Faculty Name : - Er.
Neha Jain Paper Name: - Fundamentals of Electronic devices Paper Code:-EEC-301 Semester:-IInd
Lecture-1
Objectives:1. To describe what a semiconductor is. 2. Explain different types of semiconductor materials. 3. Draw the atomic configuration of Si & Ge. Semiconductor material:Semiconductors are a group of materials having electrical conductivities intermediate between metals and insulators. It is significant that the conductivity of these materials can be varied over orders of magnitude by changes in temperature, optical excitation and impurity content. Different type of semiconductor materials:Semiconductor materials are found in column IV and neighboring column of the periodic table.
Semiconductor materials
Elemental material
eg. Column IV semiconductor Si, Ge
III & V II & IV IV
Compound material
GaN, Gap, GaAs, InP ZnS, InSb, CdS Sic SiGe
Semiconductor material having wide verity optoelectronic properties
Binary Compound Ternary Compound Quaternary Compound compose of two element (GaAs) compose of three element (GaAsP) compose of four element (I GaAsP)
Si Materials:-
Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
Diamond lattice structure of Carbon There is tetrahedral structure in diamond lattice. In this each atom is connected with 4 atoms.
II III
IV
Lecture-2
1.2: CRYSTAL LATTICES
Arrangements of atom in various solids Types of solids: A Crystalline form of solid has periodically repeated arrangement of atoms. Amorphous solids have no periodic structure. Polycrystalline solids are composed of many small regions of single crystal malarial.
Crystalline
Space lattice:-
Amorphous
Polycrystalline
A space lattice is defined as an infinite array of points in three dimensional spaces in which each point is identically located with respect to the others. Construction detail of polycrystalline solid:-
Nucleus Electron
Atom
Unit Cell Unit Cell
Crystal
Polycrystalline solid
Two dimension space lattice-
c a
Square array
Rectangular array
Three dimensional space lattice :-
Unit cell
a=b=c
Basis:-
Or
abc
The way of filling up of points in a space lattice by the atoms is known as Basis. Space lattice +basis = unit cell Unit cell:A unit cell is defined as the basic structural part in the composition of materials. It is analogous to a brick used in the building construction. Metallic Crystal Structure:Cubic lattices :- Unit cell is a cubic volume . Cubic lattices:-
Simple cubic Sc
Body Centered Bcc
Face Centered Cubic Fcc
Calculation of Radius :SC FCC
a 2
a R= 2
No. of atoms in a unit cell = 8 X = 1 no. of atoms = 8 X + 6 X
1 8 1 = 1+ 3 = 4 2 1 8
a 3
4R = a 3 a 3 R= 4
No. of atoms in a Unit cell = X 8 + 1 = 2
1 8
Atomic Packing fraction :-
Volume of atoms in a Unit cell Total Unit cell volume
Numerical:For a bcc lattice of identical atom with a lattice constant of 5A0, calculate the atomic packing faction and radius of atom Given For bcc, Volume of each atom Total no. of atom
a = SA0 a 3 5 3 R= = = 2.16 SA0 4 4 4 = R3 3
= 42.5 A0
= 1at the center +1/8 at 8 corner in a unit cell
1 = 1+ X 8 8 =2
Volume of atom in a unit cell Atomic packing facture
= 2 X 42.5 A0 42.5 X 2 = = 68% 53
Lecture-3 Planes and directions To describe the position of a plane or the direction of vector with in the lattice, we first setup a coordinate system with the origin at the lattice point and axes are lined up with the edges of the cubic unit cell. Miller evolved a method to designate a plane as Miller Indices. Miller Indices There are three integers describing a particular plane are found in the following ways 1. Find the intercepts of the place with the crystal axes. 2. Take the reciprocals of the three integers and reduce these to the smallest set of integers (h k l ). 3. Miller indices of the plane is (h k l ). Example- 1 Label the given plane
Soln:Given plane interception are2a, 4b & 1c Intercepts with the crystal axes : 2 Reciprocal of these integers : Reduce to the smallest integers Multiplying by L.C.M : 2 4 1 1 1 4
Example- 2
(100)
(010)
(111)
(001)
Directions:A direction in a lattice is expressed as a set of three integers with the same relationship as the component of vector in that direction and reduced to there smallest value.
(111) ()
(110)
(101)
(001)
(011)
(010) (010) (100) P
(110)
Diamond lattice:The basic crystal structure for many important semiconductors is the FCC lattice with a basis of two atoms, giving rise to the diamond structure.eg Si, Ge & C In Diamond lattice No. of atoms : 8 corner atoms, 6 face central atoms & 4 interpenetrated atoms No. of atoms/unit cell=8*1/8+6*(1/2) +4=8 atoms.
In many compound semiconductors, atoms are arranged in a basic diamond structure. But are different on alternating sites this is called a zinc blend structure. The diamond structure can be thought of as an fcc lattice with an extra atom placed at a/4+b/4+c/4 from each of the fcc atoms. Eg Calculate the volume density of Si atoms, given that the lattice constant of Si is 5.43A0, Calculate the aerial density of atoms on the 100 place. Soln for 8 corner lattice point, 6 face centered point & 4 interpenetrated atoms. Number of atoms/calve = = Volume density = 8X1/8+6X1/2+4 1+3+4=8 atoms. 8 -8 (5.43X10 ) =5X1022 atoms/cm3
Areal density of atoms on the (100) plane Areal density no. of atoms Area of (100) plane No. of atoms on (100) plane on one unit cell = 1/4X4+1 Areal density = 1/4X4+1 (5.43X10-8)2 = 6.8X1014cm-2 =
