9)
C3. Planning and Evaluation of
Library and Information
Services/Systems
C4. Economics of Information (RL 7)
and of Library and
Information Services
C5. Education and Professional (RL 2 & RL 8)
Issues
C6. Intellectual Freedom

Rethinking the Library

(1989)
RL1. Policy issues: federal, state,
and local roles and
responsibilities
RL2. Education and training of (C5)
librarians
RL3. Access to information
RL4. Archives and preservation
RL5. Organizing, indexing, and
retrieving materials
RL6. Role of the public services
librarian
RL7. Library funding and (C4)
economics
RL8. Libraries and education (C5)
RL9. Information users and needs (C2)
RL10. Library models

2
The priorities developed by the two 1980s reports have been combined and coded for the
purposes of this study. Table II consolidates the sixteen priorities from the two reports
(Cuadra Report = C; Rethinking Library = RL) and assigns them twelve reference letters:

Table II: Consolidated Priorities

a. b. c. d. e. f.
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
RL9 RL7 RL2
RL8

g. h. i. j. k l.
RL1 RL3 RL4 RL5 RL6 RL10

This yields the following key to the consolidated priorities:

a=Information Service;

b=Information Use;

c=Information Planning;

d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues;

f=Intellectual freedom;

g=Policy Issues;

h=Information Access;

i=Archives;

j=Organizing Materials;

k=Public Services;

l=Library Models

3
By documenting and categorizing a substantial number of Federally and privately funded
projects and both published and unpublished related research, this report is intended to
provide a framework for identifying trends or gaps in funded research that may be of
concern to the field and to funders. It may also throw light on the policy question of
whether the establishment of research priorities as attempted in the 1980s report is an
adequate mechanism for shaping the nation’s library research agenda.

This paper also describes the major public and private funding source sponsors for library
and information science research; the primary recipients of such funding; and asks
whether funded projects have met expectations concerning research priorities in
contributing to the needs of this field. Finally, it recommends how the library profession
and funding entities, including the federal government, philanthropic organizations,
academic institutions and related organizations, might more successfully approach the
development of a national agenda for library research. We believe that this information
will be useful for developing strategies and programs for improving research in library
and information science and for assisting Federal policy-makers in planning for Federal
funding of library research.

4
 Key Findings -- Priorities

Federally-funded library research projects between 1983 and 1997, library research
projects funded by non-Federal organizations, and other “professionally rigorous”
published studies for the period were tabulated and assigned to appropriate priorities from
the 1980s reports. (See the chapter on Research Methodology on page 15 for further
information). In most cases projects and studies were credited under more than one
priority. The tabulation given in Matrices A and B (pages 61 and 66) yields the
following distribution of studies by priority:

Table III: Distribution of Research by Priority

Priority A B C D E F G H I J K L
Federal 21% 12% 8% 4% 6% 0% 8% 14% 1% 4% 21% 2%
Non-Federal 25% 17% 4% 3% 3% 0% 4% 19% 1% 5% 17% 1%
Studies 15% 11% 12% 3% 15% 3% 5% 5% 10% 1% 18% 0%

Figure 1

Library Research Priorities: 1983 - 1997

70%
Published Studies
60%
Non-Federal
50%
Federal
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
a b c d e f g h i j k l
Priorities

5
The table above, and even more clearly, the graph, demonstrates that:

• Some of the 1980s priorities were frequently met by the research studies;
others were less frequently met. There were no indications that the priorities,
as a group, affected the direction of research.

On the other hand,

• A comparison of “priorities” met by the surveyed library research shows a

remarkable coincidence in the percentage of projects groupable under specific
priorities between those projects funded by the Federal government and those
privately funded, while there are quite different distributions for published
research.

From this we can logically conclude first, that either non-Federal funding sources
followed the lead of Federal funding agencies in the distribution of library research
support across priorities, or, as is more likely, that neither the Federal funding agencies
nor the non-Federal funders appropriated support for library research in accordance with
the 1980s priorities. The most reasonable explanation for the coincidence in Federal and
non-Federal funding patterns is that both are attributable to a common factor other than
the 1980s priorities and that the factor in question is simply the dynamic of research in
the field as perceived and supported by recognized researcher “leaders.”

Funded research takes place in a complex arena of individual and institutional priorities,
the sociology of research communities, and the dynamics of the formation of requests for
proposals process, responses to those requests, and their evaluations. In the absence of
external factors, those researchers most likely to be funded are among those most likely
to participate in funding decisions -- unless, of course, their own proposals are under
consideration -- formally, as participants in peer-review panels, or informally, as advisors
to program officers. This self-reinforcing cycle is central to the operation of what
Thomas Kuhn called “normal science,” and operates with respect to publication, citation,
conference participation, tenure decisions, etc., as well as with respect to funding
decisions.

If policymakers wish to establish priorities for research, priorities that may differ from
those of the field, if only by establishing an order of importance among various choices,
the identification of those priorities is not in itself sufficient. They must be strongly
incorporated into the language of requests for proposals and into the guidelines for the
proposal review process.

One mechanism frequently used to effect a national research agenda is the establishment
of research centers with distinct research plans. The national centers of the U. S.
Department of Education are good examples of this strategy. There is presently no
national center for library research, which may account, in part, for the unfocused nature
of library research in respect to the 1980s research priorities.

6
 Key Findings -- Funding

Tables IVA and IVB show per project funding for library research by source. The
information in Table IVA, Federally-funded projects, yields the following key finding:

• Total Federal funding for library research since 1983 has been approximately
three and a quarter million dollars. (See section below on the Digital Library
Initiative for a qualification of this statement.) In other words, total Federal
support for library research has averaged less than $275,000 per year.

Federal funding for library research peaked in 1987. Annual Federal funding for the
entire period to all library research projects has been approximately one-quarter of the
typical annual funding of OERI national centers of research in other topics.

The information in Table IVB, projects funded from non-Federal sources, yields the
following key finding:

• Total non-Federal funding for library research since 1983 has been under $6
million ($5,593,797), or approximately $430,000 per year.

Taking the information compiled in Tables IVA and IVB together,

• Total funding for library research, Federal and private, has averaged less than
three-quarters of a million dollars per year since 1983.

A special subset of funded library research projects is made up of the Federal Digital
Library Initiative (not included in the analysis above), three Mellon Foundation-funded
projects in 1993-94 and one Kellogg Foundation-funded project in 1995. The Mellon
Foundation projects were a baseline study (Princeton University, 1993, $210,000), an
evaluation development project (Columbia University, 1994, $700,000), and an
assessment of economic factors (Princeton University, 1994, $290,000), all concerning
the electronic or digital library of the future. The Kellogg Foundation project was for
institutional and policy issues, also in relationship to the development of a digital library,
part of the Foundation’s HRISM project (Harvard University, 1995, $650,000). In other
words, this highly significant injection of funds for library research from two of the
nation’s largest foundations has all been, in effect, for the same project, or, at least, the
same “priority,” reinforcing the even larger investments by non-traditional Federal
sources in the same area.

7
• As funding for library research from traditional sources, such as the U.S. Department
of Education, and in traditional areas involving physical collections, their use and
access, has declined, funding for library research from other Federal agencies,
including the Department of Defense, and from two large private foundations, has
sharply increased in the specific research area of digital or electronic library planning
-- which was not included among the priorities of the 1980s studies.

Figure 2

Library Research: Federal

and Non-Federal
Funding
$3,000,000

$2,500,000 Non-Federal

$2,000,000 Federal

$1,500,000

$1,000,000

$500,000

$0

8
 Conclusions

• There was significant overlap among the priorities identified by the two 1980s
studies.

• Research activity was not evenly spread among the priorities, some receiving little, if
any, attention.

• Funding patterns, whether from private or public sources, do not reflect the priorities
identified in the two base studies to which the report refers.

• Federal and non-Federal funding patterns are quite similar.

• A substantial portion of library research resides in the academic sector, widely

distributed in terms of numbers of projects, very narrowly distributed in terms of
funding.

• The funding picture has changed radically in the last few years, traditional sources
declining, others taking their place, and the emphasis shifting to electronic library
issues.

9
 Recommendations

The unfocused nature of library research in the period 1983-1997, the decline in research
support from traditional sources, the relatively low level of federal support in relation to
other research areas advanced through National Research Centers, and recent shifts in
research support towards electronic library issues, all suggest the need for a coordinated
national agenda for library research. It is recommended that the U.S. Department of
Education:

• Develop a national library research policy and capacity.

• Develop a Federal -- interdepartmental -- library research policy.

• Develop a National Center for Library Research, modeled after other U.S.
Department of Education research centers, to provide national and Federal leadership
in library research. The National Center for Library Research should be closely
linked to both the National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and
Lifelong Learning and the National Library of Education with strong liaison
relationships with the National Science Foundation and other Federal funders of
library research, such as the Institute for Museum and Library Services, the National
Endowment for the Humanities, and the United States Commission on Libraries and
Information Science.

Preliminary objectives for the National Center for Library Research might include:

1. To strengthen nationally the library-based information infrastructure and delivery

system.

2. To inform investment in library development.

As the nation makes substantial investments in library services and library

redevelopment -- through such programs as NSF’s Digital Library Initiative, the
Library of Congress’ National Digital Library, the Commerce Department’s TIAAP
grants, the Institute of Museum and Library Services and the National Libraries of
Education, Agriculture and the Environment -- it is especially important to recognize
libraries as a national resource and to build a research program that can help inform
public and private investment. Without such a program library development and
redevelopment is chaotic, haphazard and non-strategic.

3. To develop a national perspective on connectivity among types and sizes of libraries.

A truly national library research program must embrace all types and sizes of
libraries, for today the size, location, or institutional affiliation of a library is less

10
 important than its connections to other institutions and information sources. As
libraries are increasingly linked through new technologies, they are increasingly one
vast institution offering seamless access to the world’s information resources as well
as local information and documentation.

Other objectives for the proposed National Center for Libraries will arise from the
planned discussions leading to its establishment. This report will support those
discussions through its documentation of nearly fifteen years of library research, its
relationship to earlier priorities, its funding support, principal investigators, and
institutional base.

In the early 1980’s public libraries were thought of in much the same way as they had
been thought of a hundred years before. They were buildings in which collections were
held and made accessible to the public. As libraries are public institutions, and as those
buildings are frequently large and centrally located, libraries were also seen as providing
public space for library-related, and unrelated, public activities, chief among, cultural and
literacy classes and exhibitions. It was probably not widely foreseen at the time that in
the mid-1990s major research universities would be receiving millions of dollars for
library research, not about any of these issues, but in reference to the novel concept of an
electronic or digital library, and that much, if not most, of this funding would come from
Federal sources not traditionally associated with library research.

The effort to establish national priorities for library research that took place within the
Department of Education in the 1980s was not only overtaken by events, it was also
challenged by the way in which library research is funded and by the absence of a strong
policy initiative congruent with those priorities that were developed. Certainly, all the
library research that is tabulated in this report can be attributed to one or more of the
1980s priorities. On the other hand, the distribution seems to indicate that the motivation
for the research studies did not arise from the priorities, and, especially, the congruence
between the distributions among the priorities of Federally funded and non-Federally
funded research indicates that the field was not influenced by a strong perception of
Federal policy in this area. The sudden support for digital library projects from Federal
sources outside the Department of Education and from two key foundations is also
significant in reference to Department of Education policy leadership in this area.

The nature and future of libraries and their role in the nation’s information infrastructure
is an increasingly important national issue in the context of the emerging global
information economy. To use and develop that infrastructure to support economic
development, education, cultural development, and civic involvement we must
understand its relevant problems, trends and opportunities; innovative programs and
institutions, and best practices in terms of library services today. The future of American
libraries will include electronic, digital, collections and services. It will also include
books, objects, visual materials, the functions of library buildings as focal points for
research, lifelong learning and access to the digital collections currently under

11
development. It will include -- need it be said? -- librarians, their training, both pre-
service and in-service, and it will include the public itself.

All of these are important research priorities.

There is today, even more than there was in the early 1980s, an urgent need for a national
library research agenda to support the development of all facets of our libraries. An
appropriate mechanism for developing and -- crucially -- supporting that agenda is ready
at hand in the national research center process of OERI. Just as there are national centers
in many other fields -- for example, adult literacy -- so there should be a National Center
for Library Research. This Center, like other OERI centers, would:

• Conduct a coherent, sustained program of research and development to address

problems and issues of national significance, using a well-conceptualized and
theoretically sound framework;

• Contribute to the development and advancement of theory;

• Conduct scientifically rigorous studies capable of generating findings that contribute

substantially to understanding in the field;

• Conduct work of sufficient size, scope, and duration to produce definitive guidance
for improvement efforts and further research;

• Address issues of both equity and excellence in education for all students, and

• Document, report and disseminate information about research findings and other
accomplishments in ways that will facilitate effective use of that information in
professional development for teachers, families, and communities members, as
appropriate.1

The request for proposals process for initiating this center will include the identification
of a national research agenda for library research; the funding of the center subsequently
designated would be tied to work on that agenda. Funded at levels parallel with other
OERI centers (approximately $1.5 million annually), the National Center for Library
Research would have at its disposal historically significant support for the national
research agenda. It would also be encouraged to seek other Federal and non-Federal
funding to extend its research capacity and to help coordinate public and private research
on libraries and information science. In this way the goals of the 1980s initiatives of the
Department of Education would be fulfilled.

1 OERI. Where Are We Going With Educational Research? 1996, p. 5.

12
 The Digital Library Initiative

The Digital Library Initiative began in 1994, when three federal agencies -- the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) -- collaboratively
awarded six contracts, totaling $24.6 million, to six university-based groups. The
contracts have a duration of four years, and each university is required to provide
matching support that approximately doubles the total budget of the effort.

According to the NSF webpage, the goal of the Digital Library Initiative is to “advance
the means to collect, store, and organize information in digital forms, and make it
available for searching, retrieval, and processing via communication networks -- all in
user-friendly ways.” The initiative emphasizes the need for partnerships that include
researchers, developers, and users. Many of the six universities that are sites of the
Digital Library Initiative have established working relationships with commercial firms
such as Xerox and Microsoft, and with large institutions such as the Library of Congress
and the New York Public Library.

In 1998 the three federal agencies opened competition for Phase II of the Initiative.

The Digital Library Initiative will doubtless shape the future of information research and
access, yet we have excluded it from our analysis for two reasons:

1. The level of funding so far exceeds that for all other library research that it cannot be
included in the analysis without distorting the results.

2. Most of the work is being done by researchers in computer science and information
science, with comparatively little input from traditional library researchers.

Nevertheless, the following information is provided as a matter of interest. Each site

concentrates on a different aspect of the total project.

1. Carnegie-Mellon University. Grant $4.8 million

Carnegie-Mellon University and WQED/Pittsburgh are creating the Informedia
interactive on-line digital video library system, which will enable users to access,
explore, and retrieve science and mathematics materials from video archives. The system
integrates speech, image, and natural language understanding technologies. Research
will also address issues involving human-computer interaction, pricing and charging for
digital video use, and privacy and security.

2. Stanford University. Grant $3.6 million

The Stanford Digital Library project focuses on inter-operability. It is developing the
enabling technologies for an integrated virtual library that will provide uniform access to
networked information. The project also includes research about how to pay for

13
information and resources over the network, and it is collecting information about legal
issues, especially the fair use of intellectual property.

3. University of California at Berkeley. Grant $4 million

The Berkeley Digital Library focuses on environmental information. The goal is to
“develop the technologies for intelligent access to massive, distributed collections of
photographs, satellite images, maps, full text documents, and ‘multivalent’ documents.”
Personnel include faculty, staff, and students in the Computing Science Division, the
School of Information Management & Systems, and the Research Program in
Environmental Planning & Geographic Information Systems.

4. University of California at Santa Barbara. Grant $4 million

Project Alexandria is developing a digital library that will offer access to collections of
maps, images, and pictorial materials as well as new electronic library services. The
project has begun with collections of digitized maps, images, and airphotos relating to
Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, and will grow to include components
at other academic sites as well as federal agencies and public institutions including public
libraries.

5. University of Illinois. Grant $4 million

Based at the Grainger Engineering Library Information Center, this project focuses on
journals and magazines n the engineering science literature. The Graduate School of
Library and Information Science is conducting the research, which includes a
sociological evaluation of the testbed, “technological development of semantic retrieval,”
and the design of “scalable information systems (the Interspace).”

6. University of Michigan. Grant $4 million

The project is developing the testbed of a multimedia digital library focused on earth and
space sciences. The prototype system will be tested and evaluated by a wide variety of
users, including college and high-school teachers and students and the users of public
libraries.

14
 Research Methodology

1. Scope of work

LFF conducted this study, during August through November 1997, under a contract with
the Department of Education that defined the issues to be considered, the types of data
needed, and the nature of the final product. Researchers were asked to identify “the
major federal and non-federal funding sponsors for library and information science
research from 1983 through June 1997, “ as well as “dissertations, meta-analyses,
conference papers, journal articles, etc. that describe additional (not institutionally
funded) research efforts in library and information science.” They were asked to supply,
where possible, names of sponsoring institutions, nature of research done, funding level,
and names of principal investigators and their institutional affiliations. The basic charge
was to conduct research and perform analysis that would help identify an estimate of the
nature and dollar amount of funded research and provide a reliable estimate of the extent
to which library research needs identified in the last decade have been met and the extent
to which further research priorities should be pursued.

1.a. Timespan of research examined

The Letter of Agreement that governed conduct of this project specified that we
pay special attention to assessing the degree to which explicit federal priorities
established during the 1980s and early 1990s were reflected in LIS research
during the period 1983 through June 1997. The priorities had been set forth in
two studies, A Library and Information Science Research Agenda for the 1980s
(the Cuadra Report), published in 1982, and Issues in Library Research: An
Agenda for the 1990s. A major goal of this project was to estimate the degree to
which publication of the Cuadra Report and Issues in Library Research had
influenced library and information science research.

1.b. Funded and unfunded research

The Letter of Agreement also required that LFF assess the nature of research that
was not supported with grants or other outside funding. Therefore, our study
made a fundamental distinction between "institutionally funded" and "not
institutionally funded" projects.

1.c. Definition of the field

The Letter of Agreement broadly described the subject matter to be examined --

the large and diverse field of library and information science -- but qualified it
with a proviso that the search for data should locate "particularly those [projects]
relating to education, such as (but not limited to) community-based education,
informal learning and access to information." Our understanding of this proviso

15
placed the focus of our work on the institution that historically has been most
closely associated with "community-based education, informal learning and
access to information" -- the public library. This interpretation was accepted by
OERI and became a fundamental boundary to our work. We therefore designed a
research plan that took the public library as a beginning point and central focus
but reached out to include large samples of research in related subjects, such as
computerization, electronic connectivity, catalogue design and testing, and so
forth.

The goal of the research was not to locate every LIS project but rather, following
the charge noted above, to identify projects sponsored by major funders of
research and to find unfunded projects that represented "rigorous" research. We
understood this charge to require collection of enough examples to provide an
estimate of the nature and dollar amount of funded research and a reliable cross-
section of unfunded research.

1.d. Interpretation of key phrases

The Letter of Agreement used two terms that required interpretation before they
could be applied in the analysis: (i) "major funders" and (ii) "research."

(i) Major funders.

We left the definition in abeyance until we had conducted enough
searching to gain a sense of what counted as large or important funding in
the LIS universe. We concluded that "major" funder meant any entity that
had contributed at least $50,000, to LIS research during the period 1983-
97. As our research proceeded, we decided to include lesser funders also,
to giver a broader context for assessing the contributions of all funders to
LIS. In absolute dollar amounts these lesser funders contributed a small
fraction of the amount of the major funders -- not enough to materially
alter the annual dollar totals -- yet they supported many intellectually
rigorous projects that merit consideration as part of the national research
endeavor in LIS.

(ii) Research.
We began our work with an informal definition of research as an
intellectual endeavor that has the following characteristics:

• It poses a clear question or issue

• It addresses the question or issue systematically
• It documents its data and other sources

The Letter of Agreement added specificity to our initial working

definition. It asked us to consider "basic and applied research, hypothesis-
testing, surveys, assessments, evaluations, investigations, experiments, and

16
 demonstrations" (the list of categories was taken from OERI's guidelines
for field-initiated fundable research). We refined the definition through an
examination of those projects that OERI had verbally identified to us as
constituting the core of federally funded research in the field of library and
information science, as the field was interpreted in the Letter of
Agreement. This examination of projects funded under the Higher
Education Act, Titles IIB, C, and D, gave us a sense of how OERI wanted
us to understand "research."

2. Search strategy

The Letter of Agreement required that we consider for inclusion reports and publications
from projects funded by the federal government, state and local government, private
foundations, businesses, and nonprofit organizations. It also included a list of categories
of materials, such as "dissertations, meta-analyses, conference papers, journals articles,
etc. that describe additional (not institutionally funded) research efforts in library and
information science." It further asked us to identify projects by name or title and date,
"as well as and where possible to supply names of sponsoring institutions, nature of
research done, funding level, and names of principal investigators and their institutional
affiliations."

Our search had two parts: first, identify projects and publications that seemed candidates
for inclusion, and second, find abstracts or full texts that contained information about
items such as institutional affiliations that were unavailable in bibliographies and other
finding aids.

2.a. Databases
Following the lead of the Letter of Agreement, which required that we consult
important databases, such as those of NSF and the Foundation Center, we
targeted five major finding aids:

i. ERIC: the Department of Education’s on-line database, mainly for

federally supported projects and education-oriented projects.
ii. Library Literature: a standard finding aid that covers all aspects of LIS
iii. Dissertation Abstracts: for Ph.D.s and MLS theses
iv. National Science Foundation: for high-tech projects
v. Foundation Center's FC Search: a beginning point for foundation grants

2.b. Other sources

We augmented these searches with targeted searches in the catalogues of the

Library of Congress and the New York Public Library. We also searched the
websites of selected organizations, including:

17
 • American Library Association (ALA)
• Association of Research Libraries (ARL)
• Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR; formerly CLR)
• U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
(NCLIS)
• On-line Computer Library Center (OCLC)
• Public Library Association (PLA)
• Urban Libraries Council (ULC)

We solicited additional information directly from agencies, organizations, and

foundations.

To identify projects or sponsors that may have eluded the database search, we did
a cross-cutting search by examining selected serial publications, including official
reports of major funding entities.

Official documents examined as part of the cross-cutting search included:

• CLIR annual reports, 1984-86, 1989-1996

• OCLC research reports, 1985-86 through 1997
• OERI abstracts of funded projects for HEA Title IIB, 1983-92
• OERI abstracts of funded projects for HEA Title IIC, 1983-91
• OERI abstracts of funded projects for HEA Title IID, 1983-89

Among the journals examined in hard copy or microfilm were:

• American Libraries 1991-97

• Drexel Library Quarterly 1983-85
• Journal of Library Administration 1983-88, 1996
• Library and Information Science Research 1984, 1986-97
• Library Journal 1994-97
• Public Libraries 1987-95
• Public Library Quarterly 1984-86
• Reference Librarian 1988, 1990
• RQ 1983-96

3. Placing data into the tables

As we acquired abstracts or complete copies of items that warranted inclusion in Tables

IV or V, we began sorting them by category -- funded, unfunded. We assumed that if a
publication carried no mention of a funder, it represented "unfunded" research.

18
3.a. The Tables

Tables IVA and B, in the words of the Letter of Agreement, identify "the major
federal and non-federal funding sponsors for library and information science
research from 1983 through June 1997." For each project the tables have the
following categories:

a. Sponsor (the funding entity)

b. Program (the year that the project was funded)
c. Focus (the subject of the research)
d. Type (methodology or general approach; e.g. statistical analysis, case
study)
e. Funding (dollar amount)
f. Researcher (principal investigator(s) with affiliation(s)
g. Institution (affiliation of the P.I.; usually also the fiscal agent)

Tables VA and B identify "additional (not institutionally funded)" research

efforts, and for each project have the following categories:

a. Researcher (name and date of publication)

b. Institution (affiliation of author)
c. Project (title of article, dissertation, or other item)
d. Focus (subject area)
e. Type (methodology or general approach, e.g. statistical analysis, case
study)
.
Table VA, research published in periodicals, is a cross-section, not a
comprehensive listing. The annual production of LIS research articles --
amounting to perhaps several hundred a year -- is too large for detailed
examination of the sort required by the project. However, it is likely that this
selection, based on a variety of search techniques applied to an array of
periodicals, captures a good sense of basic trends.

Table VB is based on a search of the Dissertation Abstracts database; it is a

comprehensive listing of theses and dissertations in LIS that relate to public
libraries

Each project bears a date. For funded projects the date is usually the project's
beginning date; for dissertations it is the date of acceptance by the university; for
periodical literature is the date of publication. Funding for multi-year projects
was attributed to the beginning year.

19
 3.b. Closing gaps

As we began placing items in the tables we identified gaps in information, most

commonly the level of funding. When we could not locate information from the
annual reports or grants databases of foundations and federal agencies or from
webpages, we made phone calls, to approximately 40 foundations, other funders,
and principal investigators.

Despite our efforts, the funding data are incomplete. In some cases we simply
could not locate anyone who had the information we needed; in others the funders
were unable to provide an estimate of support for projects done in-house. In
addition, we did not have the time to assess the contribution of the Library
Services and Construction Act (LSCA), for decades the largest federal program
for public libraries. Upon advice from staff at OERI, we decided that it was not
time- or cost-effective to sift through the hundreds of state reports that constitute
the documentation of LSCA projects, especially considering that LSCA, aimed
largely at construction, implementation, and staff support, did not constitute a
major funding source for LIS research.

3.c. Removing redundancies

If we found that a given research effort was represented by more than one citation
-- such as a dissertation that was also the basis for a monograph or article, or a
funded project that provided the research for a journal article -- we selected only
one citation to represent the research in the tables. We chose the funded
manifestation of a given project over its unfunded manifestation; thus an OERI-
funded project described in an annual report by the Department of Education and
also represented by a journal article or monograph appears only once, in Table IV
(funded projects).

4. Special assistance from sponsors/funders/libraries

At the request of LFF, Thomas C. Phelps, director of the Division of Public Programs,
National Endowment for the Humanities, arranged for a search of NEH's in-house
database of grant awards. Suzanne Krouse provided general information on funding of
projects by OCLC and back issues of annual reports that would have been otherwise
difficult to obtain. Richard Ekman, secretary of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
discussed project priorities and funding and sent back issues of the foundation's annual
reports. James Humphrey, president of the H. W. Wilson Foundation, and his secretary
searched files for funding information about projects, some dating to the mid 1980s.

Leigh Estabrook, Dean of the Graduate School of Library and Information Science,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, provided information about projects at the
Center on Public Library Research. Staff at the National Library of Education helped

20
locate annual reports for projects funded by Title II of the Higher Education Act. The
files of Libraries for the Future yielded several significant items.

21
 The Data

We have looked at four categories of research:

Federally-funded research (Table IVA);

Privately funded research (Table IVB);

Research not funded from any obvious federal or private source but published
(Table VA); and

Other research not fitting the above categories but available as dissertations,
conference papers and the like (Table VB).

22
Table IVA: Federally funded library research
(Listed in chronological order)

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OERI HEA Roles of school, academic, assess- 60,000 Mary Lawrence

II-B special, and community ment Deweaver Johnson &
1983 libraries in providing Assocs, Inc.
viewtext information
services
OERI HEA Determine impact of Title assess- 20,000 Mildred Lowe St. John’s
II-B II-B fellowships on the ment University
1983 library and information
science profession
OERI LSCA Public library assess- Nancy A. Van Maryland
1983-84 effectiveness: theory, ment House State Library
measures, and determinants
OERI HEA Cooperative system for pilot 54,423 Mary Jo ALA
II-B public library data pro- Lynch
1985 collection, to provide data gram
for NCES
OERI HEA Status of libraries in survey 148,037 Douglas University
II-B literacy education Zweizig et al. of
1985 Wisconsin
Madison
OERI HEA Update of, and comparison Survey 22,674 Betty J. Rutgers
II-B with, a 1971 survey of Turock University
1986 library services to the aging
OERI HEA Identifying researchable Assess- 348,966 Kate Joyce Washington
II-B issues to help librarians ment and Mary Consulting
1986 attain or maintain Kahn Group
leadership positions in an
information society
OERI LSCA Relationship between Survey >25,000 Susan Nelson Illinois State
1986 length of loan period and and Herbert Library
circulation in public Goldhor
libraries
OERI HEA Cognitive models to Devel- 94,703 Carol Rutgers
II-B facilitate information opment Kuhlthau University
1987 seeking & test
model
OERI HEA Evaluation of adult library Devel- 52,969 Douglas University
II-B literacy programs opment Zweizig of
1987 & test Wisconsin
manual
OERI HEA The Public Library Survey 132,000 Thomas Drexel
II-B Effectiveness Study Childers and University
1987 Nancy Van
House

23
Federally funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OERI HEA Institute to review trends in Confer- Mohammed University

II-B key subjects related to ence Aman and of
1987 or urban libraries [grant Donald Sager Wisconsin
1988 mentioned in monograph] Milwaukee
OERI HEA Assessing the information Survey 59,443 Bernard Clarion
II-B needs of rural Americans and Vavrek University
1988 train-
ing
mater-
ials
OERI HEA Nature and improvement of model 84,823 Tefko Rutgers
II-B librarian-user interaction devel- Saracevic University
1988 and on-line searching for opment
information delivery in and
libraries search
analysis
OERI HEA A study of the assess- 57,143 Verna L. Indiana
II-B dissemination of the Public ment Pungitore University
1988 Library Planning Process
OERI HEA Medical literature as a citation 41,248 Ron R. University
II-B source of new knowledge and Swanson of Chicago
1988 content
analysis
OERI HEA Facilitating information surveys 93,553 Carol Rutgers
II-B seeking through cognitive Kuhlthau University
1988 modeling of the search
process
OERI HEA Develop comparative assess- 84,545 Frances University
II-D research data on two ment Benham, of Alabama
1988 library instruction methods Associate
for undergraduate Dean of
engineering students Libraries
OERI HEA Evaluating use of new assess- 101,622 Jack O’Bar, University
II-D technology ment University of Alaska
1988 Library
OERI HEA Research to measure assess- 102,643 Thomas A. Drexel
II-D effects of a three-college ment Childers and University
1988 automation project on Belver C.
users, staff, and institutions Griffith
OERI HEA Purchase of hardware and demon- 89,438 Patricia M. George
II-D research and demonstration stration Kelly, Washington
1988 of technical requirements project University University
for a consortium Library
OERI HEA Program to teach and guide proto- 117,558 Virginia Tiefel Ohio State
II-D students in using on-line type University
1988 public catalog and devel- Libraries
computerized and print opment
reference sources

24
Federally funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OERI HEA Providing principles, case 106,987 Nicholas Rutgers

II-D guidelines, and desirable study Belkin and University
1988 features for a 3rd- Tefko
generation on-line public Saracevic
access catalog
OERI HEA Evaluate use of fax copiers con- 175,746 Robert J. SUNY
II-D or scanners in lieu of trolled Bertholf Buffalo
1988 sending actual items or tests
photocopies
OERI HEA Developing a prototype devel- 63,500 Philip J. Smith Ohio State
II-B system for intelligent opment and Rebecca University
1989 information retrieval and Darling
field
test
OERI HEA Hypermedia and research Soft- 55,500 Eleanor Baruch
II-B methodology ware Langstaff College,
1989 devel- CUNY
opment
and
user
obser-
vation
OERI HEA Age analysis of public sampl- 78,375 Danny LSU
II-B library collections ing and Wallace
1989 compar
-isons
OERI HEA Local implementation of field 57,187 Verna Indiana
II-B the public library planning studies Pungitore University
1989 and role setting process
OERI HEA Output measures for devel- 42,014 Virginia ALA
II-B children’s services in opment Walter
1989 public libraries and
field
test
OERI HEA Assessing the role of the survey 58,389 Bernard Clarion
II-B rural public library and Vavrek University
1989 training
manual
OERI HEA To determine if hands-on assess- 85,677 Marvin Brigham
II-D exercises improve ability to ment Wiggins Young
1989 use computer-based University
research tools
OERI HEA Benefit to rural-area demon- 38,128 Patricia J. Eastern
II-D students and faculty of stration Cutright Oregon State
1989 regional information project College
networks

25
Federally funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OERI HEA Development of an system 200,287 Naomi C. George-

II-D "electronic textbook" in devel- Broering, town
1989 human physiology opment Biomedical University
Information
Resources
Center
OERI HEA Development and study of system 99,852 Robin N. University
II-D an intelligent reference devel- Downes, of Houston
1989 information system (ISIS) opment University
Library
OERI HEA Pilot computer-based demo. 66,901 Pauline S. University
II-D training modules for staff project Bayne, Music of Tennessee
1989 training libraries Library Knoxville
OERI HEA Factors influencing the case 65,750 Diane University
II-B outcome of challenges to study Hopkins of
1989 materials in middle, junior, Wisconsin
and high school libraries
OERI HEA Economics of public survey; 57,100 Jane B. Urban
II-B libraries and library case Robbins, Libraries
1989 funding study Douglas Council
Zweizig
OERI HEA The impact of school data 66,664 Keith Curry State Library
II-B library media centers on analysis Lance and Adult
1990 academic achievement Education
Office,
Colorado
Department
of Education
OERI LSCA Book deterioration in Ohio Assess- Edward T. OCLC &
Title III libraries ment O’Neill & Ohio State
1990 Wesley L. Library
Boomgaarden
OERI LSCA Hypermedia project to Demon 80,000 New Jersey
Title I provide information in four - State Library
1991 county library systems stration
project
OERI HEA Public library planning case 45,700 Verna Indiana
II-B process in smaller libraries. study Pungitore and University
1991 Carole
Nowicke
OERI HEA Assessment of the public survey 108,354 George D’Elia University
II-B library’s mission in society and of
1991 analysis Minnesota
OERI HEA The use of children’s survey 57,833 Kathleen SUNY
II-B materials in school and and Garland Buffalo
1991 public libraries analysis
OERI HEA Embracing the tiger: case 62,949 Andrew J. RMC
II-B learning from public library study Seager Research
1991 literacy programs

26
Federally funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OERI HEA Assessing information on site and 48,675 Martin Dillon OCLC
II-B the Internet: library content
1991 services for computer- analysis
mediated communication
OERI HEA Testing a new design for field Karen University
II-D subject access to on-line test Drabenstott of Michigan
1991 catalogues
OERI LSCA Hypermedia project to demon- 80,000 Camden
Title I provide information in 4 stration County,
1991 county library systems projects Neptune
Public,
South
Bruns-wick,
and
Somerset
County
Bridgewater
Branch
libraries
U.S. 1993 Adult literacy and new assess- Office of
Congress technologies: tools for a ment Technology
lifetime. Assessment
NCLIS 1994 Public libraries and the baselin 67,759 Charles R.
Internet: study results, e study McClure, John
policy issues, and Carlo Bertot &
recommendations. Douglas L.
Zweizig
NEH Public Research and demon- 363,491 Paul L. Yale
Programs demonstration to produce a stration Conway University
1994 substantial body of project
information about the
organizational, financial,
and technical issues
involved in applying digital
imagery in the preservation
arena.
NCLIS & 1995 Internet costs and cost baselin 112,529 Charles R. Syracuse
NSF models for public libraries; e study McClure, John University
publication. Carlo Bertot &
John C.
Beachboard
NCLIS 1996 Public Libraries and the Nation- 76,965 John Carlo Syracuse
Internet al Bertot, et al University
Survey
NCLIS 1997 Public Libraries and the Update 10,000 Charles R. Syracuse
Internet McClure, John University
Carlo Bertot &
John C.
Beachboard

27
Table IVB: Privately funded library research
(Listed in chronological order)

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Old Gold 1983 Naive vs sophisticated case Terrence A. University of

Summer methods of forecasting study Brooks Iowa, Iowa
Fellow- public library circulations City
ship, Uni-
versity
Iowa
H.W. 1983 The national library survey 25,000 John W. Head Clarion
Wilson reference survey and University
Fndtn. analysis
CLR 1983 Online catalog evaluation data 32,403 Ray R. Larson University of
project analysis California,
Berkeley
CLR 1983 Relationship between case 31,747 University of
bibliographic access to study Michigan,
stored materials and faculty Ann Arbor
attitude and use
Fairfax 1984 Comparative assessment of surveys George D’Elia University of
County patrons’ uses and and and Elanor Jo Minnesota &
Public evaluations across public analysis Rodger PLA
Library libraries within a system: a
replication
CLR 1984 Dewey Decimal assess- 94,350 Forest Press,
Classification as an on-line ment Albany, NY
searching tool for subject
access
CLR 1984 Measuring public services assess- 19,200 Louise S. Columbia
impact of an on-line ment Sherby University
catalog
CLR 1984 User success with an on- case 15,736 Nancy C. NYU
line catalog study Kranich, et al
CLR 1984 Costs of consortium assess- 23,500 Tantalus, Inc.
membership ment
University 1984 Childhood Socialization: survey 5,000 Ronald R. University of
of Its Effect on Adult Library and Powell, Michigan
Michigan Use and Adult Reading analysis Margaret T.
Taylor, David
L. McMillen
St. Law- 1985 Union-nonunion wage econo- 500 Mary F. Duluth Public
rence Uni- differentials in the public mic Rosenthal Library
versity library analysis
Library
Benton 1985 Support of ACLU’s work explora 25,000 ACLU
Fndtn. on privacy implications of -tory
new computer and study
communication
technologies

28
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Benton 1985 Telecommunication needs survey 15,000 Spring Hill

Fndtn. of nonprofits in the Twin and Center,
Cities area; resource assess- Wayzata, MN
directory; seminars on new ment
technologies
Rutgers 1985 Organization factors in field Betty J. Rutgers
University multitype library test Turock University
Research networking: a national test
Council of a model
University 1985 Development and devel- 2,000 Verna L. Indiana
Wiscon- evaluation of a measure of opment Pungitore University
sin, Osh- library automation and
kosh testing
CLR 1985 Role of fees in supporting assess- 10,000 National
library and information ment Commission
services on Libraries
and Infor-
mation
Science
CLR 1985 Impact of transaction fees assess- 2,960 James H. State
on interlibrary loan ment Sweetland & Historical
Darlene E. Society of
Weigand Wisconsin
CLR 1985 Time management in assess- 2,773 University of
academic libraries ment Arizona,
Tucson
CLR 1985 Impact of technological case 3,000 University of
changes on library study Illinois,
functional units Chicago
CLR 1985 Knowledge Bases and survey 2,100 Ronald R. University of
Library Education and Powell and Michigan
analysis Sheila D.
Creth
OCLC 1985-86 Advanced interface design design NA Martin Dillon OCLC
for library retrieval systems and
prototy
pe
OCLC 1985-86 Automated title page design NA Stuart Weibel OCLC
catalogiing and
testing
OCLC 1985-86 Class dispersion between assessm NA Diane Vizine- OCLC
the Library of Congress ent Goetz
classification and the
Dewey Decimal
classification
OCLC 1985-86 CONSER abstracting and assessm NA John E. Tolle OCLC
indexing title overlap ent

29
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OCLC 1985-86 Display formats; to develop design NA John E. Tolle OCLC

experimental methods for
evaluating human-
computer interfaces and
refine evaluation
techniques
OCLC 1985-86 Graph-Text; to develop design NA Thomas OCLC
prototype electronic and Hickey
document delivery system field
testing
OCLC 1985-86 Nonfiction book use by case NA Chandra OCLC
public library users study Prabha
OCLC 1985-86 OCLC CD-ROM retrieval design NA Terry Noreault OCLC
system and
field
test
OCLC 1985-86 OCLC database use assessm NA Brigitte L. OCLC
analysis: determination of ent Kenney
an appropriate database
subset for cataloging on the
OCLC M300 Workstation
Indiana 1986 Perceptions of change and survey 650 Verna L. Indiana
University public library directors in and Pungitore University
School of Indiana: an exploratory analysis
Library study
and Infor-
mation
Science
CLR 1986 Relationships between assess- 3,000 Marianne Queens
library schools and their ment Cooper & College,
institutions’ libraries Shoshona CUNY
Kaufmann
CLR 1986 The RLG conspectus as a assess- 10,000 Research
collection management tool ment Libraries
Group, Inc.
CLR 1986 Information needs of public assess- 2,996 SUNY Albany
affairs scholars ment
CLR 1986 Coverage of library and assess- 2,935 SUNY
information science in ment Buffalo
bibliographic databases
CLR 1986 Statistical reliability of assess- 3,000 SUNY
indicators in the RLG ment Buffalo
conspectus for music
CLR 1986 Long-range planning for plan- 400,000 UCLA
libraries and information ning
resources in research
universities
CLR 1986 Effects of human factors on case 3,000 University of
a library computer literacy study Missouri,
program Columbia

30
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

CLR 1986 Roles of information assess- 10,990 University of

managers in U.S. ment Pittsburgh
universities
CLR 1986 Users’ interest in digitized case 2,964 University of
images study Texas, Austin
CLR 1986 Effects of published assess- 2,965 University of
reviews on library ment Wisconsin,
purchasing decisions Milwaukee
Ford 1986 Kinds of information assess- 40,000 CUNY
Fndtn. available on neighborhood ment
development for use by
citizens and public officials
OCLC 1986-87 Comparative classification; assessm NA Francis L. OCLC
investigates ent Miksa
interdisciplinary nature of
classificatin theory and
method
OCLC 1986-87 Library of Congress Class assessm NA Jeanette M. OCLC
M subset: music; to ent and Drone
identify methods of design
correcting records and
create a prototype database
OCLC 1986-87 Online Union Catalog assessm NA John A. Bunge OCLC
subsetting analysis ent
OCLC 1986-87 Assessing access to assessm NA Suzanne SUNY
alternative press ent Hildenbrand Buffalo
publications: women's
press titles in the OCLC
online Union Catalog
OCLC 1986-87 Dynamics of the OCLC assessm NA Debora Shaw Univ. Illinois,
online Union Catalog ent Urbana-
Champaign
OCLC 1986-87 Holdings as a measure of assessm NA Danny P. LSU
journal value ent Wallace
OCLC 1986-87 Studies in automatic survey NA Elaine UCLA
cataloging analysis Svenonius
OCLC 1986-87 Variations in subject survey NA Lois Mai Chan Univ.
cataloging in non-Library analysis Kentucky,
of Congress cataloging Lexington
records
OCLC, 1986-87 Increasing the Accessibility assessm NA Karen Markey OCLC &
CLR, of Library of Congress ent et al. Univ.
Univ. subject headings in online Michigan
Michigan bibliographic systems
CLR 1987 User persistence in case 1,200 Stephen E. University of
scanning LCS postings study Wiberley, Jr., Illinois,
et al Chicago
CLR 1987 User persistence in case 1200 Stephen E. Univ. Illinois,
scanning LCS postings study Wiberley et al. Chicago

31
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OCLC 1987-88 Automated document design NA Stuart L. OCLC

structure analysis Weibel
OCLC 1987-88 Clustering equivalent assessm NA Elaine OCLC
bibliographic records ent Svevonius
OCLC 1987-88 Collection analysis; assessm NA Edward T. OCLC
examines monographic ent O'Neill
acquisitions of selected
ARL members
OCLC 1987-88 Connectionist models of explora NA Stuart T. OCLC
computation: their tory Weibel
potential in information study
systems
OCLC 1987-88 Duplicate detection and the assessm NA John A. Bunge OCLC
"species problem" ent
OCLC 1987-88 Managing large retrievals explora NA Chandra G. OCLC
tory Prabha
study
OCLC 1987-88 Scholars cross-reference explora NA Paul B. Kantor OCLC
system; a way of tory
collecting, enhancing, and study
using bibliographic
relationships not manifest
in text per se
University 1988 Toward a conceptual model litera- Dianne University of
Wisconsin of factors influencing the ture McAfee Wisconsin,
Institute outcome of challenges to survey Hopkins Madison
on Race library materials in school and
and settings analysis
Ethnicity
&
University
Wisconsin
Graduate
School
CLR 1988 Microcomputer-based field 2,500 UCLA
digital imaging as a test
technique for preserving
library materials
CLR 1988 To study users of full-text case 2,988 Carol Tenopir, University of
databases study Diane Nahl- Hawaii,
Jakobovits, Manoa
Dara Lee
Howard
CLR 1988 Perceived values of case 3,000 Mary Grosch University of
advanced subject degrees study & Terry Illinois,
Weech Urbana
CLR 1988 Information needs of baselin 34,625 Mary Ellen University of
philosophers e study Sievert Missouri,
Columbia

32
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Illinois 1988 Survey of children’s survey Lorienne Roy University of

State librarians in Illinois public Texas
Library libraries Austin
OCLC 1988 Analytical study of assessm 3,000- Billie Grace Univ. Texas,
bibliographic data on a title ent 10,000 Herring Austin
page
OCLC 1988 Applying the revised assessm 3,000- Esther G. Univ. Iowa,
MARC format for three- ent 10,000 Bierbaum Iowa City
dimensional objects in
museums
OCLC 1988 Evaluating subject design 3,000- Howard D. Drexel Univ.
collections and test 10,000 White
OCLC 1988 Measurement of subject case 3,000- Lee Shiflett LSU
scatter in the study 10,000
superintendent of and
documents classification design
OCLC 1988 Subject representations in assessm 3,000- Pamela Simmons
monographic records ent 10,000 Reekes College
McKirdy
OCLC 1988-89 Enhancing topical explora 3,000- Ray R. Larson Univ.
searching using tory 10,000 California,
classification clustering study Berkeley
OCLC 1988-89 Relationship between survey 3,000- Judith Indiana Univ.
library holdings and analysis 10,000 Serebnick
selection sources
OCLC 1988-89 Automated document design NA Stuart L. OCLC
architecture processing and Weibel
tagging (ADAPT)
OCLC 1988-89 Bibliographic control and assessm NA Roland OCLC
document architecture in ent Hjerppe
hypermedia databases
OCLC 1988-89 Cataloger's assistant; design NA Diane Vizine- OCLC
prototype system for and Goetz
supporting the cataloging testing
function
OCLC 1988-89 Cataloging time and case NA Chandra G. OCLC
workflow studies; in 1 study Prabha
public and 3 academic
libraries
OCLC 1988-89 Design of interfaces and assessm NA Martha J. OCLC
databases for electronic ent Lindeman
media (DIADEM)
OCLC 1988-89 Document image design NA John C. OCLC
processing toolbox Handley
OCLC 1988-89 Enhanced bibliographic assessm NA Martin Dillon OCLC
retrieval ent
OCLC 1988-89 The Experimental Library design NA Thomas B. OCLC
System (XLS) and Hickey
testing

33
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

CLR 1989 Knowledge management: assess- 182,808 Johns Hopkins

expanding the scholarly ment University
role of research libraries
Policy 1989 AIDS information services survey W.Bernard University of
Research in U.S. public libraries: Lukenbill Texas, Austin
Institute, national comparison of
University attitudes
Texas
Austin
Andrew 1989 University Libraries and baselin Anthony
W. Scholarly Communication e study Cummings et
Mellon al.
Fndtn.
CLR 1989 Academic administrators’ survey 1,830 Larry Eckerd
views on the role of college and Hardesty & College
libraries analysis David Kasser
CLR 1989 Unobtrusive testing of case 1,800 Cheryl Elzy, Illinois State
reference service in a study Alan Nourie, University
divisional academic library F.W. Normal--
Lancaster Bloomington
CLR 1989 Scope and impact of assessm 3,000 Bert R. Boyce LSU
bookmobile service in the ent & Judith I.
U.S. Boyce
CLR 1989 Use of MARC formats for field 20,000 Museum
cataloging art objects test Computer
Network,
Syracuse, NY
CLR 1989 Editing efficiency of an on- case 2,350 North
line bibliographic study Carolina State
information system University,
Raleigh
CLR 1989 Impact of interdisciplinary assess- 3,000 Rutgers
research on library ment University
collection-building
CLR 1989 Economic analysis of baselin 27,800 Stanford
scholarly periodical costs e study University
CLR 1989 Test of measures and field 3,000 University of
correlates of academic test California,
library performance Berkeley
CLR 1989 Humanists’ use of libraries case 23,000 University of
study Illinois,
Chicago
CLR 1989 Application of behavioral explora 2,587 University of
research methodology to -tory Illinois,
environmental design study Urbana
problems in libraries
CLR 1989 Improving subject explora Karen Markey Univ.
searching in online catalogs tory Drabenstott & Michigan;
study Diane Vizine- OCLC
Goetz

34
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

CLR 1989 Advanced retrieval survey Edward A. Virginia

methods for online catalogs and Fox Polytechnic
design Institute and
of State Univ.
model
OCLC 1989-90 General structure of a explora 3,000- Ling Hwey Univ.
knowledge base for Anglo- tory 10,000 Jeng Maryland,
American cataloging rules study College Park
OCLC 1989-90 Identifying barriers to case 3,000- F.W. Univ. Illinois,
effective subject access in study 10,000 Lancaster Urbana-
library catalogs Champaign
OCLC 1989-90 Investigating the structure assessm 3,000- Dagobert Univ.
of LCC and LCSH: ent 10,000 Soergel Maryland,
developing a knowledge College Park
base
OCLC 1989-90 Toward integration of explora 3,000- Linda C. Univ. Illinois,
online resources tory 10,000 Smith et al. Urbana-
study Champaign
OCLC 1989-90 The interlibrary loan case NA Chanrda G. OCLC
process; data from 1 public study Prabha
and 1 academic library
CLR 1990 Environmental factors in survey 2,936 W. Michael University of
professional development analysis Havener and Oklahoma
activities: does type of Philip Worrell
academic library affiliation
make a difference?
American 1990 Information Services to design 10,000 Evelyn Daniel University of
Library Small Businesses from and North
Associa- Public Libraries field Carolina at
tion test Chapel Hill
University 1990 Gender differences in case 1,600 Frances F. University
Illinois, attitudes toward using study Jacobson High School
Urbana- computers in libraries: an Library,
Cham- exploratory study University of
paign Illinois at
Urbana-
Champaign
Millbrook 1990 The Millbrook Report: the inter-
Press, Inc. changing role of the school views
library &
survey
CLR 1990 Comparison of on-line and case 1,000 Kent State
manual search capabilities study University
of students
CLR 1990 Information seeking case 5,150 University of
behavior of scientists study Colorado,
Boulder

35
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

CLR 1990 Study of searching 32,512 University of

strategies on CD-ROM Illinois,
Champaign-
Urbana
OCLC 1990 Public libraries and the survey 10,000 Charles R. Syracuse
INTERNET/NREN, to McClure et al. Univ.
explore roles for the public
library in the networked
environment
OCLC 1990-91 Automatic hierarchical design 3,000- Amy J. Univ.
organization of phrases and 10,000 Warner Michigan
using machine-readable prototy
dictionary information pe
OCLC 1990-91 Determining the content of explora 3,000- Karen Markey Univ.
machine-readable tory 10,000 Drabenstott Michigan
subdivision records study
OCLC 1990-91 Expert system interface to design 3,000- Padmini Univ. Iowa,
Library of Congress subject 10,000 Srinivasan Iowa City
headings
OCLC 1990-91 Scholars' access to the survey 3,000- Keith Swigger Texas
documents they cite analysis 10,000 Woman's
Univ.
OCLC 1990-91 Obsolete Library of assessm NA Roy Cheng et Western
Congress Subject headings ent and al. Illinois Univ.
design & OCLC
OCLC 1990-91 Record matching for assess- NA Edward T. OCLC
authority control ment O'Neill
University 1991 National opinion poll on survey 25,000 Leigh University of
of Illinois public library issues Estabrook Illinois
SILS Library
Research
Center
CLR 1991 Conference on public confer- 16,760 Drexel
library effectiveness ence University
CLR 1991 Comparison of journal use assess- 3,000 Texas A&M
to reported relative value, ment University
college discipline, and
subscription cost
CLR 1991 Effects of integrating case 18,560 Anne University of
information technology on study Woodsworth Pittsburgh
job classification and
compensation systems
OCLC 1991 Public libraries and the survey 10,000 Charles R. Syracuse
INTERNET/NREN, to McClure et al. University
explore roles for the public
library in the networked
environment

36
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Assoc. 1991-92 Shattering our stereotype: survey 15,000 Mary Jane Edgewood
College librarians’ new image and Scherdin College
Research analysis Library
Libraries
& Con-
sulting
Psycholo-
gists Press
OCLC 1992 Enhancing a new design case 10,000 Karen University of
for subject access to on- study Drabenstott Michigan
line catalogues
CLR 1992 Interlibrary loan cost study assessm 10,000 ARL
ent
CLR 1992 Determining factors case 1,000 Earlham
leading Earlham College study College
graduates to enter library
schools
CLR 1992 Functionality of on-line assess- 11,000 Charles R. Charles R.
catalogs ment Hildreth Hildreth,
Springfield, IL
CLR 1992 Price discrimination of assess- 3,109 George A. Mississippi
economics journals ment Chressanthus State
& June D. University
Chressanthus
CLR 1992 Decision-making process case 6,359 Simmons
for collection development study College
in libraries
CLR 1992 Effectiveness of case 2,879 University of
affirmative action study Arizona,
guidelines on recruitment Tucson
and promotion of minority
librarians
CLR 1992 Users’ persistence in case 5,330 Stephen E. University of
scanning postings in an on- study Wiberley, Jr., Illinois,
line public access catalog et al Chicago
Andrew 1992 Research Libraries Project 25,000 ARL &
W. Association of
Mellon American
Fndtn. Universities
OCLC 1992-93 Electronic texts and case 3,000- Elizabeth D. Syracuse
traditional indexes: a study study 10,000 Liddy Univ.
of applicability and
performance
OCLC 1992-93 Measuring diversity in survey 3,000- Judith Indiana Univ.
public library collections and 10,000 Serebnick &
design Frank Quinn
OCLC 1992-93 Document ranking using explora NA Dik Lun Lee Ohio State
signature files tory Univ.
study

37
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OCLC 1992-93 Estimating interlibrary loan statistic NA Chandra G. OCLC

volume in 1993; includes al Prabha
public libraries analysis
OCLC 1992-93 Experimental linguistic explora NA C. Jean Godby OCLC
indexing for information tory & Bradley C.
retrieval (ELIXIR) study Watson
OCLC 1992-93 Modeling user's survey NA Mark T. Univ. Western
preferences for document analysis Kinnucan Ontario
delivery
University 1992 or Logical reasoning and field 500 Bryce Allen University
Illinois, 1993 retrieval performance test and Illinois,
Urbana- analysis Urbana-
Cham- Champaign
paign
Andrew 1993 Economics of electronic baselin 210,000 Princeton
W. library of the future e study University
Mellon
Fndtn.
CLR 1993 Information-seeking case 3,518 Ingrid Hsieh- Catholic
patterns of faculty study Yee University of
members and their use of America
an on-line system
CLR 1993 Information-seeking case 4,000 Johns Hopkins
process among population- study University
studies researchers
CLR 1993 Cost and beneficial impacts assess- 97,612 Paul Kantor, Rutgers
of library functions ment Joanna University
D’Esposito-
Wachtmann,
Tefko
Saracevic
Camille 1993 Cost-effectiveness of assess- 15,000 Washington
and Henry distributive access model ment University
Dreyfus of electronic library as part
Fndtn. of Fndtn.’s Planning Grants
for Chemical Informatics
Henry 1993 New electronic virtual develop 300,000 Emory
Luce library system, in -ment University
Fndtn. collaboration with libraries
of Harvard University and
Yale University
J.M. 1993 Project GAIN: Connecting pilot 65,000 Charles R. Information
Kaplan rural public libraries to the project McClure et al. Management
Fndtn., Internet [in New York Consultant
O’Reilly State] Services, via
and NYSERnet,
Assoc- Inc.
iates

38
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

PLA 1993 Information about library national 1,000 Lee Olivier, Services to
programs serving survey Robert Belvin, Multicultural
multicultural and/or Sylvia Populations
multilingual populations Manoogian Committee of
the PLA
OCLC 1993 Empirical test of gopher field 10,000 C. Olivia Frost University of
searching using three test & Joseph Michigan
organizational schemes Janes
Andrew 1993 Research Libraries Project 50,000 ARL &
W. Association of
Mellon American
Fndtn. Universities
Illinois 1994 Impact of school library survey 11,000 Edward University of
State media centers on academic Lakner Illinois
Library achievement Library
Research
Center
Illinois 1994 Impact of ISL per capita survey 6,000 Edward University of
State grant program on quality of Lakner Illinois
Library library service Library
Research
Center
OCLC 1994 Developing control model 10,000 Marcia Lei Kent State
mechanisms for intellectual develop Zent University
access for discipline-based -ment
libraries
CLR 1994 Cost-benefits of access assess- 54,012 Eleanor A. University at
compared to ownership ment Gossen and Albany
costs for expensive Suzanne Fndtn.,
research journals Irving Albany, NY
CLR 1994 Benchmarking pilot project pilot 17,540 Intern. ARL
on interlibrary loan project Systems
Services Corp.
and Jack A.
Siggins
CLR 1994 Analytical framework and baselin 25,000 Coalition for
baseline for networked e study Networked
information resources and Information
services
CLR 1994 Search patterns of in- case 4,083 University of
library on-line catalog study California,
users Santa Cruz
CLR 1994 Attitudes of municipal and survey 12,000 University of
county officials toward and Illinois,
public libraries analysis Library
Research
Center
Carnegie 1994 Implications of technology baselin 180,000 Commission
Corporati developments for higher e study on Preserva-
on of New education and scholarly tion and
York communication Access

39
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Nathan 1994 Forums to assess societal confer- 10,000 Aspen

Cummngs impact of emerging ence Institute
Fndtn. international information
infrastructure
Mardag 1994 Library Equity and demon- 105,000 Saint Paul
Fndtn. Excellence Project, stration Public
designed to support library project Education
improvement and school Fund, Saint
reform in elementary Paul, MN
school libraries in Saint
Paul
Andrew 1994 Comprehensive evaluation develop 700,000 Columbia
W. methodology for ongoing -ment University
Mellon activities in creating digital
Fndtn. library
Andrew 1994 Research project on assess- 290,000 Princeton
W. economics of electronic ment University
Mellon library of the future
Fndtn.
Andrew 1994 Journal Storage Project, to pilot 700,000 Univ.
W. make back issues or core phase Michigan
Mellon periodicals available to of
Fndtn. faculty and students in project
digital format
Andrew 1994 Journal Storage Project test field 75,000 Five private
W. sites tests colleges
Mellon
Fndtn.
Kellogg 1995 Buildings, books, and survey 100,000 Benton
Fndtn. bytes: libraries and and Foundation
communities in the digital analysis
age; report on public’s
opinion of library leaders’
vision of the future
H.W. 1995 Concerns about fundraising case 37,950 Thomas A. Urban
Wilson by public institutions: study Jeavons Libraries
Fndtn. public libraries as a case Council
study
OCLC 1995 Creating DTDs via the GB- design NA Keith E. OCLC
Engine and Fred and test Shafer
CLR 1995 Information locator system demon- 24,880 New York
prototype stration State Library,
project Albany
W.K. 1995 Institutional and policy assess-- 650,000 Harvard
Kellogg issues in development of ment University
Fndtn. Digital Library
John and 1995 Project at branches serving demon- 100,000 Philadelphia
James disadvantaged stration Free Library
Knight neighborhoods project
Fndtn.

40
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

Lilly 1995 Technological development applied 133,650 Auburn

Endow- in theological libraries researc Theological
ment h Seminary
Andrew 1995 Electronic journals in field feasibil 250,000 Emory
W. of religious studies -ity University
Mellon 1995 study
Fndtn.
Andrew 1995 Study of interlibrary loan assess- 160,000 ARL
W. ment
Mellon
Fndtn.
OCLC 1995 Creating DTDs via the GB- design NA Keith E. OCLC
Engine and Fred and test Shafer
OCLC 1995 Effect of linkage structure field 5,000 Alexandra Univ.
on retrieval performance test Dimitroff & Wisconsin,
and user response in a Dietmar Milwaukee
hypertext-based Wolfram
bibliographic system
Illinois 1996 Impact of cooperative survey 5,000 Edward University of
State collection development on Lakner Illinois
Library academic libraries of Library
Illinois Research
Center
Illinois 1996 15-year cost-benefit statisti- 6,000 Edward University of
State analysis of Illinois public cal Lakner Illinois
Library libraries analysis Library
Research
Center
OCLC 1996 Impact of scholarly statisti- 3,000- Stephen Indiana Univ.
journals on scholarly cal 10,000 P.Harter
communication: a analysis
reference and citation study
OCLC 1996 An experimental study on design 3,000- Xia Lin Univ.
graphical tables of contents and 10,000 Kentucky
testing
OCLC 1996 Analyzing the viability of statistic 3,000- James H. Univ.
using peer group holdings al study 10,000 Sweetland & Wisconsin,
as an evaluation tool for Judith J. Milwaukee
public library adult fiction Senkevitch
OCLC 1996 A relational thesaurus: explora 3,000- Rebecca Univ.
modeling semantic tory 10,000 Green Maryland,
relationships using frames study College Park
OCLC 1996 Automatic subject design NA Keith E. OCLC
assignment via the Shafer
Scorpion System; building
tools for automatic subject
recognition based on well-
known schemes

41
Privately funded library research

Sponsor Program Focus Type Funding P.I. Institution

OCLC 1996 Characteristics of articles statistic NA Chandra G. OCLC

requested through OCLC al Prabha
interlibrary loan analysis
Libraries 1996 Private philanthropic baselin NA Linda Kravitz Libraries for
for the funding of public libraries e study et al. the Future
Future
OCLC 1996 Impact of scholarly statistic 3,000- Stephen Indiana Univ.
journals on scholarly al 10,000 P.Harter
communication: a analysis
reference and citation study
OCLC 1996 An experimental study on design 3,000- Xia Lin Univ.
graphical tables of contents and 10,000 Kentucky
testing
OCLC 1996 Analyzing the viability of statistic 3,000- James H. Univ.
using peer group holdings al study 10,000 Sweetland & Wisconsin,
as an evaluation tool for Judith J. Milwaukee
public library adult fiction Senkevitch
OCLC 1996 A relational thesaurus: explora 3,000- Rebecca Univ.
modeling semantic tory 10,000 Green Maryland,
relationships using frames study College Park
OCLC 1996 Automatic subject design NA Keith E. OCLC
assignment via the Shafer
Scorpion System; building
tools for automatic subject
recognition based on well-
known schemes
OCLC 1996 Characteristics of articles statistic NA Chandra G. OCLC
requested through OCLC al Prabha
interlibrary loan analysis

This information was compiled from the National Library of Education’s ERIC
resources, NSF Searchable Databases, the Foundation Center’s Grants Index, the
Chronicle of Philanthropy, Libraries for the Future’s database on philanthropic support
for public libraries, and other sources.

42
Table VA: Journal articles
(listed in chronological order)
Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Lois Buttlar & Kent State University Organizational structure in Examines how the work of academic survey &
Rajinder Garcha & University of academic libraries librarians is structured and whether analysis
Toledo Library traditional functions of public services
and technical services are still separated
Alan R. Samuels 1983 Dept. of Utilization of Information for Addresses the problem, Is organizational case study
and Charles R. Library/Educa-tional Decision Making under information-processing related to
McClure Technology, Varying Organizational organizational climate in a public library
University of North Climate Conditions in Public setting?
Carolina, Libraries
Greensboro; School
of Library Science,
University of
Oklahoma
Peter Hiatt 1983 School of Should Professionals Be Discusses confusion between case study
Librarianship, Managers? administration and management; formal
University of management techniques and principles
Washington, Seattle must be applied to library administration
Stuart Glogoff 1983 University of Communication Theory’s Examines how communication science literature
Delaware Role in the Reference theory contributes to the "negotiation" of review and
Interview reference questions between user and analysis
librarian
William Skeh 1983 University of Illinois, The First-Time Appointed Investigates socio-demographic survey-
Wong and David Urbana-Champaign Academic Library Director characteristics of first-time appointed based
S. Zubatsky 1970-1980: A Profile directors, as well as their academic analysis
training and professional activities before
appointment
Marilyn Domas 1983 University of The Reference Encounter Develops a model of the reference explor-atory
White Maryland, College Model interview that incorporates human study
Park information processing, particularly the
schema ideas of Minsky and other
theorists
Margaret E. 1983 University of An Approach to Theoretical Examines theory about reader services research
Monroe Wisconsin, Madison Foundations for Reader "as a construct of principles which report
Services interact in such a way as to permit
explanation or prediction of results of
their practical application”
Elaine Trzebiatow- 1984 Abbott Northwestern End User Study on Evaluates first-time end user reactions to case study
ski Library, Minneapolis BRS/After Dark on-line database searching on the menu-
driven BRS/After Dark search system
John W. Head 1984 Clarion University of The National Rural Library Discussion of survey of 1100 rural survey
1984 Pennsylvania Reference Survey libraries analysis
Gleniece 1984 Dallas Public Library Management Development Asks how libraries are planning and research
Armstrong Programs in Large Public establishing management development
Robinson Libraries programs

Terry L. Weech 1984 Graduate School of Reference Clientele and the With data gather from a user survey, case study
and Herbert Library and Reference Transaction in study examines feasibility of a
Goldhor Information Science, Five Illinois Public Libraries methodology for obtaining data on
University of Illinois, behavior and perceptions
Urbana-Champaign
John N. DePew 1984 School of Library Factors Affecting Academic Reexamines surveys done in 1976 and survey
and Anne Marie and Information Library Administration, 1981 to determine if "library analysis
Allison Studies, Florida 1976-1981 administrators had control over their
State University, own libraries, and to what extent . . .
Tallahassee; that control had been diluted by internal
University of Central and/or external groups, administrators
Florida Libraries and staff"
Ronald R. Powell 1984 School of Library Library Use and Personality: Examines the relationship between research
Science, University The Relationship between personality, as represented by Rotter’s report
of Michigan Locus of Control and internal vs. external control of
Frequency of Use reinforcement, and frequency of public
library use

43
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

S.L. Baker 1984 University of Illinois Does the Use of a Demand- Examines the quality versus demand literature
Oriented Selection Policy debate, and finds no evidence to prove review and
Reduce Overall Collection that demand-driven libraries have poorer analysis
Quality? book collections than other libraries
Barbara Herrin, 1985 Personality and Examines stereotype of the school case study
Louis R. Pointon & Communications Behaviors librarian
Sara Russell of Model School Library
Media Specialists
Susan E. Hilchey 1985 Argonne National User Satisfaction or User Evaluates user satisfaction with an on- survey
and Jitka M. Laboratory; Acceptance? Statistical line reference service analysis
Hurych Founders Memorial Evaluation of an Online
Library, Northern Reference Service
Illinois University
Ernest R. 1985 Dept. of Urban Cost Allocation Issues in Explores questions of allocating service case study
Alexander Planning, University Interlibrary Systems and transactional costs
of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee
Grace Donoho 1985 Old High Elementary Measures of Audiovisual Describes library media program that case study
School, Bentonville, Production Activities with uses local audiovisual production as a
AR Students focal point; provides a technique for
measuring impact
Esther Green 1985 School of Library The Third Dimension: Based on a survey of object collections survey -
Bierbaum Science, University Dealing with Objects in in selected public libraries; notes inverse based study
of Iowa Public Library Collections relationship between library staff size
and likelihood of having objects in
collection.
Bonnie C. Carroll 1985 U.S. Dept. of Energy Value of Information Focuses on data and methods to baseline
& Donald W. King Office of Scientific quantify value in the hope that this will study
and Technical assist in the budget formulation process
Information & King of libraries
Research Inc.
Darlene E. 1985 University of Managerial Competence and Attempts to determine whether top-level survey-
Weigand and Noel Wisconsin, Madison; Skills: A Joint Study in the managers of libraries have those based study
Ryan Mississauga Library United States and Canada administrative skills which facilitate
System (Ontario) effective management
Nancy Birch, 1986 Brigham Young Perceived Role Conflict, Role Maslach Burnout Inventory was mailed survey-
Maurice P. University, HI; Ambiguity, and Reference to 825 reference librarians and results based study
Marchant & School of Library Librarian Burnout in Public analyzed using frequencies and
Nathan M. Smith and Information Libraries regression subprograms; results
Science, Brigham compared to studies of teachers
Young University, UT
Mary Howes 1986 Miller School, Evaluation of the Effects of Comparison of students who participated case study
Westmont, IL a Public Library Summer in summer reading programs and those
Reading Program on who did not
Children’s Reading Scores
between First and Second
Grade
Robert Grover and 1986 School of Library A Conceptual Framework for Proposes a model that displays explora-tory
Jack Glazier and Information Theory Building in Library relationships among phenomena and study
Management, and Information Science various levels of theory and research.
Emporia State Proposed taxonomy provides a
University; School of framework for researchers and theorists.
Library and
Information Science,
University of
Missouri, Columbia
Stephen E. James 1986 School of Library Economic Hard Times and In contrast with a British survey, author research
and Information Public Library Use: A Close finds no data to support rule of thumb
Studies, Atlanta Look at the Librarians’ that U.S. public library use increases
University Axiom during economic hard times.
John Budd 1986 Southeastern Interlibrary Loan Service: A Studies use of OCLC to provide data on research
Louisiana University Study of Turnaround Time turnaround time and comparison over report
time
David F. Kohl and 1986 University of Effectiveness of Course- Study supports "major trend emerging in case study
Lizabeth A. Wilson Colorado, Boulder; Integrated Bibliographic bibliographic instruction of a cognitive
University of Illinois, Instruction in Improving approach to research instruction."
Urbana-Champaign Coursework

44
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Peter Hernon and 1987 Graduate School of Quality of Data Issues in Discusses issues relating to the case study
Charles McClure Library and Unobtrusive Testing of reliability, validity, utility, and
Information Science, Library Reference Service: information "value" of unobtrusive
Simmons College; Recommendations and testing
School of Strategies
Information Studies,
Syracuse University
Herbert 1987 Library Research An Analysis of Data on the Analyzes data collected between 1970 research
Goldhor Center, University of Number of Public Library and 1985 in 9 states report
Illinois, Urbana- Reference Questions
Champaign
Mary Ellen 1987 Purdue University Attitudes of Public Service Older Americans are increasingly survey
(Kennedy) Collins Academic Librarians toward prominent as students in higher analysis
the Elderly education; librarians’ attitudes toward
them have changed
Robert N. Broadus 1987 School of Library Information Needs of Analysis of research requests and case study
Science, University Humanities Scholars: A compared with results of citation and
of North Carolina, Study of Requests Made at library use studies
Chapel Hill the National Humanities
Center
Daniel Arrigona & 1988 Austin Public Library A Use Study of an Academic Types of materials consulted were case study
Eleanor (T1) and Iowa State Library Reference Collection interpreted by use indexes, to test
Mathews University hypothesis that librarians and patrons
use the reference collection differently
Gene V. Glass and 1988 College of Education, Effects of an English-only Evaluates effects of the California case study
Isabel Schon Arizona State Law on Public Library English-only law in a "pretest-posttest
University, Tempe Acquisition Policies, nonequivalent control group quasi-
Practices, and Librarians’ experiment"
Attitudes toward Books in
Spanish for Children and
Young Adults
Thomas Childers 1988 College of Do Library Systems Make a A Study of the effect of federated case study
Information Studies, Difference? systems was performed on the
Drexel University population of system and nonsystem
counties in Pennsylvania
Charles A. Seavey 1988 Graduate Library Measuring the impact of Discusses four studies measuring levels case study
School, University public library system of library service; develops and tests
Arizona, Tucson formation on local library hypotheses about impact of system
service: a Wisconsin case development
study
Janet M. Lange 1988 independent Public Users, Nonusers, and Based on phone poll of county residents survey
consultant Types of Library Use of a southwestern state, compares analysis
expected levels and types of use with
actual situation.
Herbert Goldhor 1988 Library Research The Effect of Publicity on Examines whether a publicity program case study
Center, University of Interlibrary Loan Requests had a demonstrable effect on the
Illinois, Urbana- in Ten Illinois Public behavior of patrons regarding interlibrary
Champaign Libraries loan
Holly G. Willett 1988 School of Library The Changing Analysis of current library use and U.S. research
and Information Demographics of Children’s demographic trends to predict future report
Studies, University of Services needs.
Wisconsin
Joan Durrance and 1988 University of Common Public Policy Drawing on studies, authors offer ways posi-tion
Doris Preston Michigan Issues Faced by the to provide users with electronic paper
Nation’s Communities: information
Forging a Public Library
Response
Elizabeth J. 1988 Wright State The Mentoring Influence in Examines role of mentoring, based on survey and
McNeer University Library the Careers of Women ARL interviews with 16 directors analysis
Directors
Sally Felix 1989 PLA Governance of Public survey and
Libraries: Committee analysis
Findings
Lawrence W.S. 1989 Dept. of Library and GRE General Test Scores Some correlations found for males and research
Auld Information Studies, and Grade Point Averages for persons employed in some types of report
East Carolina as Predictors of Professional libraries; undergraduate grade point
University Salaries for Librarians averages were the most frequent
contributors to these correlations.

45
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Charles A. Seavey 1989 Graduate Library The public library in society: Examines factors associated with the explora-tory
School, University the relationship of libraries development or success of the public study
Arizona, Tucson and socioeconomic library; examines numerical measures
conditions and relates them to socioeconomic
factors
Connie Van Fleet 1989 Indiana University Public Library Service to Examines national survey findings and survey
Older Adults: Survey explores need for common service analysis
Findings and their philosophy based on lifelong learning
Implications
Michael J. Fimian, 1989 New England The Measure of Discusses development of Media research
Sandra A. Images; Winston- Occupational Stress and Specialist Stress Inventory; "regression report
Benedict & Stacie Salem/Forsyth Burnout among Library analyses indicated that four of the six
Johnson County Schools; Media Specialists stress factors predicted significant
Amos Cottage burnout levels."
Rehabilitation
Hospital & East
Forsyth High School
Robert Burgin 1989 School of Library Guttman Scale Analysis: An Develops a Guttman scale of survey
and Information Application to Library restrictiveness in dealing with overdues; analysis
Sciences, North Science relates data from a 1986 survey to the
Carolina Central scale
University
V. Lonnie Lawson 1989 Ward Edwards Using a Computer-Assisted Asks if freshmen who use a computer- case study
Library, Central Instruction Program to assisted instruction program had higher
Missouri State Replace the Traditional post-test means than students who took
University Library Tour: An a traditional library tour
Experimental Study
Choong Han Kim 1990 Indiana State Occupational Users and Tests three hypotheses concerning research
University, Terre Uses of the Public Library public library users and uses report
Haute
Charles D. 1990 Louisiana State Library User Education: Findings of a survey to determine the survey
Patterson and University; University Assessing the Attitudes of educational preparedness and attitudes analysis
Donna W. Howell of Georgia, Athens Those Who Teach of librarians who participate in
bibliographic instruction
Dong Y. Jeong 1990 School of The Nature of the Proposes a new classification model of position
Communication, Information Sector in the the "information economy." paper
Information and Information Society: An
Library Studies, Economic and Societal
Rutgers University Perspective
Kathleen Garland 1990 School of Gender Differences in Analyzes recent productivity studies of literature
Information and Scholarly Publication among library and information science faculty review and
Library Studies, Faculty in ALA Accredited and investigated gender differences in analysis
University of Library Schools publication among a sample of faculty
Michigan over a five-year span
Frances Smardo 1990 School of Library Latchkey Children: A Case studies, statistics, and survey data research
Dowd and Information Community and Public about a growing issue. report
Studies, Texas Library Phenomenon
Women’s University
Beth Sandore 1990 University of Illinois, Online Searching: What Describes a research project that used case study
Urbana-Champaign Measure Satisfaction? quantitative measures to examine
indicators of search satisfaction
Thomas Childers, 1991 College of Measuring the Difficulty of Seeks to develop a measure of differing baseline
Cynthia Lopata & Information Studies, Reference Questions levels of difficulty of reference questions study
Brian Stafford Drexel University handled by the California interlibrary
reference referral network
Gillian S. 1991 DePauw University Reference in the Public "Examines the validity of the neutrality explora-tory
Gremmels Library; Indiana Interest: An Examination of stance as the primary response to study
University Ethics reference questions that present ethical
dilemmas."
Helen M. Gothberg 1991 Graduate Library Time Management in Public Survey about how library directors survey
School, University of Libraries manage their time analysis
Arizona, Tucson
Cheryl Metoyer- 1991 Graduate School of Information-Seeking Presents a model for information-seeking research
Duran Library and Behavior of Gatekeepers in behavior of ethnolinguistic gatekeepers report
Information Science, Ethnolinguistic
UCLA Communities: a Taxonomy

46
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Michael Bell and 1991 La Joya Independent Interactional Patterns of Analysis of data collected from school case study
Herman L. Totten School District; School Media Specialists media professionals in 19 academically
University of North with School Instructional distinguished public elementary schools
Texas Staff in Texas
Jim Scheppke, 1991 Oregon State Library The governance of public Discusses national survey aimed at survey &
libraries: findings of the determining governance of public analysis
PLA Governance of Public libraries
Libraries Committee
Kathleen Garland 1991 School of Nature of Publications by Examines nature of literature produced research
Information and LIS Faculty by random sample of faculty in ALA- report
Library Studies, accredited schools of library and
University of information science, 1980-84
Michigan
Maurice P. 1991 School of Library What Motivates Adult Use of Examines four motivators to explain literature
Marchant and Information Public Libraries? adult use of public libraries review and
Sciences, Brigham analysis
Young University,
Provo
Prudence Ward 1991 University of Illinois, Measuring Statewide Describes an attempt to design and test case study
Dalrymple, Urbana-Champaign; Interlibrary Loan among a data collection process in Illinois
Timothy Cole, University of Multitype Libraries: A
Bryce Allen & Wisconsin, Madison Testing of Data Collection
Debra Wilcox Approaches
Johnson

Thura Mack 1991 University of A Model Methodology for Citation analysis provides a meaningful literature
Tennessee Libraries Selecting Women’s Studies evaluation tool for bibliographers and review and
Core Journals collection managers analysis
Prudence Ward 1992 American Library Users’ Experience of Reports on factor analysis of affective case study
Dalrymple and Association; School Information Retrieval data gathered from a study of searching
Douglas L. Zweizig of Library and Systems: An Exploration of behavior in two library catalogs
Information Studies, the Relationship between
University of Search Experience and
Wisconsin, Madison Affective Measures
James V. 1992 Dept. of Library and The Male Librarian and the Reports results of survey of male survey
Carmichael, Jr. Information Studies, Feminine Image: A Survey librarians relating to the male analysis
University of North of Stereotype, Status, and professional stereotype and impact of
Carolina, Greensboro Gender Perceptions social expectations and gender-related
work issues
Christine M. 1992 Florida Resources Public Library Site Presents a new methodology for multi-disci-
Koontz and Environmental Evaluation and Location: construction of location modeling for plinary
Analysis Center, Past and Present Market- public libraries in diverse urban literature
Florida State Based Modeling Tools for environments review and
University, the Future analysis
Tallahassee
Robert M. Hayes 1992 Graduate School of Measurement of Use and Presents a model for distribution of use case study
Library and Resulting Access Allocation of information records, and derives a
Information Science, Decisions means for decision-making about
UCLA allocation to various levels of access
Fariborz 1992 Graduate School of The Adoption of Innovations Delineated three groups of organizations research
Damanpour and Management, over Time: Structural according to their rate of innovations report
William M. Evan Rutgers University; Determinants and over time; characteristics and
Wharton School Consequences in Libraries performance were illustrated with
empirical data from public libraries
Mary Riskind 1992 Montclair Public Library Use as an Economic 1991 survey of 39 NJ public libraries aids survey
Library Indicator in assessing relationship between report
economic well-being and library use.
Lois Buttlar and 1992 School of Library Recruitment of Librarians Examines why minorities choose to research
William Caynon and Information into the Profession: The become librarians and which recruiting report
Science, Kent State Minority Perspective techniques are believed most effective
University
Holly G. Willett 1992 School of Library Public Library Directors in Uses the resource dependence approach case study
and Information the Organizational to open systems theory and the
Studies, Texas Environment: Four Case negotiated social order perspective to
Woman’s University Studies discuss activities and attitudes of 9
directors of 4 California public libraries

47
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Donald J. Kenney 1992 University Libraries, State Library Associations: Seeks to determine how state library survey
and Gail McMillan Virginia Tech, How Well Do They Support associations perceive their missions to analysis
Blacksburg Professional Development? members in areas of professional
development and continuing education
Gary 1993 College of Library Information Seeking in Full- Explores effects of domain expertise and case study
Marchionini, and Information Text End-User-Oriented search expertise through assigned
Sandra Dwiggins, Sciences, University Search Systems: The Roles searches in hypertext or CD-ROM
Andrew Katz & Xia of Maryland, College of Domain and Search databases
Lin Park Expertise

Douglas J. Ernest 1993 Colorado State Academic Libraries, Fee- Discussion of how librarians relate to survey
University Libraries, Based Information Services, local business people analysis
Fort Collins and the Business
Community
Judith Dixon and 1993 Dallas Public Library; Should public libraries
Frances Smardo School of Library program for babies? A
Dowd and Information national survey of children’s
Studies, Texas coordinators
Women’s University
Alisa J. Whitt 1993 Emory University The Information Needs of Describes survey of 141 lesbians and survey
1993 Libraries Lesbians their information needs analysis
Mary Niles Maack 1993 Graduate School of Unwritten Rules: Mentoring Examines role of mentoring of women survey and
and Joanne E. Library & Women Faculty faculty in library and information science analysis
Passet Information Science, during past 50 years
UCLA; School of
Library &
Information Science,
Indiana University
Cheryl Metoyer- 1993 Graduate School of Cross-Cultural Research in Methodological considerations related to research
Duran Library and Ethnolinguistic conduct of research in culturally diverse report
Information Science, Communities: communities and provides strategies for
UCLA Methodological public libraries seeking to undertake
Considerations community analyses
Cheryl Metoyer- 1993 Graduate School of The Information and Examines ethnic gatekeepers and their case study
Duran Library and Referral Process in views on how to obtain information
Information Science, Culturally Diverse
UCLA Communities
Gillian Allen 1993 Graduate School of An Application of the Act Investigates if the act frequency explora-tory
Library and Frequency Approach in the approach, used in psychological study
Information Science, Study of Person-Job Fit research, might clarify work of behavior
University of Illinois of librarians
at Urbana-
Champaign
Idrisa Pandit 1993 Mortensen Library Citation Errors in Library Examines five core library science survey and
Program, University Literature: A Study of Five journals to study accuracy of citations analysis
of Illinois, Urbana- Library Science Journals
Champaign
A. Neil Yerkey 1993 School of Publishing in Library and Examines 855 LIS-related document survey-
Information and Information Science: surrogates from 32 databases and based study
Library Studies, Audience, Subjects, categorizes them according to whether
SUNY Buffalo Affiliation, Source, and they were written by persons working
Format inside or outside the LIS literature
Connie Van Fleet 1993 School of Library Evidence of Communication Analysis of journal articles suggests that research
and Information among Public Librarians and public librarians and LIS educators use report
Science, LSU Library and Information the national journal literature as an
Science Educators in Public interactive communication system
Library Journal Literature
Douglas L. Zweizig 1993 School of Library The Children’s Services Report and analysis of data from libraries survey
and Information Story participating in the Public Library Data analysis
Science, University Service
of Wisconsin
Patricia M. Wallace 1993 University of How Do Patrons Search the Recorded user behavior unobtrusively case study
1993 Colorado Libraries Online Catalog When No and focuses on what happened during
One’s Looking? Transaction the search process
Log Analysis and
Implications for
Bibliographic Instruction
and System Design

48
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Bryn Geffert 1993 University of Illinois Community Networks in Description of patrons use, role within case study
Libraries: the Freenet public libraries, sample reference
P.A.T.H. questions
Daniel Suvak 1993 Walsh College Evaluating LSCA: The Asks if LSCA, Title I, made a significant research
Library, North Evidence from Prison difference in the quality of state prison report
Canton, OH Libraries libraries compared with federal libraries
Frank W. Goudy 1993 Western Illinois Local Public Library Funding Analysis suggests that libraries received research
and Ellen Altman University and in the 1980s an increasing share of local government report
University of funds.
Arizona, Tucson
Dennis Carrigan 1994 College of Library Public Library Private Fund- Analyzes results of questionnaire sent to survey
and Information Raising: A Report Based on directors of 100 large public libraries. analysis
Science, University a Survey
of Kentucky
Jerry P. Miller 1994 Graduate School of The Relationship between Describes how differences in case study
Library and Organizational Culture and organizational values influence frequency
Information Science, Environmental Scanning: A with which decision makers use oral,
Simmons College Case Study written, and electronic sources of
information for environmental scanning
Nancy A. Van 1994 School of Library The Use of Public Library Examines roles from the PLA planning survey
House and and Information Roles for Effectiveness and measurement tools for their utility in analysis
Thomas A. Studies, University of Evaluation evaluating public library effectiveness;
Childers California, Berkeley; data from Public Library Effectiveness
Drexel University Study
Diane Prorak, 1994 University Library, Teaching Method and "Will students learn more and be case study
Tania Gottschalk & University of Idaho Psychological Type in confident about using the library if
Mike Pollastro Bibliographic Instruction: librarians teach using a small-group,
Effect on Student Learning active-learning method rather than a
and Confidence lecture method?"
Dian Walster 1994 University of Applying an Attitude- Examines application of the Fishbein and explora-tory
Colorado, Denver Behavior Consistency Model Ajzen model of attitude-behavior study
to Research in Library and consistency to research in LIS
Information Science
F.W. Lancaster, 1994 University of Illinois; Searching Databases on CD- Results of 35 searches by users of the case study
Cheryl Elzy, Mary Illinois State ROM: Comparison of the ERIC database were compared with
Jo Zeter, Laura University Results of End-User results achieved by an experienced
Metzler & Yuen- Searching with Results from education librarian and a team of
Man Low Two Modes of Searching by experienced librarians
Skilled Intermediaries
David Belanger 1995 Delaware County Board Games: Examining Analyzes the Library Trustee and survey
Library System (PA) the Trustee/Director Conflict Director Survey, done in Pennsylvania in analysis
1994
Shiao-Feng Su and 1995 Division of Library Evaluation of Expert Evaluates two systems designed to help case study
F.W. Lancaster and Information Systems in Reference library users find sources to answer their
Sciences, San Jose Service Applications reference questions
State University;
Graduate School of
Library and
Information Science,
University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign
Sherry Shiuan Su 1995 Fe-Jen Catholic Information and a Forgotten Examines information needs of elderly explora-tory
and Charles Wm. University; School of Minority: Elderly Chinese Chinese immigrants; implications for study
Conaway Library and Immigrants improved information services
Information Studies,
Florida State
University
Marcia J. Bates, 1995 Graduate School of Research practices of Monitors database searching by visiting case study
Deborah N. Wilde, Education and humanities scholars in an scholars at Getty Center for the History
Susan Siegfried Information Studies, on-line environment: the of Art and the Humanities
UCLA; Getty Art Getty Online Searching
History Information Project report no.3
Program
Stanley E. & Jim 1995 Illinois State Library A Study of Public Library Examines voting trends on library issues assess-ment
Bradley, Referenda in Illinois based on results of referenda from 1978
through 1994
Eric Bryant 1995 Library Journal Pride & Prejudice Discusses nation’s first survey of gay and survey
lesbian librarian service analysis

49
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Debora Shaw 1995 School of Library Bibliographic Database Observed graduate students as they case study
and Information Searching by Graduate searched CD-ROM databases
Science, Indiana Students in Language and
University Literature: Search
Strategies, System
Interfaces, and Relevance
Judgments
Richard Rubin 1995 School of Library Upward Appraisal: What Do Employs a subordinate evaluation case study
and Information Subordinates Consider instrument to identify those factors that
Science, Kent State Important in Evaluating employees of the Dayton-Montgomery
University Their Supervisors? County Public Library value in their
supervisors; implications for
administrators
Douglas Raber 1995 School of Library A Conflict of Cultures: Examines nature of conflicts that may research
and Informational Planning vs. Tradition in arise in confrontation of cultures report
Science, University Public Libraries inherent in the Public Library
of Missouri, Development Program and traditional
Columbia library cultures
John R. 1995 School of Public and Using a Gravity Model to Development of model based on case study
Ottensmann Environmental Predict Circulation in a principles of spatial interaction
Affairs, Indiana Public Library System
University
David N. Ammons 1995 University of Georgia Overcoming the Using examples from public libraries and case study
inadequacies of community parks, study argues that
performance measurement increased emphasis on performance
in local government: the comparisons could encourage greater
case of libraries and leisure accountability
services
Qun G. Jiao, 1996 Baruch College, Library Anxiety: Based on study of 493 students, case study
Anthony CUNY; University of Characteristics of "At-Risk" examines factors that predict library
Onwuegbuzie & Central Arkansas College Students anxiety; a setwise multiple regression
Art A. Lichtenstein analysis reveals eight variables involved

Affleck, Mary Ann 1996 Capital Community- Burnout among Administered Maslach Burnout Inventory survey-
Technical College Bibliographic Instruction and a Role Questionnaire to bibliographic based study
Library, Hartford, CT Librarians instruction librarians in colleges in New
England
Deanna B. 1996 Council on Library Redefining Community Uses case studies and surveys to position
Marcum Resources through the Public Library speculate about how public library can paper
contribute to social well-being
Hector Correa and 1996 Graduate School of An Application of Input- Construction of an input-output model research
Virginia Correa Public and Output Analysis to the makes it possible to forecast personnel report
International Affairs, Administration of a Library requirements resulting from changes in
University of external demands for library services
Pennsylvania;
Electronic
Information
Network, Pittsburgh,
PA
Lynda M. Baker 1996 Library and A Study of the Nature of Based on Miller’s theory of information case study
Information Science Informational Needed by seeking, the study asked 93 women to
Program, Wayne Women with Multiple assess a general or specific pamphlet on
State University Sclerosis one of two topics; discussion of
methodology for studying information
needs
Diane DiMartino 1996 Newman Library, End-User Full-Text Examined and assessed the search case study
and Lucinda R. Baruch College, Searching: Access or techniques of trained end-users to see if
Zoe CUNY Excess? they were searching effectively

Debora Shaw 1996 School of Library Undergraduate Use of CD- Observed freshmen as they searched case study
and Information ROM Databases: bibliographic databases
Science, Indiana Observations of Human-
University Computer Interaction and
Relevance Judgments
Linda M. 1996 School of Library The Effects of Automation Considers effects of automation based exploratory
Wolfgram and Information on School Library Media on the literature and on perceptions of study
Science, Indiana Centers school media specialists
University

50
Journal articles

Researcher Year Institution Project (title) Focus Type

Zorana Ercegovac 1997 Dept. of Library and The Interpretation of Examines the degree to which college case study
Information Science, "Library Use" in the Age of students agree in interpreting the term
UCLA Digital Libraries: Virtualizing "library use."
the Name
Suzanne 1997 School of Still Not Equal: Closing the Analysis of trends in opportunities and position
Hildenbrand Information and Library Gender Gap salaries for women paper
1997 Library Studies,
SUNY Buffalo
Hazel M. Davis & 1997 Victoria University, The relationship between Uses market research techniques to survey &
Ellen Altman, New Zealand; community lifestyles and examine whether circulation patterns analysis
Glendale Community circulation patterns in public reflect distinctive lifestyles
College, AZ libraries

51
Table VB: Dissertations and other unpublished studies
(Listed in chronological order )

Researcher Date Institution Project Focus Type

Betty J. University of Ph.D. diss Student Determines methods and materials survey
Morris Alabama Assistants in Academic most frequently used to train student and
Libraries assistants. analysis
Josephine Yu 1983 Florida State Ph.D. diss Education Describes library education systems histor-
Chen Sche University Systems for Librarianship in and interprets each system ical study
the Federal Republic of according to its development since
Germany, the U.K. and U.S. the 1880s.
Adeline 1983 Florida State Ph.D. diss Managerial Describes functions and how survey
Wood University Functions by Beginning librarians perceive them and
Wilkes Academic Librarians analysis

Jo Ann 1984 Texas Woman’s Ph.D. diss Study of Use of Identifies and evaluates survey
Keach University Fees for Services in Tax- characteristics of libraries charging and
Phelan Supported Medium-Sized fees for services. analysis
Public Libraries
James M. 1984 Indiana Ph.D. diss Support Staff Compares unionized with non- case
Kusack University Unions in University unionized libraries. study
Libraries
Roland B. 1984 University of Ph.D. diss Relationships of Determines the relationships case
Welmaker Michigan Perceived Management between management systems of 9 study
Systems and Job public libraries in the southeastern
Satisfaction of Public U.S.
Librarians
Lauren Sapp 1984 Florida State Ph.D. diss Service Analyzes data from questionnaire to survey
Williams University Orientation of Govt 298 library staff members. and
Documents Librarians in analysis
Academic Libraries of the
Southeastern United States
Ulysses 1984 Virginia Ed.D. diss Application of Determines the human resources case
Cameron Polytechnic Human Resources Planning needed for a multimedia library of study
Institute and to the University of the medium size.
State University District of Columbia
Library
Edwin L. 1984 Florida State Ph.D. diss Use, Cost, Describes cost and use of survey
Holton University Perceived Value and Social telecommunications tools and and
Context of investigates perceived value of analysis
Telecommunications Tools those tools.
in Two-Year College
Libraries in southeastern
U.S.
Peter P. 1985 SUNY Buffalo Ph.D. diss Organizational Examines library’s organizations explora-
Olevnik Implications of Faculty and governance structure. tory
Status for Librarians in the study
College Library

52
Dissertations and other unpublished studies

Researcher Date Institution Project Focus Type

Barbara 1985 Indiana Ph.D. diss Comparative Assesses children’s services through survey
Kasper University Analysis of Public Library survey of librarians. and
Service to Children in analysis
Indiana during the 1970s
Pamela Rae 1985 Memphis State Ed. D. diss Describes graduate education at survey
Palmer University Graduate Education of institutions with at least 1,000 and
Academic Librarians graduate enrollment in southeastern analysis
United States.
Mohamed 1985 Case Western Ph.D. diss Case study of Shaker Heights case
Fituri Reserve Book Availability and User Senior High School and Cleveland study
Abduljalil University Satisfaction in School Heights High School.
Libraries
Ellen Lowe 1986 Old Dominion Ph.D. diss. Effects of Examines the extent to which case
Miller University Classification Systems on variation in a classification system study
Management and Access in corresponds to variation in
Selected Elementary School management and access.
Libraries
Albert A. 1986 University of Ed.D. thesis Examines effects of Title III in data
Lunardi San Francisco LSCA Title III: Public stimulating library participation in analysis
. School Library Participation networks.
within Cooperative Library
Networks
Joanne Reed 1986 University of Ph.D. diss Survey of 42 university library survey
Euster California, Activities and Effectiveness directors and investigation of their and
Berkeley of the Academic Library role "in the framework of an analysis
Director environmental model developed for
this research."
Sally Ann 1986 Vanderbilt Ed.D diss A Study of the Examines systematic programs of case
McLeod University Evaluation of Academic evaluation. study
Koenig Library Services in
Institutions Accredited by
the Southern Association of
Colleges and Schools
Rosemarie 1986 Columbia Ph.D. diss. Telephone Investigates trends in telephone survey
Riechel University Reference Activity in Large reference. and
Public Libraries analysis
Betty 1986 Florida State Ph.D. diss The Facilitation Surveys 487 on-line search survey
Douglas University of Direct Searching of librarians about end user searching. and
Paulk Online Services by the End analysis
User in Academic Libraries
Janice Helen 1987 Columbia D.L.S. thesis Performance Compares and analyzes quality of case
McCue University results of 42 on-line database study
searches in 21 public libraries in 16
states.
Popoola 1987 University of Ph.D. diss. Study of 5 U.S. Investigates the use of microforms case
Akanni Pittsburgh agricultural libraries with as an efficient method of study
Awogbami implications for Nigerian information transfer.
Agricultural Libraries

53
Dissertations and other unpublished studies

Researcher Date Institution Project Focus Type

Emma Joyce 1987 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Examination of Citing interpretations of the ALA’s explora-
White Mills University Procedures and Practices in "Bill of Rights," argues that a tory
the Selection of Black disparity may exist between study
Materials for Children’s "cultural diversity" and the practices
Collections of Public of librarians in acquiring materials.
Libraries
Santi Gopal 1987 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Public Library Examines services at subregional survey
Basu University Services to Visually libraries designated by the National
Disabled Children Library Service for the Blind and
Physically Handicapped.
Ruth 1987 Columbia D.L.S. thesis Administration Evolution of multicampus libraries case
Schwartz University and Organization of Private since World War II. study
and Public Multicampus
University Libraries
George R. 1988 University of Ph.D. diss. Organizational Studies the relative merits of case
Gaumond North Carolina, Characteristics of University centralized vs departmental study
Chapel Hill Departmental Libraries libraries.
Kwasi 1988 University of Ph.D. diss. Foreign Students Examines two universities in New case
Sarkodie- Illinois, Urbana- and U.S. Academic Orleans, using questionnaire data study
Mensah Champaign Libraries from students.

Jill L. Locke 1988 University of Ph.D. diss. Effectiveness of Examines factors related to reaching survey
Pittsburgh Summer Reading Programs a higher proportion of child and
in Public Libraries population. analysis
Robert B. 1988 Rutgers Ph.D. diss. Perceptions of survey
Ford, Jr. University Networking and and
Organizational analysis
Interdependence among
Selected ARL Libraries
Richard P. 1988 University of Ph.D. diss. Multitype Explores the objectives of multitype survey
Bradberry Michigan Undergraduate LIS library programs through a survey and
Education Programs of administrators. analysis
Abigail 1989 University of Ph.D. diss. Carnegie Analyzes impact of Carnegie gifts historical
Ayres Van California, Libraries and on changes in philanthropy and study
Slyck Berkeley Transformation of American culture.
Culture
Linda Louise 1989 Oregon State Ph.D. diss. Survey of Uses random sample questionnaire survey
Loomis University Collection Analysis to investigate how librarians analyze
Cochrane Practices and effects of use of collections.
automation in Public and
Academic Libraries
Theodore R. 1989 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Survey of Based on a survey of 736 librarians, survey
Pfarrer University Reference Librarians in examines prevalence of CD-ROM analysis
Four-Year Colleges and technology and its future
Universities applications.
Ting Ming 1990 University of Ph.D. diss. Comparative Compares library use of case
Lai Wisconsin Study of Use of Academic undergraduates in the United States study
Libraries and Taiwan

54
Dissertations and other unpublished studies

Researcher Date Institution Project Focus Type

Joan E. 1991 Seattle Ph.D. diss. Collection Discusses history and theories of litera-
McIntyre University Development and collection development. ture
Instruction in Libraries of review
Catholic Colleges and
Universities
Paul L. 1991 University of Ph.D. diss. Archival Investigates relationship between explora-
Conway Michigan Preservation and preservation practice and the tory
Information Sources perceived availability and study
usefulness of information sources.
Merrill F. 1991 University of Ed. D. diss. Impact of Assesses the impact of technology case
Smith North Carolina, Technology on Collection on collection development. Data study
Greensboro Development in Academic collected through interviews.
and Research Libraries in
Southeastern United States
Sandra Kaye 1991 University of Ed. D. diss. Factors Survey of librarians at research- survey
King Stone Alabama affecting CD-ROM End- oriented universities. and
user Instruction in Major analysis
University Libraries
Felicia Suila 1992 University of Ph.D. diss. Comparative Examines whether a single case
Kimo Lafon Michigan Study and Analysis of the bibliographic program can serve study
Library Skills of U.S. and both U.S. and foreign students.
Foreign Students at the
University of Michigan
Nevin D. 1992 Indiana Ph.D. diss. The Public Examines the PLI, commissioned histor-
Raber University Library Inquiry and the by the ALA to assess librarianship ical study
Search for Professional in context of the postwar era.
Legitimacy
Majed Jalal 1992 Texas Woman’s Ph.D. diss. Model of Based on a review of the literature litera-
Khader University Services for Public Libraries on model-building. ture
Serving Arab-American review
Communities and
model
build-ing
Rebecca 1993 USC D.P.A thesis Academic Focuses on emerging library survey
Reist Martin Library Responsiveness to programs that address the needs of and
Multicultural Student Needs multicultural students. analysis

Robert B. 1994 University of Ph.D. diss. Georgia’s Considers Georgia’s 25 Carnegie histor-
Walker Georgia Carnegie Libraries: History, libraries from a historic preservation ical study
Conditions, and perspective.
Conservation
Anna Hemer 1994 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Changing Print Compares collection patterns in 72 data
Perrault University Resource Base of Academic ARL academic libraries for 1985 analysis
Libraries and 1989.
Terence F. 1994 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Planning College Four case studies explore planning case
Sebright University Library Buildings for and outcomes related to information study
Information technology in small-college
libraries.
Jean Ellen 1995 Rutgers Ph.D. diss. Response to a Examines four case studies of how case
Coleman University Socio-Educational Need literacy can empower. study

55
Dissertations and other unpublished studies

Researcher Date Institution Project Focus Type

Terry S. 1995 Florida State Ph.D. diss. Library Fund- Investigates degree to which survey
Latour University Raising Activities at U.S. academic libraries engage in and
Colleges and Libraries fundraising. analysis
Kathryn 1996 San Jose State MLS thesis. Examines racial/ethnic librarians pilot
Josefina University Study of Racial/Ethnic working in ethnic collections of study
Blackmer Librarians and Management university libraries nationwide.
Reyes

Alma 1996 Texas Woman’s Ph.D. diss. The Academic Examines proportion of educational case
Dawson University Library in Intra-Institutional and general expenditure funds of study
Relationships three academic libraries, 1983-93.
Richard D. 1997 Rutgers Ph.D. diss. Extractors for Examines ways to create "uniform explora-
Holoczak University, Digital Library Objects and automated" mechanisms for tory
Newark building "meaningful and study
expressive indexes with which
expert and novice users can
interact."

56
 Funded Projects and Research Priorities

The following matrices tabulate the projects for each funding source (identified in Tables IVA and IVB) that
supported any of the identified Department research priorities (identified in Table II). Total funding for each
program is given.

Matrix A: Federally funded programs and research priorities

(Listed in alphabetical order by funding sponsor and by focus. Blank cells indicate information is unavailable)

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h i j k l
NCLIS Public Libraries and the 10,000 Charles R. 1 1 1
Internet McClure,
John Carlo
Bertot &
John C.
Beachboard
NCLIS Public Libraries and the 76,965 John Carlo 1 1 1
Internet Bertot, et al
NCLIS Public libraries and the 67,759 Charles R. 1 1
Internet: study results, McClure,
policy issues, and John Carlo
recommendations. Bertot &
Douglas L.
Zweizig
NCLIS Subtotal 154,724 2 3 2
NCLIS Internet costs and cost 112,529 Charles R. 1 1
& NSF models for public McClure,
libraries; publication. John Carlo
Bertot &
John C.
Beachboard
NCLIS Subtotal 112,529 1 1
& NSF

NEH Research and 363,491 Paul L. 1 1 1

demonstration to produce Conway
a substantial body of
information about the
organizational, financial,
and technical issues
involved in applying
digital imagery in the
preservation arena.
NEH Subtotal 363,491 1 1 1
OERI A study of the 57,143 Verna L. 1
dissemination of the Pungitore
Public Library Planning
Process
OERI Age analysis of public 78,375 Danny 1
library collections Wallace
a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information; e=Professional Issues;
f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives; j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services;
l=Library Models
57
Federally funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h i j k l
OERI Assessing information on 48,675 Martin 1 1
the Internet: library Dillon
services for computer-
mediated communication
OERI Assessing the information 59,443 Bernard 1 1 1
needs of rural Americans Vavrek
OERI Assessing the role of the 58,389 Bernard 1 1 1
rural public library Vavrek
OERI Assessment of the public 108,354 George 1
library’s mission in D’Elia
society
OERI Benefit to rural-area 38,128 Patricia J. 1 1
students and faculty of Cutright
regional information
networks
OERI Book deterioration in Edward T. 1 1 1
Ohio libraries O’Neill &
Wesley L.
Boomgaarde
n
OERI Cognitive models to 94,703 Carol 1
facilitate information Kuhlthau
seeking
OERI Cooperative system for 54,423 Mary Jo 1
public library data Lynch
collection, to provide data
for NCES
OERI Determine impact of Title 20,000 Mildred 1
II-B fellowships on the Lowe
library and information
science profession
OERI Develop comparative 84,545 Frances 1 1 1 1
research data on two Benham,
library instruction Associate
methods for Dean of
undergraduate Libraries
engineering students
OERI Developing a prototype 63,500 Philip J. 1
system for intelligent Smith and
information retrieval Rebecca
Darling
OERI Development and study of 99,852 Robin N. 1 1 1
an intelligent reference Downes,
information system (ISIS) University
Library

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
58
Federally funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h i j k l
OERI Development of an 200,287 Naomi C. 1 1
"electronic textbook" in Broering,
human physiology Biomedical
Information
Resources
Center
OERI Economics of public 57,100 Jane B. 1 1
libraries and library Robbins,
funding Douglas
Zweizig
OERI Embracing the tiger: 62,949 Andrew J. 1 1 1
learning from public Seager
library literacy programs
OERI Evaluate use of fax 175,746 Robert J. 1 1
copiers or scanners in lieu Bertholf
of sending actual items or
photocopies
OERI Evaluating use of new 101,622 Jack O’Bar, 1 1
technology University
Library
OERI Evaluation of adult library 52,969 Douglas 1
literacy programs Zweizig
OERI Facilitating information 93,553 Carol 1 1
seeking through cognitive Kuhlthau
modeling of the search
process
OERI Factors influencing the 65,750 Diane 1 1 1 1 1
outcome of challenges to Hopkins
materials in middle,
junior, and high school
libraries
OERI Hypermedia and research 55,500 Eleanor 1 1
methodology Langstaff
OERI Hypermedia project to 80,000 1 1 1 1 1 1
provide information in
four county library
systems
OERI Identifying researchable 348,966 Kate Joyce 1
issues to help librarians and Mary
attain or maintain Kahn
leadership positions in an
information society
OERI Institute to review trends Mohammed 1 1
in key subjects related to Aman and
urban libraries [grant Donald
mentioned in monograph] Sager

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
59
Federally funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h i j k l
OERI Local implementation of 57,187 Verna 1 1
the public library Pungitore
planning and role setting
process
OERI Medical literature as a 41,248 Ron R. 1
source of new knowledge Swanson
OERI Nature and improvement 84,823 Tefko 1 1 1
of librarian-user Saracevic
interaction and on-line
searching for information
delivery in libraries
OERI Output measures for 42,014 Virginia 1
children’s services in Walter
public libraries
OERI Pilot computer-based 66,901 Pauline S. 1 1
training modules for staff Bayne,
training libraries Music
Library
OERI Program to teach and 117,558 Virginia 1 1 1 1
guide students in using Tiefel
on-line public catalog and
computerized and print
reference sources
OERI Providing principles, 106,987 Nicholas 1 1 1 1
guidelines, and desirable Belkin and
features for a 3rd- Tefko
generation on-line public Saracevic
access catalog
OERI Public library Nancy A. 1 1
effectiveness: theory, Van House
measures, and
determinants
OERI Public library planning 45,700 Verna 1
process in smaller Pungitore
libraries. and Carole
Nowicke
OERI Purchase of hardware and 89,438 Patricia M. 1
research and Kelly,
demonstration of University
technical requirements for Library
a consortium
OERI Relationship between 25,000 Susan 1 1
length of loan period and Nelson and
circulation in public Herbert
libraries Goldhor

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
60
Federally funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h i j k l
OERI Research to measure 102,643 Thomas A. 1 1
effects of a three-college Childers and
automation project on Belver C.
users, staff, and Griffith
institutions
OERI Roles of school, 60,000 Mary 1
academic, special, and Deweaver
community libraries in
providing viewtext
information services
OERI Status of libraries in 148,037 Douglas 1
literacy education Zweizig et
al.
OERI Testing a new design for Karen 1 1
subject access to on-line Drabenstott
catalogues
OERI The impact of school 66,664 Keith Curry 1 1
library media centers on Lance
academic achievement
OERI The Public Library 132,000 Thomas 1 1
Effectiveness Study Childers and
Nancy Van
House
OERI The use of children’s 57,833 Kathleen 1
materials in school and Garland
public libraries
OERI To determine if hands-on 85,677 Marvin 1 1
exercises improve ability Wiggins
to use computer-based
research tools
OERI Update of, and 22,674 Betty J. 1
comparison with, a 1971 Turock
survey of library services
to the aging
OERI Subtotal 3,512,356 22 12 6 2 7 0 6 15 0 2 18 1
U.S. Adult literacy and new Office of 1
Congress technologies: tools for a Technology
lifetime. Assessment

GRAND TOTAL $4,143,100 22 12 7 5 7 0 9 15 1 3 22 1

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
61
Matrix B: Privately funded programs and research priorities
(Listed in alphabetical order by funding sponsor and focus. Blank cells indicate information is unavailable)

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
Andrew W. Comprehensive evaluation 700,000 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mellon methodology for ongoing
Fndtn. activities in creating
digital library
Andrew W. Economics of electronic 210,000 1
Mellon library of the future
Fndtn.
Andrew W. Electronic journals in field 250,000 1 1 1
Mellon of religious studies
Fndtn. 1995
Andrew W. Research project on 290,000 1
Mellon economics of electronic
Fndtn. library of the future
Andrew W. Study of interlibrary loan 160,000 1
Mellon
Fndtn.
Andrew W. University Libraries and 0 Anthony 1 1 1
Mellon Scholarly Communication Cummings
Fndtn. et al.
Andrew W. Journal Storage Project, to 700,000 1 1 1 1
Mellon make back issues or core
Fndtn. periodicals available to
faculty and students in
digital format
Andrew W. Journal Storage Project 75,000 1 1 1 1
Mellon test sites
Fndtn.
Andrew W. Research Libraries Project 50,000 1
Mellon
Fndtn.
Andrew W. Research Libraries Project 25,000 1
Mellon
Fndtn.
Andrew W. Scholarly Communication 0 Richard 1 1 1
Mellon and technology Ekman
Fndtn.
Andrew Subtotal 2,460,000 8 1 1 2 0 0 1 6 2 2 4 1
W. Mellon
Fndtn.
Assoc. Shattering our stereotype: 15,000 Mary Jane 1
College librarians’ new image Scherdin
Research
Libraries &
Con-
sulting
Psycholo-
gists Press
a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information; e=Professional Issues;
f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives; j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services;
l=Library Models
62
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
Benton Support of ACLU’s work 25,000 1 1
Fndtn. on privacy implications of
new computer and
communication
technologies
Benton Telecommunication needs 15,000 1 1 1 1
Fndtn. of nonprofits in the Twin
Cities area; resource
directory; seminars on
new technologies
Benton Subtotal 40,000 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Fndtn.
Camille Cost-effectiveness of 15,000 1
and Henry distributive access model
Dreyfus of electronic library as
Fndtn. part of Fndtn.’s Planning
Grants for Chemical
Informatics
Carnegie Implications of technology 180,000 1 1 1 1
Corporatio developments for higher
n of New education and scholarly
York communication
CLR Academic administrators’ 1,830 Larry 1
views on the role of Hardesty &
college libraries David
Kasser
CLR Analytical framework and 25,000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
baseline for networked
information resources and
services
CLR Application of behavioral 2,587 1 1 1
research methodology to
environmental design
problems in libraries
CLR Attitudes of municipal and 12,000 1 1
county officials toward
public libraries
CLR Benchmarking pilot 17,540 Intern. 1 1 1
project on interlibrary loan Systems
Services
Corp. and
Jack A.
Wiggins
CLR Comparison of journal use 3,000 1
to reported relative value,
college discipline, and
subscription cost
CLR Comparison of on-line and 1,000 1 1 1 1 1 1
manual search capabilities
of students

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
63
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
CLR Conference on public 16,760 1
library effectiveness
CLR Cost and beneficial 97,612 Paul 1
impacts of library Kantor,
functions Joanna
D’Esposito
-
Wachtman
n, Tefko
Saracevic
CLR Cost-benefits of access 54,012 Eleanor A. 1 1 1
compared to ownership Gossen and
costs for expensive Suzanne
research journals Irving
CLR Costs of consortium 23,500 1
membership
CLR Coverage of library and 2,935 1
information science in
bibliographic databases
CLR Decision-making process 6,359 1
for collection development
in libraries
CLR Determining factors 1,000 1
leading Earlham College
graduates to enter library
schools
CLR Dewey Decimal 94,350 1 1 1 1
Classification as an on-
line searching tool for
subject access
CLR Economic analysis of 27,800 1
scholarly periodical costs
CLR Editing efficiency of an 2,350 1 1 1
on-line bibliographic
information system
CLR Effectiveness of 2,879 1
affirmative action
guidelines on recruitment
and promotion of minority
librarians
CLR Effects of human factors 3,000 1
on a library computer
literacy program
CLR Effects of integrating 18,560 1
information technology on
job classification and
compensation systems
CLR Effects of published 2,965 1
reviews on library
purchasing decisions

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
64
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
CLR Environmental factors in 2,936 W. Michael 1
professional development Havener
activities: does type of and Philip
academic library Worrell
affiliation make a
difference?
CLR Functionality of on-line 11,000 Charles R. 1 1 1 1 1
catalogs Hildreth
CLR Humanists’ use of 23,000 1 1
libraries
CLR Impact of interdisciplinary 3,000 1 1 1 1
research on library
collection-building
CLR Impact of technological 3,000 1 1 1 1
changes on library
functional units
CLR Impact of transaction fees 2,960 James H. 1 1 1
on interlibrary loan Sweetland
& Darlene
E. Weigand
CLR Information locator 24,880 1 1 1
system prototype
CLR Information needs of 34,625 Mary Ellen 1 1 1
philosophers Sievert
CLR Information needs of 2,996 1 1 1 1
public affairs scholars
CLR Information seeking 5,150 1 1 1
behavior of scientists
CLR Information-seeking 3,518 Ingrid 1 1 1 1
patterns of faculty Hsieh-Yee
members and their use of
an on-line system
CLR Information-seeking 4,000 1 1 1 1
process among
population-studies
researchers
CLR Interlibrary loan cost 10,000 1
study
CLR Knowledge management: 182,808 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
expanding the scholarly
role of research libraries
CLR Long-range planning for 400,000 1
libraries and information
resources in research
universities
CLR Measuring public services 19,200 Louise S. 1 1
impact of an on-line Sherby
catalog

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
65
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
CLR Microcomputer-based 2,500 1 1
digital imaging as a
technique for preserving
library materials
CLR Online catalog evaluation 32,403 Ray R. 1 1 1 1
project Larson
CLR Perceived values of 3,000 Mary 1
advanced subject degrees Grosch &
Terry
Weech
CLR Price discrimination of 3,109 George A. 1
economics journals Chressanth
us & June
D.
Chressanth
us
CLR Relationship between 31,747 1 1 1 1
bibliographic access to
stored materials and
faculty attitude and use
CLR Relationships between 3,000 Marianne 1
library schools and their Cooper &
institutions’ libraries Shoshona
Kaufmann
CLR Role of fees in supporting 10,000 1 1 1
library and information
services
CLR Roles of information 10,990 1
managers in U.S.
universities
CLR Scope and impact of 3,000 Bert R. 1 1 1
bookmobile service in the Boyce &
U.S. Judith I.
Boyce
CLR Search patterns of in- 4,083 1 1 1 1 1 1
library on-line catalog
users
CLR Statistical reliability of 3,000 1
indicators in the RLG
conspectus for music
CLR Study of searching 32,512 1 1 1
strategies on CD-ROM
CLR Test of measures and 3,000 1 1
correlates of academic
library performance
CLR The RLG conspectus as a 10,000 1 1 1 1
collection management
tool
CLR Time management in 2,773 1 1 1
academic libraries

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
66
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
CLR To study users of full-text 2,988 Carol 1 1 1
databases Tenopir,
Diane
Nahl-
Jakobovits,
Dara Lee
Howard
CLR Unobtrusive testing of 1,800 Cheryl 1
reference service in a Elzy, Alan
divisional academic Nourie,
library F.W.
Lancaster
CLR Use of MARC formats for 20,000 1 1 1 1
cataloging art objects
CLR User persistence in 1,200 Stephen E. 1 1 1
scanning LCS postings Wiberley,
Jr., et al
CLR User success with an on- 15,736 Nancy C. 1 1
line catalog Kranich, et
al
CLR Users’ interest in digitized 2,964 1 1
images
CLR Users’ persistence in 5,330 Stephen E. 1 1 1
scanning postings in an Wiberley,
on-line public access Jr., et al
catalog
CLR Improving subject Karen 1 1 1
searching in online Markey
catalogs Drabenstott
& Diane
Vizine-
Goetz
CLR Advanced retrieval Edward A. 1 1 1
methods for online Fox
catalogs
CLR User persistence in 1200 Stephen E. 1 1
scanning LCS postings Wiberley et
al.
CLR Subtotal 1,355,247 37 24 9 9 9 0 6 21 4 14 26 1
Fairfax Comparative assessment George 1 1
County of patrons’ uses and D’Elia and
Public evaluations across public Elanor Jo
Library libraries within a system: a Rodger
replication
Ford Kinds of information 40,000 1 1 1 1
Fndtn. available on neighborhood
development for use by
citizens and public
officials

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
67
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
H.W. Concerns about 37,950 Thomas A. 1 1
Wilson fundraising by public Jeavons
Fndtn. institutions: public
libraries as a case study
H.W. The national library 25,000 John W. 1 1
Wilson reference survey Head
Fndtn.
H.W. Subtotal 62,950 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Wilson
Fndtn.
Henry New electronic virtual 300,000 1 1 1 1 1
Luce library system, in
Fndtn. collaboration with
libraries of Harvard
University and Yale
University
Illinois Survey of children’s Lorienne 1
State librarians in Illinois public Roy
Library libraries
Indiana Perceptions of change and 650 Verna L. 1
University public library directors in Pungitore
School of Indiana: an exploratory
Library study
and Infor-
mation
Science
J.M. Project GAIN: Connecting 65,000 Charles R. 1 1 1 1
Kaplan rural public libraries to the McClure et
Fndtn., Internet [in New York al.
O’Reilly State]
and Assoc-
iates
John and Project at branches 100,000 1
James serving disadvantaged
Knight neighborhoods
Fndtn.
Libraries Private philanthropic Linda 1
for the funding of public libraries Kravitz et
Future al.
Lilly Technological 133,650 1 1 1
Endow- development in
ment theological libraries
Mardag Library Equity and 105,000 1 1 1
Fndtn. Excellence Project,
designed to support library
improvement and school
reform in elementary
school libraries in Saint
Paul

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
68
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
Millbrook The Millbrook Report: 1 1 1 1
Press, Inc. the changing role of the
school library
Nathan Forums to assess societal 10,000 1 1
Cummngs impact of emerging
Fndtn. international information
infrastructure
OCLC Developing control 10,000 Marcia Lei 1 1 1 1 1 1
mechanisms for Zent
intellectual access for
discipline-based libraries
OCLC Effect of linkage structure 5,000 Alexandra 1 1 1 1 1
on retrieval performance Dimitroff
and user response in a & Dietmar
hypertext-based biblio- Wolfram
graphic retrieval system
OCLC Empirical test of gopher 10,000 C. Olivia 1 1 1 1 1
searching using three Frost &
organizational schemes Joseph
Janes
OCLC Enhancing a new design 10,000 Karen 1 1 1 1 1
for subject access to on- Drabenstott
line catalogues
OCLC Public libraries and the 10,000 Charles R. 1 1 1
INTERNET/NREN, to McClure et
explore roles for the al.
public library in the
networked environment
OCLC Impact of scholarly 3,000- Stephen 1
journals on scholarly 10,000 P.Harter
communication: a
reference and citation
study
OCLC An experimental study on 3,000- Xia Lin 1
graphical tables of 10,000
contents
OCLC Analyzing the viability of 3,000- James H. 1 1 1
using peer group holdings 10,000 Sweetland
as an evaluation tool for & Judith J.
public library adult fiction Senkevitch
OCLC A relational thesaurus: 3,000- Rebecca 1 1 1
modeling semantic 10,000 Green
relationships using frames
OCLC Automatic subject Keith E. 1 1 1
assignment via the Shafer
Scorpion System; building
tools for automatic subject
recognition based on well-
known schemes

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
69
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
OCLC Characteristics of articles Chandra G. 1 1 1
requested through OCLC Prabha
interlibrary loan
OCLC Creating DTDs via the Keith E. 1 1 1
GB-Engine and Fred Shafer
OCLC Effect of linkage structure 5,000 Alexandra 1 1 1 1
on retrieval performance Dimitroff
and user response in a & Dietmar
hypertext-based Wolfram
bibliographic system
OCLC Electronic texts and 3,000- Elizabeth 1 1 1
traditional indexes: a 10,000 D. Liddy
study of applicability and
performance
OCLC Measuring diversity in 3,000- Judith 1 1 1
public library collections 10,000 Serebnick
& Frank
Quinn
OCLC Document ranking using Dik Lun 1 1 1 1
signature files Lee
OCLC Estimating interlibrary Chandra G. 1 1 1 1
loan volume in 1993; Prabha
includes public libraries
OCLC Experimental linguistic C. Jean 1 1 1 1
indexing for information Godby &
retrieval (ELIXIR) Bradley C.
Watson
OCLC Modeling user's Mark T. 1 1 1 1 1
preferences for document Kinnucan
delivery
OCLC Automatic hierarchical 3,000- Amy J. 1 1 1 1
organization of phrases 10,000 Warner
using machine-readable
dictionary information
OCLC Determining the content 3,000- Karen 1 1 1 1
of machine-readable 10,000 Markey
subdivision records Drabenstott
OCLC Expert system interface to 3,000- Padmini 1 1 1
Library of Congress 10,000 Srinivasan
subject headings
OCLC Scholars' access to the 3,000- Keith 1 1 1 1
documents they cite 10,000 Swigger
OCLC Obsolete Library of Roy Cheng 1 1 1
Congress Subject headings et al.
OCLC Record matching for Edward T. 1 1 1
authority control O'Neill

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
70
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
OCLC Public libraries and the 10,000 Charles R. 1 1 1 1 1 1
INTERNET/NREN, to McClure et
explore roles for the al.
public library in the
networked environment
OCLC General structure of a 3,000- Ling Hwey 1 1 1
knowledge base for 10,000 Jeng
Anglo-American
cataloging rules
OCLC Identifying barriers to 3,000- F.W. 1 1 1 1
effective subject access in 10,000 Lancaster
library catalogs
OCLC Investigating the structure 3,000- Dagobert 1 1
of LCC and LCSH: 10,000 Soergel
developing a knowledge
base
OCLC Toward integration of 3,000- Linda C. 1 1 1 1 1 1
online resources 10,000 Smith et al.
OCLC The interlibrary loan Chanrda G. 1 1 1 1
process; data from 1 Prabha
public and 1 academic
library
OCLC Enhancing topical 3,000- Ray R. 1 1 1 1
searching using 10,000 Larson
classification clustering
OCLC Relationship between 3,000- Judith 1 1 1 1
library holdings and 10,000 Serebnick
selection sources
OCLC Automated document Stuart L. 1 1 1
architecture processing Weibel
and tagging (ADAPT)
OCLC Bibliographic control and Roland 1 1 1
document architecture in Hjerppe
hypermedia databases
OCLC Cataloger's assistant; Diane 1 1 1 1
prototype system for Vizine-
supporting the cataloging Goetz
function
OCLC Cataloging time and Chandra G. 1 1
workflow studies; in 1 Prabha
public and 3 academic
libraries
OCLC Design of interfaces and Martha J. 1 1 1 1
databases for electronic Lindeman
media (DIADEM)
OCLC Document image John C. 1
processing toolbox Handley
OCLC Enhanced bibliographic Martin 1 1 1 1
retrieval Dillon

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
71
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
OCLC The Experimental Library Thomas B. 1
System (XLS) Hickey
OCLC Analytical study of 3,000- Billie 1 1 1
bibliographic data on a 10,000 Grace
title page Herring
OCLC Applying the revised 3,000- Esther G. 1 1 1
MARC format for three- 10,000 Bierbaum
dimensional objects in
museums
OCLC Evaluating subject 3,000- Howard D. 1
collections 10,000 White
OCLC Measurement of subject 3,000- Lee Shiflett 1 1 1
scatter in the 10,000
superintendent of
documents classification
OCLC Subject representations in 3,000- Pamela 1 1 1
monographic records 10,000 Reekes
McKirdy
OCLC Automated document Stuart L. 1 1 1
structure analysis Weibel
OCLC Clustering equivalent Elaine 1 1 1
bibliographic records Svevonius
OCLC Collection analysis; Edward T. 1 1 1
examines monographic O'Neill
acquisitions of selected
ARL members
OCLC Connectionist models of Stuart T. 1 1 1
computation: their Weibel
potential in information
systems
OCLC Duplicate detection and John A. 1 1 1
the "species problem" Bunge
OCLC Managing large retrievals Chandra G. 1 1 1
Prabha
OCLC Scholars cross-reference Paul B. 1 1 1 1
system; a way of Kantor
collecting, enhancing, and
using bibliographic
relationships not manifest
in text per se
OCLC Comparative Francis L. 1 1 1 1
classification; investigates Miksa
interdisciplinary nature of
classificatin theory and
method

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
72
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
OCLC Library of Congress Class Jeanette M. 1 1 1 1
M subset: music; to Drone
identify methods of
correcting records and
create a prototype
database
OCLC Online Union Catalog John A. 1 1 1 1
subsetting analysis Bunge
OCLC Assessing access to Suzanne 1 1 1 1
alternative press Hildenbran
publications: women's d
press titles in the OCLC
online Union Catalog
OCLC Dynamics of the OCLC Debora 1 1 1 1
online Union Catalog Shaw
OCLC Holdings as a measure of Danny P. 1 1 1 1 1
journal value Wallace
OCLC Studies in automatic Elaine 1 1
cataloging Svenonius
OCLC Variations in subject Lois Mai 1 1
cataloging in non-Library Chan
of Congress cataloging
records
OCLC Advanced interface design Martin 1 1
for library retrieval Dillon
systems
OCLC Automated title page Stuart 1 1
catalogiing Weibel
OCLC Class dispersion between Diane 1 1
the Library of Congress Vizine-
classification and the Goetz
Dewey Decimal
classification
OCLC CONSER abstracting and John E. 1 1
indexing title overlap Tolle
OCLC Display formats; to John E. 1 1
develop experimental Tolle
methods for evaluating
human-computer
interfaces and refine
evaluation techniques
OCLC Graph-Text; to develop Thomas 1 1 1
prototype electronic Hickey
document delivery system
OCLC Nonfiction book use by Chandra 1 1
public library users Prabha
OCLC OCLC CD-ROM retrieval Terry 1 1 1
system Noreault

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
73
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
OCLC OCLC database use Brigitte L. 1 1 1
analysis: determination of Kenney
an appropriate database
subset for cataloging on
the OCLC M300
Workstation
OCLC, Increasing the Karen 1 1 1
CLR, Accessibility of Library of Markey et
Univ. Congress subject headings al.
Michigan in online bibliographic
systems
OCLC Subtotal 64 51 6 2 1 0 2 59 0 7 3 3
7
Old Gold Naive vs sophisticated Terrence 1 1
Summer methods of forecasting A. Brooks
Fellow- public library circulations
ship,
University
Iowa
PLA Information about library 1,000 Lee 1 1 1
programs serving Olivier,
multicultural and/or Robert
multilingual populations Belvin,
Sylvia
Manoogian
Policy AIDS information services W.Bernard 1 1
Research in U.S. public libraries: Lukenbill
Institute, national comparison of
University attitudes
Texas
Austin
Rutgers Organization factors in Betty J. 1 1 1
University multitype library Turock
Research networking: a national test
Council of a model
St. Law- Union-nonunion wage 500 Mary F. 1
rence Uni- differentials in the public Rosenthal
versity library
Library
University Gender differences in 1,600 Frances F. 1 1
Illinois, attitudes toward using Jacobson
Urbana- computers in libraries: an
Cham- exploratory study
paign
University Logical reasoning and 500 Bryce 1 1
Illinois, retrieval performance Allen
Urbana-
Cham-
paign

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
74
Privately funded programs and research priorities

Sponsor Focus Funding P.I. P R I O R I T I E S

a b c d e f g h I j k l
University 2,100 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Illinois,
Urbana-
Cham-
paign
University Development and 2,000 Verna L. 1 1 1 1 1
Wiscon- evaluation of a measure of Pungitore
sin, Osh- library automation
kosh
University Toward a conceptual Dianne 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wisconsin model of factors McAfee
Institute on influencing the outcome Hopkins
Race and of challenges to library
Ethnicity materials in school
& settings
University
Wisconsin
Graduate
School
W.K. Buildings, books, and 100,000 1 1 1 1
Kellogg bytes: libraries and
Fndtn. communities in the digital
age; report on public’s
opinion of library leaders’
vision of the future
W.K. Institutional and policy 650,000 1
Kellogg issues in development of
Fndtn. Digital Library
W.K. 750,000 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0
Kellogg
Fndtn.

GRAND TOTAL 124 85 19 15 15 1 19 95 7 26 86 6

a=Information Service; b=Information Use; c=Information Planning; d=Economics of Information;

e=Professional Issues; f=Intellectual freedom; g=Policy Issues; h=Infor-mation Access; i=Archives;
j=Organizing Materials; k=Public Services; l=Library Models
75
76