DEVICES? WHAT ARE STORAGE DEVICES? Storage devices are used to store data and programpermanently.

These devices are used to store large volume of data and program. Storage device are also called as 1: PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES.2: SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES.3: AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES.WHAT IS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES? There is no official definition of these two terms, primary storagetypically refers to random access memory (RAM), whilesecondary storage refers to the computer's internal hard drive. )EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES:Following are some examples of primary storage devices.1: RAM.2: ROM.3: Cache MEMORY.EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES:Internal Hard Disk DriveExternal hard disk drivesDifferentiate between RAM and ROM? RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It can store information and have newinformation stored over it later. And its a physical device you can changeit Types of RAMDDR (Double Data Rate), DDR2 and SDRAMROM stands for Read Only Memory. It cant be written-over Types of ROMPROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) and CD-ROM What is cache memory? Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessorcan access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessorprocesses data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there, itdoes not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory. What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit memory? The terms 32-bit and 64-bit refer to the way a computer's processor (also called aCPU), handles information. The 64-bit version of Windows handles large amounts of random access memory (RAM) more effectively than a 32-bit system. What is Virtual Memory? Virtual memory is storage space on your computers hard disk that Windows uses inconjunction with random access memory (RAM). What is NVRAM? NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) is a type of Random Access Memory(RAM) that retains its information when power is turned off. The NVRAM is a small 24 pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) integrated circuit chip and is thus able to obtain thepower needed to keep it running from the CMOS battery installed in yourmotherboard. It keeps track of various system parameters such as serial number,Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) address, HOSTID, date of manufacture.How many logical drives is it possible to fit onto a physical disk?Maximum of 24 logical drives. The extended partition can only have 23 logicaldrivesMax of 24 partition from "c" to "z"primary 4 What is the difference between L1 and L2 cache? L1 (level 1) cache - L1 cache stores information for use by the processor. L1 cacheis extremely quick but also expensive. Most processors have an L1 cache dividedinto space for data and space for instructions.L2 (level 2) cache - L2 cache is the next step down from L1 cache. Most processorstoday have L2 cache, which increases cache performance. Most desktop processorshave an L2 Cache of about 256KB, but some high-end processors can have as muchas 2MB. What is BIOS? BIOS stands for Basic Input/output System, although the full term is used veryinfrequently. The system BIOS is the lowest-level software in the computer; it actsas an interface between the hardware and theoperating system. What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communicationlanguage or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communicationsprotocol in a private network.

What is Intranet? An Intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It mayconsists of many interlinked LAN .The main purpose of an intranet is to sharecompany information & computing resources among employees. An intranet canalso be used to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences.Difference between TCP and UDP TCP is a Transmission Control Protocol.UDP is a User Datagram Protocol. TCP offers error connection and Guaranteed DeliveryUDP doesnt offer error connection & delivery TCP Provides or sends larger packetsUDP Provides or sends smaller packets. TCP is Slower than UDPUDP is Faster than TCP What is Load balancing? Distributing processing and communications activity evenly across a computernetwork so that no single device is overwhelmed. Load balancing is especiallyimportant for networks where it's difficult to predict the number of requests that willbe issued to a server.What are called Fat clients and Fat servers?

If the bulk of the application runs on the Client side, then it is Fat clients. It is usedfor decision support and personal software.If the bulk of the application runs on the Server side, then it is Fat servers. It tries tominimize network interchanges by creating more abstract levels of services. What is Client/Server? Client-server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture thatpartitions tasks or workloads between service providers (servers) and servicerequesters, called clients What are the characteristics of Client/Server? ScalabilityA client server system can accommodate growth and network expansions.Computers can easily be added or replaced .Because a client server system iscentralized, servers can easily move files and applications from an old computer toa new one.FlexibilityHaving a centralized management makes the client server system flexible to adaptto changes and new technologies.AccessibilityA client server system also is more accessible and secure than a peer-to-peernetwork because servers ensure that everything that goes in and out of thenetwork passes through their stringent security measures. What are the building blocks of Client/Server? The building blocks of client/server applications are:ClientServerMiddleware The Client Building Block Runs the client side of the application It runs on the OS that provides a GUI or an OOUI and that canaccess distributed services, wherever they may be. The client also runs a component of the Distributed System Management(DSM) element. The Server Building Block Runs the server side of the application The server application typically runs on top of some shrink-wrappedserver software package. The five contending server platforms for creating the nextgeneration of client/server applications are SQL database servers, TP Monitors, groupware servers, Object servers and the Web server. The server side depends on the OS to interface with the middlewarebuilding block. The server also runs DSM component It may be a simple agent or a shared object database etc. The Middleware Building Block Runs on both the client and server sides of an application This broken into three category

Transport Stacks NOS Service-specific middleware Middleware is the nervous system of the client/server infrastructure

What is an email client? What is difference between email client and webmail? In most cases, your email account exists on a central server, and not on yourpersonal computer or workstation. An email client is software that allows you toread and send email through your account by connecting to this server. Emailclients generally provide a simple interface through which you can access youremail account.Both web mail and email clients use the internet to read and send mailWith web mail, you read or send email through your browser and the web mailinterface.Some examples of web mail are: Yahoo! MailGmailHotmail An email client is a piece of software on your computer that you use toread and send emails from your computer. The advantage of using anemail client is that the emails are stored on your computer and areaccessible faster than using a web based email interface. There are various email client programs available. Some of the more common emailclients are:Outlook Express This comes with Windows for free.Outlook part of the Microsoft Office collection of programs Thunderbird comes with the Firefox browser

What are the differences among router, switch, bridge and hub? HubA common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used toconnect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packetarrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of theLAN can see all packets.SwitchIn networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer(layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model .RouterA device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to atleast two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network.

What is IPsec? Short for IP Security, a set of protocols developed by the IETF to support secureexchange of packets at the IP layer. IPsec has been deployed widely to implementVPNs.

What is the port number of Telnet ,DNS, ftp(data) and ftp? Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53ftp(data) = 20 and ftp=21

Differentiate between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS? Forward lookup convert:Host name to IP address.Reverse lookup convert:IP address to Host name

Which layer of OSI is responsible for end-to-end communication? End-to-end communication refer to process to process delivery which is done by TRANSPORT LAYER

What is a wide area network? A wide area network (WAN) is a data network, usually used for connectingcomputers, that spans a wide geographical area. WANs can be used to connectcities, states, or even countries. WANs are often used by larger corporations ororganizations to facilitate the exchange of data The best example of the WAN is the internet.

What is a metropolitan area network? Metropolitan area network (MAN) A network intermediate between a local areanetwork (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN);A network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, suchas a city.A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a governmentbody or large corporation.

What is the difference between "dial-up connecion" and "broadbandconnection"? The main difference is speed. Dial up has only 56 KBPS speed and broad band hasfaster speed like 256 MBPS to 2 MBPS

What is local area network? A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that connects computers anddevices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory oroffice building.

What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission? In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by asingle signal.In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowingmultiple signals to be sent simultaneously.In base band transmission we transmit digital signal without converting it intoanalog. here a low pass channel is used.In broad band transmission we transmit digital signal by converting it into analog.Here a band pass channel is used.

What is PING utility? PING: Packet Internet Gropper. It's a diagnostic utility, which diagnose connectivitybetween computers. It use ICMP: Internet Control Messaging protocol to send echorequests ( usually 4 packets) and receive echo replies (4 packets)

What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI? NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/output System) is a program that allows applicationson different computers to communicate within a local area network (LAN). MicrosoftWindows uses NetBIOS on Ethernet or Token Ring networks.NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) is a new, extended version of NetBIOS,the program that lets computers communicates within a local area network.NetBEUI is a fast and efficient protocol that consumes few network resources,provides excellent error correction, and requires little configuration.

What are the different types of networking / internetworking devices? Modems, repeater, routers, HUB's, switches, and wireless adapters.

What is RAID? RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks and it basically involvescombining two or more drives together to improve the performance and the faulttolerance There are number of different RAID levels:Level 0 -Striped Disk Array without Fault Tolerance: Provides data striping Level 1 -- Mirroring and Duplexing: Provides disk mirroring.Level 2 -- Error-Correcting Coding:Level 3 -- Bit-Interleaved Parity: Provides byte-level striping with a dedicated paritydisk.Level 4 -- Dedicated Parity Drive: provides block-level striping (like Level 0) with aparity disk.Level 5 -- Block Interleaved Distributed Parity: Provides data striping at the bytelevel and also stripe error correction information.Level 6 -- Independent Data Disks with Double Parity: Provides block-level stripingwith parity data distributed across all disks.Level 0+1 -- A Mirror of Stripes:Level 10 -A Stripe of Mirrors:Level 7: A trademark of Storage Computer Corporation that adds caching to Levels3 or 4.RAID S: (also called Parity RAID) EMC Corporation's proprietary striped parity RAIDsystem used in its Symmetrix storage systems.

What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs? 10Base2 an Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits persecond that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 200 meters (185mts). Known as Thinnet.10Base5 an Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits persecond that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 500 meters. Known as Thicknet.10BaseT an Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses two pairs of twisted-pair baseband signaling, with a contiguouscable segment length of 100 meters.

What is the difference between physical address and logical address? Physical Address: Its called as MAC AddressLogical Address: Its Called as Ip Address

What is the difference between tree and forest? Multiple domain models create logical structures called trees, when they sharecontiguous DNS names. For example, contoso.com, us.contoso.com, andeurope.contoso.com share contiguous DNS namespaces and would together beconsidered a tree. An Active Directory that consists of multiple trees is naturallycalled a forest.

What is the Network Time Protocol? Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol that is used to synchronize computerclock times in a network of computers.

What is ICMP? ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a message control and error-reportingprotocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet.

What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)? It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across aserial line.

What is DHCP, DNS, POP3?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol thatautomatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and otherrelated configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gatewayDomain Name System (DNS) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardname service that allows your computer to register and resolve domain names, anInternet service that translates domain names into IP addressesPOP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol forreceiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received andheld for you by your Internet server.

Name three network tools used to determine network connectivity PING TRACEROUTEPATHPING

What is multicast routing? Multicast routing is done by sending one packet to several destinations

What is the default subnet mask for an ipv6 address? 255.255.255.255.255.0

What is Kerberos? Which version is currently used by Windows? How doesKerberos work? Kerberos is a network authentication protocol that verifies both the identity of theuser that is requesting authentication as well as the server providing the requestedauthentication, also known as mutual authentication. The Kerberos authenticationmechanism issues tickets for accessing network services. These tickets containencrypted data, including an encrypted password that confirms the user's identityto the requested service. The Kerberos version 5 authentication protocols provide a mechanism forauthentication and mutual authentication between a client & a server, or betweenone server and another server.First, the client contacts the Authentication Server with a request for access toservice(s). The authentication Server verifies the client's presence in its database,and sends two messages to the client. The first message is a Client/Ticket-GrantingServer session key that is encrypted with the client's secret key. The secondmessage is a Ticket-Granting Ticket, encrypted with the Ticket-Granting Server'ssecret key. The Ticket-Granting Ticket includes the client's ID, network address, theticket's validity period, and a copy of the Client/Ticket-Granting Server session key.Next, the client sends two messages to the Ticket-Granting Server. The first of theseis the Ticket-Granting Ticket plus the ID of the desired service. The second is calledthe Authenticator. It is composed of the Client ID and a timestamp, and is encryptedusing the session key. The Ticket-Granting Server uses its secret key to decrypt the Ticket-Granting Ticket. It then uses the session key to decrypt the Client ID andtimestamp from the Authenticator. The server then sends back to the client a newticket (Client/Server Ticket) for the requested service, encrypted with the service'ssecret key, including the client ID, network address, valid time period, and aClient/Server session key. The client then contacts a server providing the desired service and sends twomessages. The first one, as you might guess, is the Client/Server Ticket. Along withthis the client sends an Authenticator containing the client ID and a timestamp,encrypted with the Client/Server session key. The server providing the service decrypts the Client/Server Ticket using its secretkey. It then uses the Client/Server session key to decrypt the Authenticator. Theserver then increments the timestamp, and sends the client a message encryptedwith the session key containing the incremented timestamp. On receipt, the clientand server are authenticated with each other and the client begins normal client-server service requests and the server provides services.

What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?

ClassA1.0.0.1 to126.255.255.254Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.ClassB128.1.0.1 to191.255.255.254Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.ClassC192.0.1.1 to223.255.254.254Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.ClassD224.0.0.0 to239.255.255.255Reserved for multicast groups.ClassE240.0.0.0 to254.255.255.254Reserved for future use, or Research andDevelopment Purposes.Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for loopback or localhost, A 1-126 N.H.H.HB 128-191 N.N.H.HC 192-223 N.N.N.HD 224-239 Not applicableN = N e t w o r k H = H o s t Note 1: 127.0.0.0 is a class A network, but is reserved for use as a loopbackaddress(typically 127.0.0.1).Note 2: The 0.0.0.0 network is reserved for use as the default route.Note 3: Class D addresses are used by groups of hosts or routers that share acommon characteristic: e.g. all OSPF devices respond to packets sent to address224.0.0.2Note 4: Class E addresses exist (240-248), but are reserved for future use

What is OSPF? OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path first and it is a link state routing protocol and itis used to find the best possible shortest path to the router in a network

What are the possible ways of data exchange? S i m p l e x H a l f - d u p l e x F u l l - d u p l e x .

What is point-to-point protocol? In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonlyused in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes.

What does CIDR stand for? Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a methodology of allocating IP addressesand routing Internet Protocol packets

What is a Management Information Base (MIB) Management Information Base, a database of objects that can be monitored by anetwork management system. Both SNMP and RMON use standardized MIB formatsthat allow any SNMP and RMON tools to monitor any device defined by a MIB.

What is .ost file? An OST file (.ost) is an offline folder file in Microsoft Outlook. Offline folders make itpossible for the user to work offline and then to synchronize changes with theExchange server the next time they connect.

What is the difference between POP3 and IMAP Mail Server? There are two different protocols available to access e-mail: POP3 and IMAP. POP3 isuseful when e-mail is checked from only one computer. IMAP is the better choicewhen you would like to check your mail from multiple computers.When using POP3, your mail is stored on your PC.When using IMAP, the mail is stored on the mail

server.POP3 You only check e-mail from one computer. You want to remove your e-mail from the mail server.Set to remove mail from server after 30 days.Dont check more frequently than every 15 minutes. 75 MB is the maximum for POP3 users.IMAPDo NOT check all folders for new messages! This slows your e-mail substantially.Use mail/ (without the quotes) as your IMAP folder directory. You can set your client to download the mail and to remove the mail from theserver, like a POP3 client.Organize your mail into folders, and archive your older messages. This speeds e-mail retrieval by minimizing the number of messages in the inbox.

Someone asked me what Microsoft subjects i want to learn? And i saidthat I want to learn Windows and Exchange. So could u tell me whatrelated subjects in windows? And what related subjects in Exchange? In Windows and Exchange Server are both Microsoft Products .The related Subjectsfor Windows and Exchange are as below:Windows Related Subjects are ,OSInstallation,ADS,RAS,DNS,DHCP,HomeDirectory,Profile Management,TechnicalIssues,Services,System files,OS Performance issues,Backup,Repair of OS(Windows),Registry Settings and Network between Windows Systems and etc.Exchange related subjects are Exchange Installation,Exchange BackUp,OutlookConfiguration,Exchange Server and Client installtion,Creation of Users,Creation of Profiles,POP3 Service ,SMTP Service

What is the difference between MCP, MCSA and MCSE a brief description? If u Pass 1 paper of Microsoft than Microsoft awards u with MCP (Microsoft CertifiedProfessional) Certificate. similarly if u Pass 4 papers than u become MCSA (MicrosoftCertified Systems Administrator) & after Passing 7 Papers u become MCSE(Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer)

In 2 domain controllers, One has some 3 roles other has 2 roles, Domaincontroller which has 3 roles went down, will the users can able to loginwho are created in that domain controller? Yes, by default that users can able to login as this record is repliacted to anotherDCs.Since pdc emulator role is handling the Password and lockout policies, if the accountis locked out, that user may not be able to login if the down DC handling this role.

If Account lockout or password reset has been done, what is thereplication time between domain controllers? Immediately

What is software? Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs andrelated data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do and how todo it. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and itsdocumentation

What are application partitions? When do I use them? An application directory partition is a directory partition that is replicated only tospecific domain controllers. A domain controller that participates in the replicationof a particular application directory partition hosts a replica of that partition. Onlydomain controllers running Windows Server 2003 can host a replica of anapplication directory partition.

I have dell laptop, where i have install window vista, and later i haveinstall window 7, but now when i am starting it it's not giving the optionwhich window i want to use, automatically its starting with window 7,alsoin window 7 it's not accepting any drive-i am unable to transfer datathrough Bluetooth or card reader, please help in to resolve this problem? You have to install all compatible software drivers for Bluetooth and card reader forwin 7

How to backup/restore Group Policy objects....? For backup: Expand group policy object and right click on group which you wantbackup and click on export and provide location.For restore: expand group policy object and right click on group policy, click import(which you want restore from backup) click restore, provide source location.

What is the difference between NTFS & FAT File Systems? Operting SystemFAT32: 98/NT/2K/XP FAT16: DOS & All Versions of WindowsNTFS: NT/2K/XPLimitationsMax Volume Size & Max File SizeFAT32: 2TB FAT16: 2GBFAT32: 4GB FAT16: 2GBNTFS: 2TBCompressionFAT32 & FAT16: No NTFS: YesEncryptionNTFS: Yes FAT32, FAT16: NoDisk QuotasNTFS: Yes FAT32, FAT16: NoBuilt-In SecurityNTFS: Yes FAT32 & FAT16: NoPerformanceNTFS: Low on small volumes, High on Large FAT32 & FAT16: High on small volumes,Low on largeFault ToleranceNTFS: Max FAT32: Minimal FAT16: Average

How to troubleshoot the Replication Issue with the Active Directory?Explain Use below 3 tools1 . R e p a d m i n . e x e 2 . R e m p l m o n 3 . A c t i v e d i r e s i t e s a n d service

What is difference between Server 2003 vs. 2008? 1)2008 is combination of vista and windows 2003r2. Some new services areintroduced in it1. RODC [Read-only Domain controllers.] new domain controller introduced in it2. WDS (windows deployment services) instead of RIS in 2003 server3. shadow copy for each and every folders4.boot sequence is changed5.installation is 32 bit where as in 2003 it is 16 as well as 32 bit,6.services are known as role in it7. Group policy editor is a separate option in ads2) The main difference between 2003 and 2008 is Virtualization, management.2008 has more inbuilt components and updated third party drivers. Windows Server2008 introduces Hyper-V (V for Virtualization) but only on 64bit versions.3) In Windows Server 2008, Microsoft is introducing new features and technologies,some of which were not available in Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 1(SP1), that will help to reduce the power consumption of server and client operatingsystems and increase server efficiency. It includes updated support for AdvancedConfiguration and Power Interface (ACPI) processor power management (PPM)features, including support for processor performance states (P-states) andprocessor idle sleep states on multiprocessor systems.

Write Hierarchy of ADS Hierarchy of ADS----------------Forest|Tree|Domain|Organizational Unit[OU]|Group|User

Your .pst file got corrupted, your manager wants to check his mails, butit's not getting open, what will you do ?how u will solve this problem Run the scanpst to solve this issue from the following locationC:\program files\Common Files\System\MSMAPI\1033\SCANPST.EXESelect the path of the PST, and scan it.If the PST file is in shared drive, check the authentication for the user. (Permission-from the Security settings), if permission is denied to user, give the permission toparent folder and child folders

What is the ways to infect the system by virus? 1. PEN DRIVES AND INTERNET 2.installing 3rd party softwares 3. Crack, patch, keygen4. Connecting in a LAN where other computer's in that network may contain viruses.

What happens if a Schema or Domain naming master goes down, wouldthere be any impact on the end user authentication? Actually, Schema master and domain naming master are on forest level andSchema master is responsible for schema modification. So if a user going to loginand user doesnt modify the schema. finally No impact from schema master.Domain naming master responsible for adding for removing/modify any domain inthe forest. So again No impact. Finally if my both server are down so there is noimpact of user login.

If RID master is down, can domain user login in domain? A server that has RID (Relative Identifiers) master role only generates the uniqueIDs to the newly created objects. Hence if your RID master is down; no new objectscould be created however the existing users would keep on getting authenticatedas authentication is done via Kerberos v5 in server 2003 that does not include RISmaster server.

What is in DNS? DNS stand for Domain name system it is name resolution service which resolve thehuman friendlily name such as WWW.Microsoft.com into IP address.

What is the DHCP role? DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assign IP address to theclient machines which are connected to the network. It also configures othernetwork settings like subnet mask, Default getway and DNS. It reduces theadministrative work.

Can I edit Schema....? Yes, for editing the schema the user must be member of Schema AdminGroup.

There are 50 systems, all systems are joined in domain controller, in thatone of the pc got disconnected from the domain suddenly, how can u solvethe problem, what are the steps do you follow to overcome? (1) check logical problems like TCP/IP whether it is configured properly or not.(2) check physical problems like cable, rj45 whether it is inserted properly or not.(3) Check ICMP in firewall

What are the differences between Windows 2000 Server and WindowsServer 2003?

Windows Server 2003 was released as an upgrade to Windows 2000 Server.windows 2003 server support remote desktop feature but in 2000 remote desktopfeature was not supported.Window 2003 server includes IIS server in it.you can change the domain name at any time with help of ntdsutil command,without rebuilding the domain that is not possible in 2000.1: Windows 2000 server give only 90 days trial version of Terminal server. butwindows server 2003 give 120 days trial version.2: Windows server 2003 shared folder at a time only 65767 user access.1) In Win 2000 server we can apply 620 group policies but in 2003 we can applynearly 720 so Win2003 server is more secure than win 2000 server. 2) In 2000 we cannot rename domain whereas in 2003 we can rename Domain.3) In 2000 it supports of 8 processors and 64 GB RAM (In 2000 Advance Server)whereas in 2003 supports up to 64 processors and max of 512GB RAM.4) 2000 Supports IIS 5.0 and 2003 Supports IIS6.05) 2000 doesn't support Dot net whereas 2003 Supports Microsoft .NET 2.06) 2000 has Server and Advance Server editions whereas 2003 has Standard,Enterprise, Datacenter and Web server Editions.7) 2000 doesn't have any 64 bit server operating system whereas 2003 has 64 bitserver operating systems (Windows Server 2003 X64 Std and Enterprise Edition)8) 2000 has basic concept of DFS (Distributed File systems) with defined rootswhereas 2003 has Enhanced DFS support with multiple roots.9) In 2000 we can create 1 million users and in 2003 we can create 1 billion users.10) In 2000,there is no shadow copy whereas 2003 shadow copy is there.11)In 2000,we can't rename domain name whereas we can change it. In 2003

What is the difference between ddr1 and ddr2 and ddr3? DDR DDR stands for Double Data Rate. It can transfer data twice per clock cycle. It doesthis by using the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, also known as "doublepumping" and employing a prefetch buffer capable of accessing two datawords at atime. DDR2 DDR2 also utilizes the same double pumping technique as DDR. It achievesperformance gains by using a prefetch buffer that retrieves four datawords permemory access. This allows it to transfer data four times per clock cycle (comparedto twice in the case of DDR). DDR3 Like all other forms of DDR, DDR3 transfers data twice per clock cycle. However, itsprefetch buffer can access eight datawords at a time. It can transfer data eighttimes per clock cycle.

What are the different technical steps to install windows xp and windows2000 professional? 1- Bootable CD.2- Unattended installation before you has to create an answer file & save it to afloppy disk.3- If you have RIS server you can Boot from network & install.

What is the impact if DNS Server fails? If you DNS server fails, Active Directory stops working & server stops responding. You can't resolve host names.

What are the AD database types and its flow? The Active Directory creates and stores four types of log files on the maintenanceand management of transactions. These files are stored in %system/NTDS andincludeTransaction log files. The current transaction file is Edb.log, which by defaultcontains information about recent transactions and is limited to 10MB. When thislimit is reached, transaction files are automatically created with the name edbxxxxx.log (where x is a sequential number). Once every 12 hours, old previoustransaction files are purged during a process known as garbage collection.Checkpoint files. The checkpoint is Edb.chk, and it is used to list transactions thathave been committed to the Active DirectoryReserved log files. The reserved log file can be a number sequence of logs, with amaximum size of 10MB, named res1.log, res2.log, and so on. These logs are used inplace of the transaction log when the creation of a new log file is attemptedPatch files. Patch files (with a .pat suffix) are used during the backup-and-restoreprocess of the Active Directory. Database entries are sometimes

divided duringbackup into what is known as split transactions. The patch files are used to recordthese splits, and "patch" the transaction back together during restoration.

What is offline defragmentation in AD and how do we do it? Performing an offline defragmentation creates a new, compacted version of thedatabase file. Depending on how fragmented the original database file was, the newfile may be considerably smaller. To perform offline defragmentation of the Active Directory database:1 . B a c k u p A c t i v e D i r e c t o r y 1.Reboot the domain controller, press F8 & Choose Directory Services Restore Mode and press ENTER. Press ENTER again to start the bootprocess.2.Log on using the Administrator account with the password 1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, and then clickCommand Prompt. At the command prompt, type ntdsutil, and thenpress ENTER.3.Type files, and then press ENTER. 1.Type info, and then press ENTER. This displays current informationabout the path and size of the Active Directory database and its logfiles. Note the path.2.Establish a location that has enough drive space for the compacted database to be stored.3 . T y p e c o m p a c t t o Drive :\ directory , and then press ENTER, where drive and directory is the path to the location you established in the previousstep.Note You must specify a directory path. If the path contains anyspaces, the entire path must be surrounded by quotation marks. Forexample, type: compact to "c:\new folder"4.A new database named Ntds.dit is created in the path you specified. 5.Type quit, and then press ENTER. Type quit again to return to the commandprompt.1.If defragmentation succeeds without errors, follow the Ntdsutil.exe on-screen instructions. Delete all the log files in the log directory by typingthe following command:del drive :\ pathToLogFiles \*.logCopy the new Ntds.dit file over the old Ntds.dit file in the current Active Directorydatabase path that you noted in step 6.Note you do not have delete the Edb.chk file.Restart the computer normally.

What is Proxy server? A proxy server is computer that functions as an intermediary between a webbrowser (such as Internet Explorer) and the Internet. Proxy servers help improveweb performance by storing a copy of frequently used WebPages. When a browserrequests a webpage stored in the proxy server's collection (its cache), it is providedby the proxy server, which is faster than going to the web. Proxy servers also helpimprove security by filtering out some web content and malicious software.Proxy servers are used mostly by networks in organizations and companies. Typically, people connecting to the Internet from home will not use a proxy server.

DHCP Process and which Protocol DHCP uses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standard protocol defined by RFC1541 (which is superseded by RFC 2131) that allows a server to dynamicallydistribute IP addressing and configuration information to clients.DHCP Process fall into four basic phases:DHCPDISCOVERDHCPOFFERDHCPREQUESTDHCPACK Protocol and PortDHCP uses the same two ports assigned by IANA for BOOTP:67/UDP for sending data to the server, and 68/UDP for data to the client.

What is the full form of xp it stands for Experience.

What is the advantages of using Windows XP? The user interface for IPSecurity (IPSec) S N M T C P / I P s e r v i c e s

P S A P

A g e n N e t W a r e M o n i t o f e a t u r e

t N r

C l i e n t S e r v i c e f o r e t w o r k M u l t i p l e R o a m i n g

Why the kernel panic error was occurring? A kernel panic is an action taken by an operating system upon detecting an internalfatal error from which it cannot safely recover. Attempts by the operating systemto read an invalid or non-permitted memory address are a common source of kernelpanics. A panic may also occur as a result of a hardware failure or a bug in theoperating system.

Different types of backups This article explains different types of backup available in windows (ntbackup.exe). The Backup utility supports five methods of backing up data on your computer ornetwork.Copy backupA copy backup copies all selected files but does not mark each file as having beenbacked upDaily backup A daily backup copies all selected files that have been modified the day the dailybackup is performed. The backedup files are not marked as having been backed upDifferential backupA differential backup copies files created or changed since the last normal orincremental backup. It does not mark files as having been backed upIncremental backupAn incremental backup backs up only those files created or changed since the lastnormal or incremental backup. It marks files as having been backed upNormal backupA normal backup copies all selected files and marks each file as having been backedupStrategy : Normal + IncrementalBacking up your data using a combination of normal backups and incrementalbackups requires the least amount of storage space and is the quickest backupmethod.Strategy : Normal + DifferentialBacking up your data using a combination of normal backups and differentialbackups is more time-consuming, especially if your data changes frequently, but itis easier to restorethe data because the backup set is usually stored on only a few disks or tapes.

How to host multiple website using IIS 6.0 Every Web site has a descriptive name, and can support one or more host headernames. Organizations that host multiple Web sites on a single server often use hostheaders because this method enables them to create multiple Web site identitieswithout using a unique IP address for each site. You must be a member of the Administrators group on the local computer To add a Web site using a host header identifier using the Web Site Creation Wizard1.In IIS Manager, expand the local computer, right-click the Web Sites directory,point to New, and then click Web Site.2 . C l i c k N e x t . 3.In the Description box, type the name you have selected for the Web site, andthen click Next.4.In the Enter the IP address to use for this Web site box, click the IP address usedby all sites on the server.5.In the TCP port this Web site should use box, type the port number used by allsites on the server.6.In the Host Header for this Web site (Default:None) box, type the host headername to identify the Web site. The host header name must contain the full nameof the site, for example, www.microsoft.com.7.If SSL encryption is not enabled on the server, the SSL port box does not appear.If SSL encryption is enabled on the server, type the SSL port number, and thenclick Next. Note that you cannot use host headers with SSL encryption.8.In the Path box, type or browse to the path of your Web site home directory.9.To create a secured or private Web site, clear the Allow anonymous access to thisWeb site check box, and click Next. (Web sites are configured for anonymousaccess by default.)10.In the Web Site Access Permissions box, set the permissions for the homedirectory.1Click Next, and then click Finish. 1.

Ntldr.exe is missing in win xp os what will you do? If ntldr is missing , to fix it , insert the Windows XP bootable CD into your CD-driveandreboot your computer. When your computer prompted a message to press any keyto boot from the CD, press the any key. Once in the Windows XP setup menu pressthe "R" key to repair and now log into your Windows installation by pressing the "1"key then pressing enter. Here Enter the administrator password and then copy thebelow two files to the root directoryc o p y e : \ i 3 8 6 \ n t l d r c : \ c o p y e : \ i 3 8 6 \ n t d e t e c t . c o m c : \ Once copy both files, remove the CD and reboot your system.

How to change the windows xp product key if wrongly installed with otherproduct key but you have original product key? What you will do to Makeyour os as Genuine? Go to run and type %systemroot%\System32\oobe\msoobe.exe \achange your product key here

What is the Logical / Physical Structures of the AD Environment?Physical structure of Active Directory: The physical structure of Active Directory contains all the physical subnets presentin your network like domain controllers and replication between domain controllers. The physical structure of Active Directory:Domain Controllers: These computers run Microsoft Windows Server 2003/2000,and Active Directory. Every Domain Controller performs specific functions likereplication, storage and authenticationActive Directory Sites: These sites are collection of wellconnected computers. Thereason why we create site is domain controllers can communicate frequently withinthe site. It minimizes the latency within site, changes made on one domaincontroller to be replicated to other domain controllers. The other reason behindcreating a site is to optimize bandwidth between domain controllers which arelocated in different locations.Active Directory Partitions: Each Domain Controller contains the following activedirectory partitions: The Domain Partition contains a copy of all the objects in that domain. Replication inDomain Partition is only to other domain controllers which are in the same domain. The Schema Partition is forest wide. Every forest has one schema with consistentobject class. The Schema and Configuration take part in replication, and getreplicated to all domain controllers in a forest.Application Partition which is optional carries objects which are not related tosecurity and can be used by one or more applications. Application Partitionreplicates to specific domain controller in the forest.

Logical Structure of an Active Directory: Components of AD Logical Structure The logical structure components have relationship with each other so it manage tocontrol access to stored data & finds how the data will be managed betn differentdomains in a forest.Objects: like a user, computer, group, printer etcOrganizational Units like any folder but in control of Active DirectoryDomains Logical boundaries for objects Trees Logical boundary for multiple domainsForests Logical boundary for multiple treesWhat are the roles of FSMO? Which are Forest level roles and Domain level roles?FSMO RolesIn a forest, there are at least five FSMO roles that are assigned to one or moredomain controllers. The five FSMO roles are:Schema Master: The schema master domain controller controls all updates andmodifications to the schema. There can be only one schema master in the wholeforest.Domain naming master: The domain naming master domain controller controls theaddition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain namingmaster in the whole forest.Infrastructure Master: The infrastructure is responsible for updating references fromobjects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can be onlyone domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain.Relative ID (RID) Master: The RID master is responsible for processing RID poolrequests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, therecan be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain.PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as theprimary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domaincontrollers that are running earlier versions of Windows. For example, if the domaincontains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional orMicrosoft Windows 2000 client

software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NTbackup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC.

What are the steps taken while moving the FSMO roles? Windows 2000/2003 Active Directory domains utilize a Single Operation Mastermethod called FSMO (Flexible Single Master Operation) You can transfer FSMO roles by using the Ntdsutil.exe command-line utility or byusing an MMC snap-in tool. Depending on the FSMO role that you want to transfer,you can use one of the following three MMC snap-in tools: Active Directory Schema snap-in Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap-in Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in To transfer the FSMO role the administrator must be a member of thefollowing group:FSMO RoleAdministrator must be amember of S c h e m a S c h e m a A d m i n s D o m a i n N a m i n g E n t e r p r i s e A d m i n s RIDDomain AdminsPDC EmulatorInfrastructure To Transfer the Domain-Specific RID Master, PDC Emulator, and InfrastructureMaster FSMO Roles:1.Open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap -in from theAdministrative Tools folder. 2.If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Users and Computers and pressConnect to Domain Controller.3.Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder, the target, andpress OK.4.Right-click the Active Directory Users and Computers and press OperationMasters.5.Select the appropriate tab for the role you wish to transfer and press theChange button.6 . P r e s s O K t o c o n f i r m t h e c h a n g e . 7 . P r e s s O K a l l t h e w a y o u t . To Transfer the Domain Naming Master Role:1.Open the Active Directory Domains and Trusts snap -in from theAdministrative Tools folder.2.If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Domains and Trusts and press Connectto Domain Controller.3.Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder and press OK.4.Right-click the Active Directory Domains and Trusts icon again and pressOperation Masters.5 . P r e s s t h e C h a n g e b u t t o n . 6 . P r e s s O K t o c o n f i r m t h e c h a n g e . 7 . P r e s s O K a l l t h e w a y o u t . Transferring the Schema Master Role1.Click Start, click run, type mmc, and then click OK.2.On the Console, menu click Add/Remove Snap -in.3 . C l i c k A d d . 4 . C l i c k A c t i v e D i r e c t o r y S c h e m a . 5 . C l i c k A d d . 6.Click Close to close the Add Standalone Snap -in dialog box.7.Click OK to add the snap -in to the console.8.Right-click the Active Directory Schema icon, and then click Change DomainController.9. Click Specify Domain Controller, type the name of the domain controller thatwill be the new role holder, and then click OK.10.Right-click Active Directory Schema, and then click Operation Masters.11.In the Change Schema Master dialog box, click Change.12.Click OK.13.Click OK .14.Click Cancel to close the dialog box. To transfer the FSMO roles from the Ntdsutil command:1.On any domain controller, click Start, click Run, type Ntdsutil in the Open box,and then click OK.1.Type roles, and then press ENTER.1.Type connections, an d then press ENTER.1.Type connect to server <servername>, where <servername> is the name of the server you want to use, and then press ENTER.1.At the server connections: prompt, type q, and then press ENTER again.1.Type transfer <role>. where <role> is the role you want to transfer. 1.You will receive a warning window asking if you want to perform the transfer.Click on Yes.2.After you transfer the roles, type q and press ENTER until you quit Ntdsutil.exe.1.Restart the server and make sure you update your ba ckup.

What is active directory? Active Directory is a centralized and standardized system that automates networkmanagement of user data, security and distributed resources and enablesinteroperation with other directories. Active Directory is designed especially

fordistributed networking environments.Windows Server 2003 Active Directory provides a single reference, called adirectory service, to all the objects in a network, including users, groups,computers, printers, policies & permissions.Active Directory provides a single hierarchical view from which to access andmanage all of the network's resources.

What is windows installer? The Windows Installer is a software component used for the installation,maintenance, and removal of software.

What is the component of bluetooth? Any Bluetooth solution consists of four major components: antenna/RF component,Bluetooth hardware and firmware (baseband and Link Controller), Bluetoothsoftware protocol stack, and the application itself. Each of these components is aproduct in itself, and companies exist that have entire business models basedaround solving only one of these four areas.

I forget the startup password on Windows XP how to remove? Insert your Windows XP CD into your CD drive and boot your computer.If you receive the message "press any key to boot from CD," press anykey. Press "Enter" to set up Windows. After you accept the licenseagreement, you will be asked if you want start a repair process. Press "R" to begin the repair process. Setup will now check your disksand start copying files, which can take several minutes. After this,reboot. Let the computer boot normally (do not press a key to bootfrom CD). Keep your eye on the lower left portion of the screen. When you seethe Installing Devices progress bar, press "Shift" and "F10" at the sametime. This will open a command line console. Type "NUSRMGR.CPL" (without quotes) at the prompt, then press"Enter." This will give you access to User Accounts. Remove or changeyour password. Write it down. After the repair is finished, you will beable to log on with your new password.

Why .Dll file is missing ? whats the reason for missing ? A missing or corrupt .dll file can be caused by any of the below possibilities. 1.Another program was uninstalled that removed a .dll file that was required byanother program or the operating system.2.A program was installed that overwrote the .dll file with either an olderversion or a version that is incompatible with other programs causing .dllerrors.3.A bad installation of a program corrupted one or more files causing the .dllerrors.4.Another user or program maliciously or mistakenly deleted the .dll file or anassociated file.5.A hardware issue exists with the computer, such as a bad hard disk drive,causing the data on the drive to become corrupt, casing the .dll errors.

What are the features of Windows XP?Enhanced Device Driver VerifierWindows File Protection Protects core system files from being overwritten by application installations.

Windows Installer A system service that helps users install, configure, track, upgrade, and removesoftware programs correctly. Encrypting File System (EFS) with Multi-user Support Encrypts each file with a randomly generated key. In Windows XP Professional, EFScan allow multiple users acccess to an encrypted document. IP Security (IPSec) Helps protect data transmitted across a network. Kerberos Support Provides industry-standard and high-strength authentication with fast, single logonto Windows 2000-based enterprise resources. Integrated CD Burning Support for burning CDs on CD-R and CD-RW drives is integrated into WindowsExplorer. Remote Desktop Allows users to create a virtual session onto their desktop computers usingMicrosoft's Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Synchronization Manager Lets users compare and update their offline files and folders with those on thenetwork.

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Provides the latest in power management and Plug and Play support. Wireless Networking Support Provides secured access, as well as performance improvements, for wirelessnetworks. Remote Assistance Remote Assistance enables a user to share control of his or her computer withsomeone on a network or the Internet. System Restore The System Restore feature enables users and administrators to restore a computerto a previous state without losing data. Recovery Console Provides a command-line console for administrators to perform administrativetasks.

Internet Connection Firewall A firewall client that can protect small businesses from common Internet attacks. Network Setup Wizard Makes it easy for a small business owner to set up and manage a network. Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) Connects a small office network to the Internet, using a dial-up or broadbandconnection.

UserState Migration Tool Helps administrators to migrate a user's data and application/operating systemsettings from an old computer to a new Windows XP Professional desktop computer. System Preparation Tool (SysPrep) SysPrep helps administrators clone computer configurations, systems, andapplications. A single image, which includes the operating system and businessapplications, can be restored to multiple different machine configurations. Remote OS InstallationMicrosoft Management Console (MMC) Provides a centralized and consistent environment for management tools.

What is Marshalling? The process of gathering data and transforming it into a standard format before it istransmitted over a network so that the data can transcend network boundaries. Inorder for an object to be moved around a network, it must be converted into a datastream that corresponds with the packet structure of the network transfer protocol. This conversion is known as data marshalling

. What are the differnt file system in windows? Windows supports the FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS file systems.

What is the maximum amount of databases that can be hosted onExchange 2003 Enterprise? The standart port nos are respectivelySMTP 25,POP3 110, IMAP4 143,RPC 135,LDAP 636,GLOBAL CATALOG 3269

What is the maximum amount of databases that can be hosted onExchange 2003 Enterprise? 16-gigabyte(GB)database limit per database

What 3 types of domain controller does Exchange access? Global Catalog, Normal Domain Controller, and Configuration Domain Controller

What Exchange process is responsible for communication with AD? DSACCESS- Directory service access

What must be done to an AD forest before Exchange can be deployed? Run the following command: -Setup.exe /forestprep

What are the required components of Windows Server 2003 for installingExchange 2003? Exchange 2003 Setup requires that the following components and services beinstalled and enabled on the server:. N E T F r a m e w o r k A S P . N E T I n t e r n e t I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e s ( I I S ) W o r l d W i d e W e b P u b l i s h i n g S e r v i c e S i m p l e M a i l T r a n s f e r P r o t o c o l ( S M T P ) s e r v i c e Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) service

If we open CD-ROM drive then the response is "please insert CD into drive"What is the problem? Is it with CD-ROM problem of some servicesproblem? How can we solve this problem? If we open the CD ROM Drive and then the response is "Please insert the CD into thedrive" than the result is that CD ROM drive is asking for the CD ROM we should puta CD ROM into the Drive. If it is asking for the CD ROM even after putting the CDROM than the problem could be with the CD ROM Drive sensor because it is notsensing the CD ROM into the drive.

Which of the following API is used to hide a window? a) Show Windowb) Enable Windowc) Move Windowd) Set Window PlacementE N o n e o f t h e a b o v e A N S S h o w w i n d o w

What is Paging? and Segmaentation? Paging:In computer operating systems, paging is one of the memory-managementschemes by which a computer can store and retrieve data from secondary storagefor use in main memory. In the paging memory-management scheme, the operatingsystem retrieves data from secondary storage insame-size blocks called pages.Segmantation:In a computer system using segmentation, an instruction operandthat refers to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and anoffset within that segment. A segment has a set of permissions, and a length,associated with it. If the currently running process is allowed by the permissions tomake the type of reference to memory that it is attempting to make, and the offsetwithin the segment is within the range specified by the length of the segment, thereference is permitted; otherwise, a hardware exception is raised.

How many types of operating system?Types of operating system There are several types of operating system, defined according to whether they cansimultaneously manage information measuring 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits or more.

SystemProgrammingSingleuserMulti-userSingletask Multi-task D O S 1 6 b i t s X X W i n d o w s 3 . 1 1 6 / 3 2 b i t s X not pre-emptiveWindows95/98/Me3 2 b i t s X c o o p e r a t i v e W i n d o w s N T / 2 0 0 0 3 2 b i t s X p r e e m p t i v e W i n d o w s X P 3 2 / 6 4 b i t s X p r e e m p t i v e U n i x / L i n u x 3 2 / 6 4 b i t s X p r e e m p t i v e M A C / O S X 3 2 b i t s X p r e e m p t i v e VMS 32 bits X preemptive

How many Logical ports are available in OS? 65,535

Differentiate between RAM and ROM? ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory) are both vitalcomponents to any fast and productive computer. However, contrary to what manybelieve, the two have almost nothing in common. Here are just a few of thedifferences between RAM and ROM. RAM is... 1.RAM is Random Access Memory. This is reusable memory that the computeruses to run programs. ROM is... 2.ROM is Read Only Memory. This is memory that has data permanently writtenon it and is usually not reusable. Types of RAM 3.DDR (Double Data Rate), DDR2 and SDRAM are all types of RAM. Types of ROM 4.PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) and CD-ROM are just two of themany types of ROM. Similarities 5.While RAM and ROM are quite different, they both have similarities. Both aretypes of memory and both are vital for your computer to operate properly.

What are called Non-GUI clients, GUI Clients and OOUI Clients? Non-GUI Client: These are applications, generate server requests with a minimalamount of human interaction.GUI Clients: These are applicatoins, where occassional requests to the server resultfrom a human interacting with a GUI (Example: Windows 3.x, NT 3.5)OOUI clients : These are applications, which are highly-iconic, object-oriented

userinterface that provides seamless access to information in very visual formats.(Example: MAC OS, Windows 95, NT 4.0)

What are the five major technologies that can be used to createClient/Server applications? Database Servers TP MonitorsGroupwareDistributed ObjectsIntranets.

What is meant by Horizontal scaling and Vertical scaling? Vertical Scaling means to add more hardware resources to the same machine,generally by adding more processors and memory. Expensive Easy to implement (generally, no change required in your application) Single point of failure (if main server crashes, what do you do?)Horizontal Scaling means to add more machines into the mix, generally cheapcommodity hardwareCheap(er) - at least more linear expenditures Hard to implement (much harder than vertical) Many points of failure and therefore can usually handle failures elegantly The devices found in datalink layer areR o u t e r B r i d g e N I C R e p e a t e r M e m o r y NIC (network interface card)

What is Networking? A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to eachother with the ability to exchange data.

Why is it always TCP over IP? Because the Transmission Control Protocol runs on the Internet Protocol

How can i install active directory in windows 2008? Install Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) on a member server that runsWindows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2 by using the Active DirectoryDomain Services Installation Wizard (Dcpromo.exe). The member server should belocated in the forest root domain. After you install AD DS successfully, the memberserver will become a domain controller. You can install AD DS on any memberserver that meets the domain controller hardware requirements. You can install AD DS using the Windows user interface (UI). The Windows UIprovides two wizards that guide you through the installation process for AD DS. Onewizard is the Add Roles Wizard, which you can access in Server Manager. The otherwizard is the Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard (Dcpromo.exe),which you can access in either of the following ways:

 When you complete the steps in the Add Roles Wizard, click the link to startthe Active Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard. Click Start , click Run , type dcpromo.exe , and then click OK .

To install AD DS on a member server by using the Windows interface 1. Click Start , and then click Server Manager . 2. In Roles Summary , click Add Roles . 3. If necessary, review the information on the Before You Begin page, andthen click Next . 4. On the Select Server Roles page, select the Active Directory DomainServices check box, and then click Next . 5. If necessary, review the information on the Active Directory DomainServices page, and then click Next . 6. On the Confirm Installation Selections page, click Install . 7.

On the Installation Results page, click Close this wizard and launch theActive Directory Domain Services Installation Wizard (dcpromo.exe) . 8. On the Welcome to the Active Directory Domain Services InstallationWizard page, click Next .If you want to install from media, identify the source domain controller for AD DSreplication, or specify the Password Replication Policy (PRP) for an RODC as part of the installation of the additional domain controller, click Use advanced modeinstallation . 9. On the Operating System Compatibility page, review the warning aboutthe default security settings for Windows Server 2008 domain controllers,and then click Next . 10. On the Choose a Deployment Configuration page, click Existing forest ,click Add a domain controller to an existing domain , and then click Next . 11. On the Network Credentials page, type the name of any existing domain inthe forest where you plan to install the additional domain controller. Under Specify the account credentials to use to perform the installation ,click My current logged on credentials or click Alternate credentials ,and then click Set . In the Windows Security dialog box, provide the username and password for an account that can install the additional domaincontroller. To install an additional domain controller, you must be a memberof the Enterprise Admins group or the Domain Admins group. When you arefinished providing credentials, click Next . 12. On the Select a Domain page, select the domain of the new domaincontroller, and then click Next

. 13. On the Select a Site page, select a site from the list or select the option toinstall the domain controller in the site that corresponds to its IP address, andthen click Next . 14. On the Additional Domain Controller Options page, make the followingselections, and then click Next : DNS server : This option is selected by default so that your domain controller canfunction as a DNS server. If you do not want the domain controller to be a DNSserver, clear this option. Global Catalog : This option is selected by default. It adds the global catalog, read-only directory partitions to the domain controller, and it enables global catalogsearch functionality. Read-only domain controller . This option is not selected by default. It makes theadditional domain controller read only. 15. If you selected Use advanced mode installation on the Welcome page,the Install from Media page appears. You can provide the location of installation media to be used to create the domain controller and configureAD DS, or you can have all the replication done over the network. Note thatsome data will be replicated over the network even if you install from media.For information about using this method to install the domain controller, seeInstalling AD DS from Media. 16. If you selected Use advanced mode installation on the Welcome page,the Source Domain Controller page appears. Click Let the wizardchoose an appropriate domain controller or click Use this specificdomain controller to specify a domain controller that you want to provideas a source for replication to create the new domain controller, and then click Next . If you do not choose to install from media, all data will be replicatedfrom this source domain controller. 17. On the Location for Database, Log Files, and SYSVOL page, type orbrowse to the volume and folder locations for the database file, the directoryservice log files, and the system volume (SYSVOL) files, and then click Next .Windows Server Backup backs up the directory service by volume. For backup andrecovery efficiency, store these files on separate volumes that do not containapplications or other nondirectory files.

18. On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password page, type and confirm the restore mode password, and then click Next . Thispassword must be used to start AD DS in Directory Service Restore Mode(DSRM) for tasks that must be performed offline. 19. On the Summary page, review your selections. Click Back to change anyselections, if necessary. To save the settings that you have selected to an answer file that you can use toautomate subsequent Active Directory operations, click Export settings . Type thename for your answer file, and then click Save .When you are sure that your selections are accurate, click Next to install AD DS. 20. On the Completing the Active Directory Domain Services InstallationWizard page, click Finish . 21. You can either select the Reboot on completion check box to have theserver restart automatically or you can restart the server to complete theAD DS installation when you are prompted to do so.

What is difference safe mode normal mode? Safe mode is a troubleshooting option for Windows that starts your computer in alimited state. Only the basic files and drivers necessary to run Windows are started.In normal mode all basic files and drivers are necessary to run windows. Think about ur college network if three departments where there and and 25computers in each department and if someone ask u to group the computer s,whatwill be ccriteria to do that.with the help of subnetting

What is Firewall and types of firewall? A firewall is a part of a computer system or network that is designed to blockunauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. It is a device orset of devices that is configured to permit or deny network transmissions basedupon a set of rules and other criteria. There are several types of firewall techniques:1.Packet filter: Packet filtering inspects each packet passing through thenetwork and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Althoughdifficult to configure, it is fairly effective and mostly transparent to its users.It is susceptible to IP spoofing.2.Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications,such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose aperformance degradation.3.Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDPconnection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets canflow between the hosts without further checking.4.Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. Theproxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.

What is troubleshooting? To isolate the source of a problem and fix it.

What is shadow copy? Shadow Copy (Volume Snapshot Service / Volume Shadow Copy Service / VSS), is atechnology included in Microsoft Windows that allows taking manual or automaticbackup copies or snapshots of data. It is implemented as a Windows service called the Volume Shadow Copy service.

How do you check whether Active Directory has been installed properly ornot? By checking SRV Records In DNS Server.check active directory users and computersactive directory domain and trustactive directory site and servicesdatabase foldersysvol folderlog file

What is Web Server, Application Server,Database Server? A web server can be referred to as either the hardware (the computer) or thesoftware (the computer application) that helps to deliver content that can beaccessed through the Internet. A web server is what makes it possible to be able toaccess content like web pages or other data from anywhere as long as it isconnected to the internet.Application server is a program that handles all application operations betweenusers and an organization's backend business applications or databases.An application server is typically used for complex transaction-based applications.A database server is a computer program that provides database services to othercomputer programs or computers, as defined by the clientserver model.Such a server is accessed either through a "front end" running on the userscomputer which displays requested data or the "back end" which runs on the serverand handles tasks such as data analysis and storage.

In case DHCP fails in your server then how do you satisfy that problemwithin some minutes? You can "Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP" this will solve the problem within someminutes following the below path:My Network Places------right click properties-------select Internet Protocol------Advanced settings-----Wins----Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP and save changes andcheck for the same.

What is the Protocol?How is it different than BOOTP or RARP? DHCP is based on BOOTP and maintains some backward compatibility. The maindifference is that BOOTP was designed for manual pre-configuration of the hostinformation in a server database, while DHCP allows for dynamic allocation of network addresses and configurations to newly attached hosts. Additionally, DHCP allows for recovery and reallocation of network addresses through a leasingmechanism.RARP is a protocol used by Sun and other vendors that allows a computer to find outits own IP number, which is one of the protocol parameters typically passed to theclient system by DHCP or BOOTP. RARP doesn't support other parameters and usingit, a server can only serve a single LAN. DHCP and BOOTP are designed so they canbe routed.

How to rename domain name in win 2003 server? To rename a domain controllerOpen Command Prompt. Type:netdom computername CurrentComputerName/add:NewComputerNameEnsure the computer account updates and DNS registrations are completed, thentype:netdom computername CurrentComputerName /makeprimary:NewComputerNameRestart the computer.From the command prompt, type:netdom computername NewComputerName /remove:OldComputerName To perform this procedure, you must be a member of the Domain Adminsgroup or the Enterprise Admins group in Active Directory. This command-line method requires the Netdom Windows support tool. To enumerate the names with which the computer is currently configured, ata command prompt, type:netdom computername ComputerName /enumerate: {AlternateNames |PrimaryName | AllNames} To rename a domain controller in a domain that contains a single domain controllerInstall a Windows Server 2003 member server in the domain.On the new server, create an additional domain controller by installingActive Directory.After Active Directory is installed, enable the global catalog on the new domaincontroller. Transfer the operations master roles from the domain controller that you want torename to the new domain controller. Note that you must transfer the roles, do notseize them.Verify that the new domain controller is functioning correctly by doing the following:Verify authentications and global catalog searches.Run Dcdiag.exe against the domain controller.Perform any other appropriate tests to verify that the new domain controller canprovide all of the domain functions of the first domain controller.Verify that the \sysvol and \netlogon drives are shared on the new domain controllerby doing the following:On the new domain controller, open Command Prompt. Type:Net shareIn the list that is generated, verify the existence of Sysvol and Netlogon.Uninstall Active Directory from the domain controller that you want to rename to bea member server.Rename the member server. Install Active Directory on the renamed server to create an additional domaincontroller. Transfer the operations master roles back to the renamed domain controller.Enable the global catalog on the renamed domain controller.

What is Wi-Fi? What is the latest version? The name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves toprovide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance,the organization that owns the Wi-Fi (registered trademark) term specifically definesWi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products thatare based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11standards."

What is mean topology and types of topology? Network topology refers to the way that your computer network is arranged. Thenetwork can have a physical or a logical topology. The physical topology describesthe layout of computers and where the workstations are positioned. The logicalnetwork topology describes how the information flows through the network. The different kinds of topology are: Bus topology Star topology Ring topology Tree topology

 Mesh topology Bus topology In bus topology, all computers are linked to the same transmission line by using acable, usually coaxial. The word "bus" refers to the physical line that joins all themachines on the network. The advantages of this topology are that it is easy to implement and functionseasily; on the other hand, it is highly vulnerable, since if one of the connections isdefective, the whole network is affected. Star topology In star topology, the network computers are linked to a piece of hardware called ahub. Unlike networks built with bus topology, networks which use star topology aremuch less vulnerable, as one of the connections can easily be removed bydisconnecting it from the hub, without paralyzing the rest of the network. However,a star topology network is bulkier than a bus network, as additional hardware isrequired (the hub). Ring topology A ring topology is a network topology where each node (device on the network)connects to two other nodes. This forms a continuous path for the signal througheach device. This works because data travels from node to node (device to device). In a ringtopology (also called a ring network), each node handles the data packets itself,then passes it to the next node, which also handles the packets. Mesh topology A mesh topology is made up of a network where each device has a point-to-pointconnection to every other device on the network. This provides the dedicatedcapacity of a point-to-point link to each device and significant fault tolerance. Tree topology The Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree likestructure allows you to have many servers on the network and you can branch outthe network in many ways. This is particularly helpful for colleges, universities andschools so that each of the branches can identify the relevant systems in their ownnetwork and yet connect to the big network in some way.

What is a wild card certificate? A wildcard certificate allows you to secure multiple web sites with a single SSLcertificate. Wildcard certificates are a service provided under CertificateManagement Service.

How many scopes con create in one dhcp? You can configure as many scopes on a DHCP server as is required in your networkenvironment.

What is VPN and what are the main advantages? A virtual private network (VPN) is the extension of a private network thatencompasses links across shared or public networks like the Internet. With a VPN,you can send data between two computers or two networks across a shared orpublic network in a manner that emulates a point-to-point private link. Virtualprivate networking is the act of creating and configuring a VPN. Reduce cost implementation (We dont need to use lease line/ ISDN/ FR,mobile onlyneed to dial local ISP to connect to branch office) Security (VPN provide strong security mechanism through encryption,authentication)

 More Flexible Simple Management Tunnel topology Interoperability of devices from multiple vendors Centralized VPN management Easy implementation Easy usability Scalability Performance Bandwidth management High availability Protect traffic across internet Protect data through hackers

What is dhcp? what is the uses and advantages? Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standard protocol that allows aserver to dynamically distribute IP addressing & configuration information to clients.Benefits of DHCPIn Windows Server 2003, the DHCP Server service provides the following benefits: Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP addressconfiguration, such as typographical errors, or address conflicts causedby the assignment of an IP address to more than one computer at thesame time. Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following featuresto reduce network administration: Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration. The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location. The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configurationvalues by means of DHCP options. The forwarding of initial DHCP messages by using a DHCP relay agent,thus eliminating the need to have a DHCP server on every subnet.

What is secured socket layer and what is the requirement of its innetworking? SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the standard security technology for establishing anencrypted link between a web server and a browser. This link ensures that all datapassed between the web server and browsers remain private and integral.

What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS where u can use HTTPS? Http is hyper text transfer protocol which is responsible for transmitting andreceiving information across the Internet where as https is secure http, which isused exchanging confidential information with a server, which needs to be securedin order to prevent unauthorized access. HTTP is Hyper Text Transport Protocol andnormally use when you are browsing the web, it's not secure.Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encrypted communicationand secure identification of a network web server. HTTPS is a Web protocoldeveloped by Netscape and built into its browser that encrypts and decrypts userpage requests as well as the pages that are returned by the Web server.

What is Peer to peer Network? Peer to peer is an approach to computer networking where all computers shareequivalent responsibility for processing data. Peer-to-peer networking (also knownsimply as peer networking ) differs from client-server networking, where certaindevices have responsibility for providing or "serving" data and other devicesconsume or otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.

What is the difference between a Virtual Server and a Dedicated Server? A dedicated server is a type of Internet hosting in which the client leases an entireserver not shared with anyone. This is more flexible than shared hosting, asorganizations have full control over the server(s), including choice of operatingsystem, hardware, etc. A dedicated server could also be a computer that managesprinter resources. However, that not all servers are dedicated. In some networks, itis possible for a computer to act as a server and perform other functions as well. Inthe Web hosting business, a dedicated server is typically a rented service. The userrents the server, software and an Internet connection from the Web host.A server, usually a Web server, that shares computer resources with other virtualservers. Virtual Web servers are a very popular way of providing lowcost webhosting services. Instead of requiring a separate computer for each server, dozensof virtual servers can coreside on the same computer. In most cases, performanceis not affected and each web site behaves as if it is being served by a dedicatedserver. If too many virtual servers reside on the same computer, or if one virtualserver starts hogging resources, Web pages will be delivered more slowly.

What is Antivirus? Antivirus software is a computer program that detects, prevents, and takes actionto disarm or remove malicious software programs, such as viruses and worms.

What are Cold Boot and Warm Boot?

A hard reboot (also known as a cold reboot, cold boot or cold start) is when power toa computer is abruptly turned off, then turned back on.A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer undersoftware control, without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line.

What is the type of dsl technologies? Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is high-speed Internet access that uses existing coppertelephone lines. According to the FCC, the different types of DSL technologiesprovide transmission speeds ranging from several hundred thousand bits persecond to millions of bits per second.All types of DSL Internet service can be categorized as either asymmetric orsymmetric. ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is the most widely available type of DSLtechnology and typically used by homes and small businesses. Asymmetric meansthat most of the bandwidth is for sending data to the user (downloading) and only asmall amount is available for uploading data. ADSL requires a splitter at the user'send to split the Internet data signal from the telephone signal.DSL Lite (also known as G.Lite) is a slower version of ADSL that doesn't require asplitter at the user's end because the splitting happens remotely at the telephonecompany.Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL) is an ADSL technology that uses software to determinethe rate that a customer phone line can transmit signals and adjusts the deliveryrate for that phone line. SDSL Symmetrical DSL (SDSL) means that data downloads and uploads at the samespeed. Larger businesses often use SDSL. Two types of SDSL are high-data-rateDigital Subscriber Line (HDSL) and very-high-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line(VDSL).A newer version of HDSL is HDSL2, which transmits data at the same speeds asHDSL but requires only two wires instead of four. Also, the encoding for HDSL2 ismore efficient than for HDSL. Another technology, based on HDSL2, is G.SHDSL, which is faster and can optimizeperformance based on telephone line conditions. IDSL ISDN DSL (IDSL) is a hybrid of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and DSLtechnologies. IDSL runs over a single pair of wires. Unlike ISDN, IDSL is always on.

How to take backup of Outlook Express explain all the steps in detail. To back up Outlook Express items Step 1: Copy message files to a backup folderStep A: Locate the Store folder1 . S t a r t O u t l o o k E x p r e s s . 2.Click Tools, and then click Options.3.On the Maintenance tab, click Store Folder. 4.In the Store Location dialog box, copy the store location. To do this, followthese steps:a . P u t t h e m o u s e p o i n t e r a t o n e e n d o f t h e b o x u n d e r t h e Y o u r p e r s o n a l message store is located in the following folder box.b . P r e s s a n d h o l d t h e l e f t m o u s e b u t t o n , a n d t h e n d r a g t h e m o u s e p o i n t e r across the Your personal message store is located in the following folder box.c . P r e s s C T R L + C t o c o p y t h e l o c a t i o n . 2.Click Cancel, and then click Cancel again to close the dialog box. Step B: Copy the contents of the Store folder1.Click Start, click Run, press CTRL+V, and then click OK.2.On the Edit menu, click Select All.3.On the Edit menu, click Copy, and then close the window. Step C: Create a backup folder1.Right-click any empty area on your desktop, click New, and then click Folder.2.Type Mail Backup for the folder name, and then press ENTER. Step D: Paste the contents of the Store folder into the backup folder1.Double-click the Mail Backup folder to open it.2.Right-click inside the Mail Backup folder window, and then click Paste. Step 2: Export the Address Book to a .csv file To export the Address Book to a .csv file, follow these steps:1.On the File menu, click Export, and then click Address Book.2.Click Text File (Comma Separated Values), and then click Export. 3 . C l i c k B r o w s e . 4.Select the Mail Backup folder that you created.5.In

the File Name box, type address book backup, and then click Save. 6 . C l i c k N e x t . 7.Click to select the check boxes for the fields that you want to export & thenclick Finish.8 . C l i c k O K , a n d t h e n c l i c k Close. Step 3: Export the mail account to a file1.On the Tools menu, click Accounts .2.On the Mail tab, click the mail account that you want to export, and then clickExport.3.In the Save In box, select the Mail Backup folder, and then click Save.4.Repeat these steps for each mail account that you want to export. 5 . C l i c k Close. Step 4: Export the newsgroup account to a file1.On the Tools menu, click Accounts.2.On the News tab, click the news account that you want to export, and then click Export.3.In the Save In box, select the Mail Backup folder, and then click Save.4.Repeat these steps for each news account that you want to export.5 . C l i c k C l o s e .

To restore Outlook Express items Step 1: Import messages from the backup folder1.On the File menu, point to Import, and then click Messages. 2.In the Select an e-mail program to import from box, click Microsoft OutlookExpress 5 or Microsoft Outlook Express 6, and then click Next.3.Click Import mail from an OE5 store directory or Import mail from an OE6store directory, and then click OK. 4.Click Browse, and then click the Mail Backup folder. 5 . C l i c k O K , a n d t h e n c l i c k N e x t . 6.Click All folders, click Next, and then click Finish. Step 2: Import the Address Book file1.On the File menu, click Import, and then click Other Address Book.2.Click Text File (Comma Separated Values), and then click Import. 3 . C l i c k B r o w s e . 4.Select the Mail Backup folder, click the address book backup.csv file & thenclick Open.5.Click Next, and then click Finish. 6 . C l i c k O K , a n d t h e n c l i c k C l o s e . Step 3: Import the mail account file1.On the Tools menu, click Accounts. 2 . O n t h e M a i l t a b , c l i c k I m p o r t . 3.In the Look In box, select the Mail Backup folder.4.Click the mail account that you want to import, and then click Open.5.Repeat these steps for each mail account that you want to import.6 . C l i c k C l o s e . Step 4: Import the newsgroup account file1.On the Tools menu, click Accounts. 2 . O n t h e N e w s t a b , c l i c k I m p o r t . 3.In the Look In box, select the Mail Backup folder.4.Click the news account that you want to import, and then click Open.5.Repeat these steps for each news account that you wan t to import.6 . C l i c k C l o s e .

What is folder sharing? Explain hidden sharing and open sharing Floder sharing is a utility of modern OS, through this we can share the necessaryfiles and documents over the network/within the network for accessing remotely.Hiden Sharing:--> The hiden sharing means we share the drive with Sign $ & wecan't see the drive in Network.Open Sharing:--> The Open sharing means we can see the drive in Network.

What is the Difference between Broadcaste Domain and Collison Domainand where it is used?Broadcast Domain: Broadcast domain is a restricted area in which information can be transmitted for alldevices in the domain to receive. More specifically, Ethernet LANs are broadcastdomains. Any devices attached to the LAN can transmit frames to any other devicebecause the medium is a shared transmission system. Frames are normallyaddressed to a specific destination device on the network. While all devices detectthe frame transmission on the network, only the device to which the frame isaddressed actually receives it.A repeater is a device that joins two LANs to extend the distance of

the LAN. Allnetwork traffic is sent across the repeater unaltered.A bridge is a device that joins two LANs into a single broadcast domain, but isolatesthem so that problems on one LAN do not propagate to the other LAN. In addition,bridges maintain separate collision domains, so that computers on each segmentonly contend with other computers on the same segment for access. Collision Domain: Ethernet networks use a collision-sensing protocol called CSMA/CD (carrier sensemultiple access/collision detection). The protocol allows multiple devices connectedto a shared network cable to use that cable by taking turns accessing it. The basicstrategy goes like this:1.A computer listens on the cable to see if another computer is transmitting,which is indicated by a voltage change on the cable. If busy, the computerwaits and listens.2.When the cable is not busy, a computer attempts to transmit. 3.Another computer may attempt to transmit at the same time, which causes acollision.4.Both computers that attempted to transmit must back off, wait, and thenattempt to transmit again.Computers on the network detect collisions by looking for abnormally changingvoltages. Signals from multiple systems overlap and distort one another.Overlapping signals will push the voltage above the allowable limit. This is detectedby attached computers, which reject the corrupted frames (called runts).

How do you check the listening ports on a windows box? Command line. n e t s t a t a : d i s p l a y s i p , l i s t e n i n g h e l p

p o r t

i d s n e t s t a t

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Diffrent types of cables used in lan cabling? Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Paircables are used depending on the network's topology, protocol and size10Base2 Coaxial10BaseT Cat5100BaseTX Fast Ethernet Cat51000BaseT Cat5e/Cat6/Cat6eFiber Optic

UDP means UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications protocol that offers a limitedamount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a networkthat uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes referred to as UDP/IP.UDP uses the Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) fromone computer to another. However, UDP does not provide the service of dividing amessage into packets (datagrams) and reassembling it at the other end. This meansthat the application program that uses UDP must be able to make sure that theentire message has arrived and is in the right order. Network applications that wantto save processing time because they have very small data units to exchange (andtherefore very little message reassembling to do) may prefer UDP to TCP. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) uses UDP instead of TCP.

Explain Application Layer with the help of application layer protocol? In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, the applicationlayer provides services for an application program to ensure that effectivecommunication with another application program in a network is possible. Theapplication layer is not the application itself that is doing the communication. The protocol that works on application layer are ftp(file transfer protocol)used fortransferring files, telnet for remote access,dhcp(dynamic host configuration protocol)used for assigining ip address automatically, http(hyper text transferprotocol) ,and udp(user datagram protocol)

What is modem and what use of in networking? A modem is a Modulator and Demodulator. It's like a bridge between computer andordinary telephone lines. Telephone lines only accept analog signals but computersonly accept digital (binary) signals so modems help link them. Routers then emit thedigital signal.A modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to incode digitalinfomation.

How to connect two hosts with different subnet each other tocommunicate? How to connect 172.16.0.0 and 172.17.0.0, subnet:255.255.0.0 connect each other Through L3 Device (Router or Layer 3 switch)

How to configure SMTP connector in exchange server 2003 for externaloutgoing mail? To create and securely configure the SMTP connector follows these steps: 1. Start Exchange System Manager.

Configure System Manager to Display Routing and Administrative Groups. 1.Start the System Manager from the Microsoft Exchange program group.2.Right click the top-level node and on the shortcut menu, click Properties.3.In the Properties dialog box, select the Display Routing Groups and DisplayAdministrative Groups check boxes, and then click OK.4.In the message box that informs you that you need to restart the System Manager, click OK, and then restart System Manager.5.There should be a container called Administrative Groups in the console tree.Expand the nodes.6.Click the Members container within the First Routing Group object. Yourserver is the Master server in the First Routing Group. 2. Expand the Administrative Groups container. 3. Click the administrative group that you want to work with, and then expandit. 4. Expand the Routing Groups container. 5. Click the routing group that you want to work with, and then expand it. 6. Click the Connectors container. Right-click the Connectors container, &then click New . 7. Click SMTP Connector . 8. On the

General tab, provide an appropriate identifying name for theconnector. 9. Choose to use DNS or forward to a smart host (if you are relaying through anInternet service provider send-mail server). If you are forwarding to a smarthost, use the IP address of the smart host in square brackets. 10. Under Local Bridgeheads , click Add . Add the server that becomesthe bridgehead server for the routing group. Designate an SMTP virtual serveras a bridgehead server for the SMTP connector. This can be either the serverthat you are working on or another server in the same routing group.Alternatively, this duty can be shared by multiple servers. 11. Click the Address Space tab. Under Connector Scope , click either Entire Organization or Routing Group . As in earlier versions of ExchangeServer, when you configure the Internet Mail Service, click Add , click SMTP ,and then click OK . Accept the default (*) unless you require outbound e-maildomain restriction, and leave the cost as 1. If you have accepted the defaultof (*), you should never click to select the Allow messages to be relayedto these domains check box. Clicking to select the Allow messages to berelayed to these domains check box would open your server for relay tothe world. The Allow messages to be relayed to these domains checkbox should be for secure domain to domain connections only. 12. If you have chosen forward all mail to a smart host, click the Advanced tab. Click the Outbound Security option, and then select anappropriate authentication method for your relay host. The default isAnonymous Access. Anonymous is the method that must be used if you areforwarding to an ISP, unless you have made prior arrangements with the ISPfor another security level. If you are forwarding to your own server or toanother server outside your environment, work with the administrator of thatserver to select the appropriate security level for both servers. You can addmore than one smart host . 13. Click OK to exit Outbound Security. 14. Click OK to exit the Advanced tab. 15. Click OK to exit the SMTP connector. 16. You must restart the Microsoft Exchange Routing Engine service andthe SMTP service for these changes to take effect.What are two characteristics of clients in data networks?Initiate data exchanges.May upload data to servers What is L1, L2, L3 Support?Level 1(L1) This is the initial support level responsible for basic customer issues. The first job of a Tier I specialist is to gather the customers information and to determine thecustomers issue by analyzing the symptoms and figuring out the underlyingproblem. Technical support specialists in this group typically handle straightforwardand simple problems while possibly using some kind of knowledge managementtool. This includes troubleshooting methods such as verifying physical layer issues,resolving username and password problems, uninstalling/reinstalling basic softwareapplications, verification of proper hardware and software set up, and assistancewith navigating around application menus. Level 2(L2)

This is a more in-depth technical support level than Tier I containing experiencedand more knowledgeable personnel on a particular product or service. Techniciansin this realm of knowledge are responsible for assisting Tier I personnel solve basictechnical problems and for investigating elevated issues by confirming the validityof the problem and seeking for known solutions related to these more complexissues. If a problem is new and/or personnel from this group cannot determine asolution, they are responsible for raising this issue to the Tier III technical supportgroup. This may include, but is not limited to onsite installations or replacements of various hardware components, software repair, diagnostic testing, and the utilization of remote control tools used to take over the users machine for the solepurpose of troubleshooting and finding a solution to the problem. Level 3(L3) This is the highest level of support in a three-tiered technical support modelresponsible for handling the most difficult or advanced problems. These individualsare experts in their fields and are responsible for not only assisting both Tier I and Tier II personnel, but with the research and development of solutions to new orunknown issues. Note that Tier III technicians have the same responsibility as Tier IItechnicians in reviewing the work order and assessing the time already spent withthe customer so that the work is prioritized and time management is sufficientlyutilized. Level 4(L4) While not universally used, a fourth level often represents an escalation pointbeyond the organization. This is generally a hardware or software vendor. Within acorporate incident management system it is important to continue to track incidentseven when they are being actioned by a vendor and the Service Level Agreement(SLA) may have specific provision for this.

What is Spyware and Firmware?Spyware is a type of malware that can be installed on computers, and whichcollects small pieces of information about users without their knowledge. Thepresence of spyware is typically hidden from the user, and can be difficult to detect. Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the user's personal computer.In electronics and computing, firmware is a term often used to denote the fixed,usually rather small, programs and/or data structures that internally control variouselectronic devices.

Difference between Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and UserDatagram Protocol (UDP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)1) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection oriented protocol, whichmeans the devices should open a connection before transmitting data and shouldclose the connection gracefully after transmitting the data.2) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) assure reliable delivery of data to thedestination.3) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) protocol provides extensive error checkingmechanisms such as flow control and acknowledgment of data.4) Sequencing of data is a feature of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).5) Delivery of data is guaranteed if you are using Transmission Control Protocol(TCP).6) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is comparatively slow because of theseextensive error checking mechanisms7) Multiplexing and Demultiplexing is possible in Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) using TCP port numbers.8) Retransmission of lost packets is possible in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).User Datagram Protocol (UDP)1) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is Datagram oriented protocol with no overheadfor opening, maintaining, and closing a connection.2) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is efficient for broadcast/multicast transmission. 3) User Datagram protocol (UDP) has only the basic error checking mechanismusing checksums.4) There is no sequencing of data in User Datagram protocol (UDP) .5) The delivery of data cannot be guaranteed in User Datagram protocol (UDP) .6) User Datagram protocol (UDP) is faster, simpler and more efficient than TCP.However, User Datagram protocol (UDP) it is less robust then TCP7) Multiplexing and Demultiplexing is possible in User Datagram Protcol (UDP) usingUDP port numbers.8) There is no retransmission of lost packets in User Datagram Protcol (UDP).

Which is the faster protocol either UDP or TCP? User Datagram protocol (UDP) is faster, simpler and more efficient than TCP.

What is difference between static ip address and dynamic ip address? A dynamic IP is one that changes every time you connect to the network & a staticIP is one that remains the same no matter how many times you connect anddisconnect from the network.

Why LDAP is called light weight? LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a protocol for communicationsbetween LDAP servers and LDAP clients. LDAP servers store "directories" which areaccess by LDAP clients.LDAP is called lightweight because it is a smaller and easier protocol which wasderived from the X.500 DAP (Directory Access Protocol) defined in the OSI networkprotocol stack.

What's the meaning of ARP & RARP Address Resolution Protocol, a network layer protocol used to convert an IPaddress into a physical address. ARP and RARP. The ARP protocol is used tomap IP addresses to MAC addresses. RARP, the Reverse ARP Protocol, is usedto map MAC addresses to IP addresse. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols? FTP depends on TCP, is connection oriented, and provides reliable control. TFTPdepends on UDP, requires less overhead, and provides virtually no control.FTP provides user authentication. TFTP does not.FTP uses well-known TCP port numbers: 20 for data and 21 for connection dialog. TFTP uses UDP port number 69 for its file transfer activity.

What is a network management system? A Network Management System (NMS) is a combination of hardware and softwareused to monitor and administer a network.

If A sends a message to B with encryption then key is A public key

How do you double-boot a Win 2003 server box? The Boot.ini file is set as read-only, system, and hidden to prevent unwantedediting. To change the Boot.ini timeout and default settings, use the System optionin Control Panel from the Advanced tab and select Startup. What do you do if earlier application doesnt run on Windows Server 2003? When an application that ran on an earlier legacy version of Windows cannot beloaded during the setup function or if it later malfunctions, you must run thecompatibility mode function. This is accomplished by right-clicking the applicationor setup program and selecting Properties > Compatibility > selecting thepreviously supported operating system.

If you uninstall Windows Server 2003, which operating systems can yourevert to? Win ME, Win 98, 2000, XP.Note, however, that youcannot upgrade from ME and 98 to Windows Server 2003.

How do you get to Internet Firewall settings? Start > Control Panel > Network and Internet Connections > NetworkConnections.

What are the Windows Server 2003 keyboard shortcuts? Winkey opens or closes the Start menu.Winkey + BREAK displays the System Properties dialog box.Winkey + TAB moves the focus to the next application in the taskbar.Winkey + SHIFT + TAB moves the focus to the previous application in the taskbar.Winkey + B moves the focus to the notification area.Winkey + D shows the desktop.Winkey + E opens Windows Explorer showing My Computer.Winkey + F opens the Search panel.Winkey + CTRL + F opens the Search panel with Search for Computers moduleselected.Winkey + F1 opens Help.Winkey + M minimizes all.Winkey + SHIFT+ M undoes minimization.Winkey + R opens Run dialog.Winkey + U opens the Utility Manager.Winkey + L locks the computer.

What is Active Directory? Active Directory is a network-based object store and service that locates andmanages resources, and makes these resources available to authorized users andgroups. An underlying principle of the Active Directory is that everything isconsidered an objectpeople, servers, workstations, printers, documents, anddevices. Each object has certain attributes and its own security access control list(ACL).

Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and itsBackup Domain Controller (BDC) in Server 2003? The Active Directory replaces them. Now all domain controllers share a multimasterpeer-to-peer read and write relationship that hosts copies of the Active Directory.

How long does it take for security changes to be replicated among thedomain controllers? Security-related modifications are replicated within a site immediately. Thesechanges include account and individual user lockout policies, changes to passwordpolicies, changes to computer account passwords, and modifications to the LocalSecurity Authority (LSA).

Whats new in Windows Server 2003 regarding the DNS management? When DC promotion occurs with an existing forest, the Active Directory InstallationWizard contacts an existing DC to update the directory and replicate from the DCthe required portions of the directory. If the wizard fails to locate a DC, it performsdebugging and reports what caused the failure and how to fix the problem. In orderto be located on a network, every DC must register in DNS DC locator DNS records. The Active Directory Installation Wizard verifies a proper configuration of the DNSinfrastructure. All DNS configuration debugging and reporting activity is done withthe Active Directory Installation Wizard.

When should you create a forest? Organizations that operate on radically different bases may require separate treeswith distinct namespaces. Unique trade or brand names often give rise to separateDNS identities. Organizations merge or are acquired and naming continuity isdesired. Organizations form partnerships and joint ventures. While access tocommon resources is desired, a separately defined tree can enforce more directadministrative and security restrictions.

How can you authenticate between forests?

Four types of authentication are used across forests:(1) Kerberos and NTLM network logon for remote access to a server in anotherforest;(2) Kerberos and NTLM interactive logon for physical logon outside the users homeforest;(3) Kerberos delegation to N-tier application in another forest; and(4) user principal name (UPN) credentials.

What snap-in administrative tools are available for Active Directory? Active Directory Domains and Trusts Manager, Active Directory Sites and ServicesManager, Active Directory Users and Group Manager, Active Directory Replication(optional, available from the Resource Kit), Active Directory Schema Manager(optional, available from adminpak)

What types of classes exist in Windows Server 2003 Active Directory? Structural class . The structural class is important to the system administrator inthat it is the only type from which new Active Directory objects are created.Structural classes are developed from either the modification of an existingstructural type or the use of one or more abstract classes. Abstract class . Abstract classes are so named because they take the form of templates that actually create other templates (abstracts) and structural andauxiliary classes. Think of abstract classes as frameworks for the defining objects. Auxiliary class . The auxiliary class is a list of attributes. Rather than applynumerous attributes when creating a structural class, it provides a streamlinedalternative by applying a combination of attributes with a single include action. 88 class . The 88 class includes object classes defined prior to 1993, when the 1988X.500 specification was adopted. This type does not use the structural, abstract,and auxiliary definitions, nor is it in common use for the development of objects inWindows Server 2003 environments.

How do you delete a lingering object? Windows Server 2003 provides a command called Repadmin that provides theability to delete lingering objects in the Active Directory.

What is Global Catalog? The Global Catalog authenticates network user logons and fields inquiries aboutobjects across a forest or tree. Every domain has at least one GC that is hosted on adomain controller. In Windows 2000, there was typically one GC on every site inorder to prevent user logon failures across the network.

How is user account security established in Windows Server 2003? When an account is created, it is given a unique access number known as a securityidentifier (SID). Every group to which the user belongs has an associated SID. Theuser and related group SIDs together form the user accounts security token, whichdetermines access levels to objects throughout the system and network. SIDs fromthe security token are mapped to the access control list (ACL) of any object the userattempts to access.

If I delete a user and then create a new account with the same usernameand password, would the SID and permissions stay the same? No. If you delete a user account and attempt to recreate it with the same user nameand password, the SID will be different.

What do you do with secure sign-ons in an organization with manyroaming users? Credential Management feature of Windows Server 2003 provides a consistentsingle sign-on experience for users. This can be useful for roaming users who movebetween computer systems. The Credential Management feature provides a securestore of user credentials that includes passwords and X.509 certificates.

Anything special you should do when adding a user that has a Mac? "Save password as encrypted clear text" must be selected on User PropertiesAccount Tab Options, since the Macs only store their passwords that way.

What remote access options does Windows Server 2003 support? Dial-in, VPN, dial-in with callback.

Where are the documents and settings for the roaming profile stored? All the documents and environmental settings for the roaming user are storedlocally on the system, and, when the user logs off, all changes to the locally storedprofile are copied to the shared server folder. Therefore, the first time a roaminguser logs on to a new system the logon process may take some time, depending onhow large his profile folder is.

Where are the settings for all the users stored on a given machine? \Document and Settings\All Users

What languages can you use for log-on scripts? JavaScipt, VBScript, DOS batch files (.com, .bat, or even .exe)

Whats the difference between local, global and universal groups? Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for localdomain resources. Global groups provide access to resources in other trusteddomains. Universal groups grant access to resources in all trusted domains.

I am trying to create a new universal user group. Why cant I?

Universal groups are allowed only in native-mode Windows Server 2003environments. Native mode requires that all domain controllers be promoted toWindows Server 2003 Active Directory.

What is LSDOU? Its group policy inheritance model, where the policies are applied to Localmachines, Sites, Domains and Organizational Units.

Where are group policies stored? %SystemRoot%System32\GroupPolicy

What is GPT and GPC? Group policy template and group policy container.

Where is GPT stored? %SystemRoot%\SYSVOL\sysvol\domainname\Policies\GUID

You change the group policies, and now the computer and user settingsare in conflict. Which one has the highest priority? The computer settings take priority.

You want to set up remote installation procedure, but do not want theuser to gain access over it. What do you do? gponame> User Configuration> Windows Settings> Remote InstallationServices> Choice Options is your friend. Whats contained in administrative template conf.adm? Microsoft NetMeeting policies

How can you restrict running certain applications on a machine? Via group policy, security settings for the group, then Software Restriction Policies.

You need to automatically install an app, but MSI file is not available.What do you do? A .zap text file can be used to add applications using the Software Installer, ratherthan the Windows Installer.

Whats the difference between Software Installer and Windows Installer? The former has fewer privileges & will probably require user intervention. Plus, ituses .zap files.

What can be restricted on Windows Server 2003 that wasnt there inprevious products? Group Policy in Windows Server 2003 determines a users right to modify networkand dial-up TCP/IP properties. Users may be selectively restricted from modifyingtheir IP address and other network configuration parameters.

How frequently is the client policy refreshed? 90 minutes give or take. Where is secedit ? Its now gpupdate .

You want to create a new group policy but do not wish to inherit. Make sure you check Block inheritance among the options when creating thepolicy.

What is "tattooing" the Registry? The user can view and modify user preferences that are not stored in maintainedportions of the Registry. If the group policy is removed or changed, the userpreference will persist in the Registry.

How do you fight tattooing in NT/2000 installations? You cant.

How do you fight tattooing in 2003 installations? User Configuration - Administrative Templates - System - Group Policy - enable -Enforce Show Policies Only.

What does IntelliMirror do? It helps to reconcile desktop settings, applications, and stored files for users,particularly those who move between workstations or those who must periodicallywork offline.

Whats the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine? FAT and FAT32 provide no security over locally logged-on users. Only native NTFSprovides extensive permission control on both remote and local files.

How do FAT and NTFS differ in approach to user shares? They dont, both have support for sharing.

Explan the List Folder Contents permission on the folder in NTFS. Same as Read & Execute, but not inherited by files within a folder. However, newlycreated subfolders will inherit this permission.

I have a file to which the user has access, but he has no folder permissionto read it. Can he access it? It is possible for a user to navigate to a file for which he does not have folderpermission. This involves simply knowing the path of the file object. Even if the user cant drill down the file/folder tree using My Computer, he can still gain access tothe file using the Universal Naming Convention (UNC). The best way to start wouldbe to type the full path of a file into Run window.

For a user in several groups, are Allow permissions restrictive orpermissive? Permissive, if at least one group has Allow permission for the file/folder, user willhave the same permission.

For a user in several groups, are Deny permissions restrictive orpermissive? Restrictive, if at least one group has Deny permission for the file/folder, user will bedenied access, regardless of other group permissions.

What hidden shares exist on Windows Server 2003 installation? Admin$, Drive$, IPC$, NETLOGON, print$ and SYSVOL.

Whats the difference between standalone & fault-tolerant DFS(Distributed File System) installations? The standalone server stores the Dfs directory tree structure or topology locally. Thus, if a shared folder is inaccessible or if the Dfs root server is down, users are leftwith no link to the shared resources. A fault-tolerant root node stores the Dfstopology in the Active Directory, which is replicated to other domain controllers. Thus, redundant root nodes may include multiple connections to the same dataresiding in different shared folders.

Were using the DFS fault-tolerant installation, but cannot access it froma Win98 box. Use the UNC path, not client, only 2000 and 2003 clients can access Server 2003fault-tolerant shares.

Where exactly do fault-tolerant DFS shares store information in ActiveDirectory? In Partition Knowledge Table, which is then replicated to other domain controllers.

Can you use Start->Search with DFS shares? Yes.

What problems can you have with DFS installed? Two users opening the redundant copies of the file at the same time, with no file-locking involved in DFS, changing the contents and then saving. Only one file will bepropagated through DFS.

I run Microsoft Cluster Server and cannot install fault-tolerant DFS.

Yeah, you cant. Install a standalone one.

Is Kerberos encryption symmetric or asymmetric? Symmetric.

How does Windows 2003 Server try to prevent a middle-man attack onencrypted line? Time stamp is attached to the initial client request, encrypted with the shared key.

What hashing algorithms are used in Windows 2003 Server? RSA Data Securitys Message Digest 5 (MD5), produces a 128-bit hash, and theSecure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), produces a 160-bit hash.

What third-party certificate exchange protocols are used by Windows2003 Server? Windows Server 2003 uses the industry standard PKCS-10 certificate request andPKCS-7 certificate response to exchange CA certificates with third-party certificateauthorities.

Whats the number of permitted unsuccessful logons on Administratoraccount? Unlimited. Remember, though, that its the Administrator account, not any accountthats part of the Administrators group.

If hashing is one-way function and Windows Server uses hashing forstoring passwords, how is it possible to attack the password lists,specifically the ones using NTLMv1? A cracker would launch a dictionary attack by hashing every imaginable term usedfor password and then compare the hashes.

Whats the difference between guest accounts in Server 2003 and othereditions? More restrictive in Windows Server 2003.

How many passwords by default are remembered when you check "Enforce Password History Remembered"? Users last 6 passwords.

What is presentation layer responsible for in the OSI model?

The presentation layer establishes the data format prior to passing it along to thenetwork applications interface. TCP/IP networks perform this task at the applicationlayer.

Does Windows Server 2003 support IPv6? Yes, run ipv6.exe from command line to disable it.

Can Windows Server 2003 function as a bridge? Yes, and its a new feature for the 2003 product. You can combine several networksand devices connected via several adapters by enabling IP routing.

Whats the difference between the basic disk and dynamic disk? The basic type contains partitions, extended partitions, logical drivers, and anassortment of static volumes; the dynamic type does not use partitions butdynamically manages volumes and provides advanced storage options

Whats a media pool? It is any compilation of disks or tapes with the same administrative properties.

How do you install recovery console? C:\i386\win32 /cmdcons, assuming that your Win server installation is on drive C.

Whats new in Terminal Services for Windows 2003 Server? Supports audio transmissions as well, although prepare for heavy network load.

What scripts ship with IIS 6.0? iisweb.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, and list Web sites, iisftp.vsb to create,delete, start, stop, and list FTP sites, iisdir.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, anddisplay virtual directories, iisftpdr.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, and displayvirtual directories under an FTP root, iiscnfg.vbs to export and import IISconfiguration to an XML file.

Whats the name of the user who connects to the Web site anonymously? IUSR_computername

What secure authentication and encryption mechanisms are supported byIIS 6.0? Basic authentication, Digest authentication, Advanced digest authentication,Certificate-based Web transactions that use PKCS #7/PKCS #10, Fortezza, SSL,Server-Gated Cryptography, Transport Layer Security

Whats the relation between SSL and TLS? Transport Layer Security (TLS) extends SSL by providing cryptographicauthentication.

Whats the role of http.sys in IIS? It is the point of contact for all incoming HTTP requests. It listens for requests andqueues them until they are all processed, no more queues are available, or the Webserver is shut down.

Wheres ASP cache located on IIS 6.0? On disk, as opposed to memory, as it used to be in IIS 5.

What is socket pooling? Non-blocking socket usage, introduced in IIS 6.0. More than one application can usea given socket.

Describe the process of clustering with Windows 2003 Server when a newnode is added. As a node goes online, it searches for other nodes to join by polling the designatedinternal network. In this way, all nodes are notified of the new nodes existence. If other nodes cannot be found on a preexisting cluster, the new node takes control of the quorum resources residing on the shared disk that contains state andconfiguration data.

What applications are not capable of performing in Windows 2003 Serverclusters? The ones written exclusively for NetBEUI and IPX. Whats a heartbeat? Communication processes between the nodes designed to ensure nodes health. Whats a threshold in clustered environment? The number of times a restart is attempted, when the node fails. You need to change and admin password on a clustered Windows box, butthat requires rebooting the cluster, doesnt it? No, it doesnt. In 2003 environment you can do that via cluster.exe utility whichdoes not require rebooting the entire cluster.

For the document of size 1 MB, what size would you expect the index to bewith Indexing Service? 150-300 KB, 15-30% is a reasonable expectation.

Doesnt the Indexing Service introduce a security flaw when allowingaccess to the index? No, because users can only view the indices of documents and folders that theyhave permissions for. Whats the typical size of the index? Less then 100K documents - up to 128 MB. More than that - 256+ MB.

Which add-on package for Windows 2003 Server would you use to monitorthe installed software and license compliance? SMS (System Management Server).

Which service do you use to set up various alerts? MOM (Microsoft Operations Manager).

What port does telnet use? Telnet use port number 23

What is SMTP? Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sending e-mail messages betweenservers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to sendmessages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with ane-mail client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to sendmessages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify boththe POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mailapplication.

How would you troubleshoot a printer? Printer does not have power indicator Cables not connected properlyPrinter error (orange or blinking light)No paper or paper jamPrinter drivers

How does traceroute work? The "traceroute" program uses ICMP messaging and the time to live (TTL) field inthe IP header. It works by sending a packet to the intended host with a TTL value of 1. The first router will send back the ICMP "time exceeded" message to the sendinghost. Then the traceroute program will send a message with a TTL of 2, then 3, etc. This way it will get information about each router using the information received inthe ICMP packets. To get information about the receiving host, the message is sentto a port that is not likely to be serviced by that host. A ICMP "port unreachable"error message is generated and sent back.

What is a Global Catalog? The global catalog is a distributed data repository that contains a searchable, partialrepresentation of every object in every domain in a multidomain Active DirectoryDomain Services (AD DS) forest. The global catalog is stored on domain controllersthat have been designated as global catalog servers and is distributed throughmultimaster replication. Searches that are directed to the global catalog are fasterbecause they do not involve referrals to different domain controllers.

Explain the function of DNS. Domain Name System (DNS) is the name resolution protocol for TCP/IP networks,such as the Internet. A DNS server hosts the information that enables clientcomputers to resolve memorable, alphanumeric DNS names to the IP addressesthat computers use to communicate with each other.

Explain a Two-Way Transitive trust.One-Way Trust A one-way trust is a unidirectional authentication path created between twodomains (trust flows in one direction, and access flows in the other). This meansthat in a one-way trust between a trusted domain and a trusting domain, users orcomputers in the trusted domain can access resources in the trusting domain.However, users in the trusting domain cannot access resources in the trusteddomain. Some one-way trusts can be either nontransitive or transitive, dependingon the type of trust being created.

Two-Way Trust A two-way trust can be thought of as a combination of two, opposite-facing one-waytrusts, so that, the trusting and trusted domains both trust each other (trust andaccess flow in both directions). This means that authentication requests can bepassed between the two domains in both directions. Some two-way relationshipscan be either nontransitive or transitive depending on the type of trust beingcreated. All domain trusts in an Active Directory forest are two-way, transitivetrusts. When a new child domain is created, a two-way, transitive trust isautomatically created between the new child domain and the parent domain. In speaking about trusts, what does Transitive & Non-transitive mean?Transitive and Nontransitive Trust A two-way trust relationship is established by creating two one-way trustrelationships. Domains can be connected by explicit one-way or two-way trustrelationships for the purpose of enabling access to resources, but they are notnecessarily related in any other way.In Windows 2000, domains can be joined to a domain tree or forest, and each childdomain has an automatic two-way trust relationship with the parent domain. Thistrust relationship is also transitive. Transitive trust means that the trust relationshipextended to one domain is extended automatically to any other domain that istrusted by that domain. Transitive trust is applied automatically for all domains thatare members of the domain tree or forest.In Windows 2000, transitive trust relationships are always two-way trustrelationships.A nontransitive trust relationship can be created between Windows 2000 domainswhen a transitive trust relationship is not appropriate, but this trust relationshipmust be created explicitly. It can be created, for example, between twoWindows 2000 domains that are not in the same forest.A trust relationship between a Windows 2000 domain and a Windows NT 4.0 domainis always a nontransitive trust relationship. If one of these domains is an accountdomain and the other is a resource domain the trust relationship is usually createdas a one-way trust relationship. If there are user accounts in both domains, two one-way trust relationships can be created between them.The trust relationshipbetween two domains whether one-way or two-way, transitive or nontransitive is stored as an interdomain trust account object in Active Directory.

How many passwords by default are remembered in an active directory? User's last 6 passwords

What is a C name record (in DNS)? A CNAME record or Canonical Name record is a type of resource record in theDomain Name System (DNS) that specifies that the domain name is an alias of another, canonical domain name.

What is a LM host file used for? The LMHOSTS (LAN Manager Hosts) file is used to enable domain name resolutionunder Windows when other methods, e.g. WINS, fail. It is used in conjunction withworkgroups and domains.A local hosts file used by Microsoft Wins Clients such as Microsoft Windows 98,Windows NT, Windows XP, and later versions of Windows to provide mappings of IPaddresses to

NT computer names (NetBIOS names). The lmhosts file is located ineither the root Windows directory, the Windows\System32\drivers\etc directory, orWinnt\System32\drivers\etc depending on the version of Windows and is calledl mhost.sam.

Explain Active Directory sites and services and linked cost routing? You can use the Active Directory Sites and Services snap-in to manage the site-specific objects that implement the intersite replication topology. These objects arestored in the Sites container in Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS). In addition, Active Directory Sites and Services provides a view of the Servicescontainer, which you can use to view service-related objects that are published inAD DS.

What is the SYSVOL folder? The System Volume (Sysvol) is a shared directory that stores the server copy of the domain's public files that must be shared for common access and replicationthroughout a domain. The term SYSVOL refers to a set of files and folders thatreside on the local hard disk of each domain controller in a domain and that arereplicated by the File Replication service (FRS). Network clients access the contentsof the SYSVOL tree by using the NETLOGON and SYSVOL shared folders. Sysvol uses junction points-a physical location on a hard disk that points to data that is locatedelsewhere on your disk or other storage device-to manage a single instance store.

What are application partitions? How do you create a new applicationpartition. An application directory partition is a directory partition that is replicated only tospecific domain controllers. A domain controller that participates in the replicationof a particular application directory partition hosts a replica of that partition. Onlydomain controllers running Windows Server 2003 can host a replica of anapplication directory partition.Applications and services can use application directory partitions to storeapplication-specific data. Application directory partitions can contain any type of object, except security principals. TAPI is an example of a service that stores itsapplication-specific data in an application directory partition.Application directory partitions are usually created by the applications that will usethem to store and replicate data. Members of the Enterprise Admins group canmanually create or manage application directory partitions using the Ntdsutilcommand-line tool. To create or delete an application directory partition1 . O p e n C o m m a n d P r o m p t . 2 . T y p e : n t d s u t i l 3.At the ntdsutil command prompt, type: domain management4.At the domain management command prompt, type: connection5.At the server connections command prompt, type: connect to server ServerName6.At the server connections command prompt, type: quit7.At the domain management command prompt, do one of the following: o To create an application directory partition, type: create ncApplicationDirectoryPartition DomainController o To delete an application directory partition, type: delete ncApplicationDirectoryPartition

How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs? By using replication monitorgo to start > run > type repadmingo to start > run > type replmon

How do you view all the GCs in the forest? C:\>repadmin /showrepsdomain_controllerOR You can use Replmon.exe for the same purpose.ORAD Sites and Services and nslookup gc._msdcs. To find the in GC from the command line you can try using DSQUERY command.dsquery server -isgc to find all the gc's in the forestyou can try dsquery server -forest -isgc.

Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs? Unless you have some really bad connections that may not be able to handle theextra traffic, you should make every DC a GC. In ANY single domain forest, it isrecommended and beneficial to make all DCs GCs since it has no replication impactand serves to better distribute query load.

What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them? Support Tools are the tools that are used for performing the complicated taskseasily. you can use the Windows Support Tools to manage networks and totroubleshoot network problemsWindows Server 2003 SP1 includes updates for the following Support Tools: Acldiag.exe Adsiedit.msc Bitsadmin.exe Dcdiag.exe Dfsutil.exe Dnslint.exe Dsacls.exe Iadstools.dll Ktpass.exe Ldp.exe Netdiag.exe Netdom.exe Ntfrsutl.exe Portqry.exe Repadmin.exe Replmon.exe Setspn.exe The Windows Support Tools are not automatically installed when you installWindows Server 2003 SP1. To install the Windows Support Tools on a computer thatis running Windows Server 2003, run the Suptools.msi program that is in theSupport\Tools folder on the Windows Server 2003 SP1 CD.

What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM?What is REPADMIN? Replmon is the first tool you should use when troubleshooting Active Directoryreplication issues. ADSIEdit is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that acts as a low-leveleditor for Active Directory. It is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool. Networkadministrators can use it for common administrative tasks such as adding, deleting,and moving objects with a directory service.NETDOM is a command-line tool that allows management of Windows domains andtrust relationships. It is used for batch management of trusts, joining computers todomains, verifying trusts, and secure channels.REPADMIN.EXE is a command line tool used to monitor and troubleshoot replicationon a computer running Windows. This is a command line tool that allows you toview the replication topology as seen from the perspective of each domaincontroller. It performs the following actions: Checks replication consistency between replication partners. Monitors replication status. Displays replication metadata. Forces replication events. Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) recalculation Important Usage In order to replicate the new NS record to all the domaincontrollers, run the REPADMIN /syncall command from thecommand prompt. To immediate replicate the AD information, choose either of two-From the AD Sites and Services console, select the existingconnection objects and force replication. Or, use REPADMIN.EXEto force replication between the site connection objects. Use the REPADMIN tool to synchronize new user informationbetween all sites to enable new users to log on to the domain ina remote site.

What is the KCC? With in a Site, a Windows server 2003 service known as the KCC automaticallygenerates a topology for replication among the domain controllers in the domainusing a ring structure.Th Kcc is a built in process that runs on all domain controllers. The KCC analyzes the replication topology within a site every 15 minute to ensurethat it still works. If you add or remove a domain controller from the network or asite, the KCC reconfigures the topology to relect the change.

What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default? For inter-site replication, one domain controller per site has the responsibility of evaluating the inter-site replication topology and creating Active DirectoryReplication Connection objects for appropriate bridgehead servers within its site. The domain controller in each site that owns this role is referred to as the Inter-Site Topology Generator (ISTG).

What can you do to promote a server to DC if youre in a remote locationwith slow WAN link? Take the system state backup of current Global Catalog serverwrite/burn it on the CDsend the CD to the destination ( remote location )On the new server which needs to be promoted to be DCtype dcpromo/adv on runthen follow the steps. click Run, type dcpromo /adv to open the Active Directory Installation Wizard withthe option to create an additional domain controller from restored backup files. On the Domain Controller Type page, click Additional domain controller for anexisting domain, and then click Next. On the Copying Domain Information page, can do any of the following steps:o Click From these restored backup files, and type or Browse to locate the restoredfiles, and then click Next. On the Network Credentials page, type the user name, password, and user domainof the user account you want to use for this operation, and then click Next. The user account must be a member of the Domain Admins group for the targetdomain. On the Database and Log Folders page, type the location in which you want toinstall the database and log folders, or click Browse to choose a location, and thenclick Next. On the Shared System Volume page, type the location in which you want to installthe Sysvol folder, or click Browse to choose a location, and then click Next. On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password page, type andconfirm the password that you want to assign to the Administrator account for thisserver, and then click Next.Use this password when starting the computer in Directory Services Restore Mode.Restart the computer.

How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later?Can I get user passwords from the AD database? Demote the server using dcpromo /forceremoval, then remove the metadata fromActive directory using ndtsutil. There is no way to get user passwords from ADAnother way out too Restart the DC is DSRM modea. Locate the following registry subkey:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\ProductOptionsb. In the rightpane, double-click ProductType.c. Type ServerNT in the Value data box, and then click OK.Restart the server in normal modeits a member server now but AD entries are still there. Promote teh server to a fakedomainsay ABC.com and then remove gracefully using DCpromo. Else after restartyou can also use ntdsutil to do metadata as told in teh earlier post

What are the DS* commands? Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) command-line tools , they are available if you have the AD DS or Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS)server role installed. To use these tools, you must run them from an elevatedcommand prompt. To open an elevated command prompt, click Start, right-clickCommand Prompt, and then click Run as administrator.CommandDescriptionAdprepExtends the Active Directory schema and updates permissions asnecessary to prepare a forest and domain for a domain controller that runsthe Windows Server 2008 operating system.CsvdeImports and exports data from Active Directory using files that store datain the comma-separated value (CSV) format. You can also support batchoperations based on the CSV file format standard. DcdiagAnalyzes the state of domain controllers in a forest or enterprise andreports any problems to help in troubleshooting.Dcpromo Installs and removes Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS).DsaclsDisplays and changes permissions (access control entries) in the accesscontrol list (ACL) of objects in AD DS.Dsadd Adds specific types of objects to the directory.DsamainExposes Active Directory data that is stored in a snapshot or backup as aLightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server.DsdbutilProvides database utilities for Active Directory Lightweight DirectoryServices (AD LDS).Dsget Displays the selected properties of a specific object in the directory.DsmgmtProvides management facilities for Active Directory Lightweight DirectoryServices (AD LDS).Dsmod Modifies an existing object of a specific type in the directory.DsmoveMoves a single object in a

domain from its current location in the directoryto a new location or renames a single object without moving it in thedirectory tree.Dsquery Queries AD DS according to specified criteria.DsrmDeletes an object of a specific type or any general object from thedirectory.LdifdeCreates, modifies, and deletes directory objects on computers runningWindows Server 2003 or Windows XP Professional operating systems.LdpMakes it possible for users to perform operations against an LDAP-compatible directory, such as AD DS. These operations include connect,bind, search, modify, add, and delete.NetdomMakes it possible for administrators to manage Windows Server 2003 andWindows 2000 domains and trust relationships from a command prompt.NetcomputerAdds or deletes a computer from a domain database.NetgroupAdds, displays, or modifies global groups in domains.Net user Adds or modifies user accounts, or displays user account information.Nltest Performs network administrative tasks.Ntdsutil Provides management facilities for AD DS.RedircmpRedirects the default container for newly created computers to a specifiedtarget organizational unit (OU) so that newly created computer objects arecreated in the specific target OU instead of in CN=Computers.RedirusrRedirects the default container for newly created users to a specifiedtarget OU so that newly created user objects are created in the specifictarget OU instead of in CN=Users.RepadminMakes it possible for administrators to diagnose Active Directoryreplication problems between domain controllers running Windowsoperating systems.SetspnMakes it possible for administrators to read, modify, and delete theService Principal Names (SPN) directory property for an Active Directoryservice account.

Whats the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations? LdifdeLdifde creates, modifies, and deletes directory objects on computers runningWindows Server 2003 operating systems or Windows XP Professional. You can also use Ldifde to extend the schema, export Active Directory user andgroup information to other applications or services, and populate Active Directorywith data from other directory services. The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) is a draft Internet standard for a fileformat that may be used for performing batch operations against directories thatconform to the LDAP standards.LDIF can be used to export and import data, allowing batch operations such as add,create, and modify to be performed against the Active Directory.A utility program called LDIFDE is included in Windows 2000 to support batchoperations based on the LDIF file format standard.CsvdeImports and exports data from Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) using filesthat store data in the comma-separated value (CSV) format. You can also supportbatch operations based on the CSV file format standard.Csvde is a command-line tool that is built into Windows Server 2008 inthe/system32 folder. It is available if you have the AD DS or Active DirectoryLightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) server role installed. To use csvde, youmust run the csvde command from an elevated command prompt. To open anelevated command prompt, click Start, right-click Command Prompt, and then clickRun as administrator.Csvde.exe is a command-line utility that is located in the SystemRoot\System32folder after you install Windows 2000. Csvde.exe is similar to Ldifde.exe, but itextracts information in a comma-separated value (CSV) format. You can use Csvdeto import and export Active Directory data that uses the comma-separated valueformat. Use a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel to open this .csv fileand view the header and value information.Although Csvde is similar to Ldifde, Csvde has a significant limitation: it can onlyimport and export Active Directory data by using a commaseparated format (.csv).Microsoft recommends that you use the Ldifde utility for Modify or Deleteoperations.

I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do? 1.install support tools from OS disk(OS Inst: Disk=>support=>tools=>suptools.msi)2.In Command prompt type dcdiag /test:ridmanager /s:system1 /v (system1 is thename of our DC) Why cant you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago? Because of the tombstone life which is set to only 60 days

What are GPOs? Group Policy gives you administrative control over users and computers in yournetwork. By using Group Policy, you can define the state of a user's workenvironment once, and then rely on Windows Server 2003 to continually force theGroup Policy settings that you apply across an entire organization or to specificgroups of users and computers.Group Policy Advantages :-

You can assign group policy in domains, sites and organizational units.All users and computers get reflected by group policy settings in domain, site andorganizational unit.No one in network has rights to change the settings of Group policy; by default onlyadministrator has full privilege to change, so it is very secure.Policy settings can be removed and can further rewrite the changes.Group Policy objects store their Group Policy information in two locations: Group Policy Container: The GPC is an Active Directory object that containsGPO status, version information, WMI filter information, and a list of components that have settings in the GPO. Computers can access the GPC tolocate Group Policy templates, and domain controller does not have the mostrecent version of the GPO, replication occurs to obtain the latest version of the GPO. Group Policy Template: The GPT is a folder hierarchy in the shared SYSVOLfolder on a domain controller. When you create GPO, Windows Server 2003creates the corresponding GPT which contains all Group Policy settings andinformation, including administrative templates, security, softwareinstallation, scripts, and folder redirection settings. Computers connect to theSYSVOL folder to obtain the settings. The name of the GPT folder is the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) of theGPO that you created. It is identical to the GUID that Active Directory uses toidentify the GPO in the GPC. The path to the GPT on a domain controller issystemrootSYSVOLsysvol.

Name a few benefits of using GPMC. Microsoft released the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) years ago, whichis an amazing innovation in Group Policy management. The tool provides controlover Group Policy in the following manner: Easy administration of all GPOs across the entire Active Directory Forest View of all GPOs in one single list Reporting of GPO settings, security, filters, delegation, etc. Control of GPO inheritance with Block Inheritance, Enforce, and SecurityFiltering Delegation model Backup and restore of GPOs Migration of GPOs across different domains and forestsWith all of these benefits, there are still negatives in using the GPMC alone.Granted, the GPMC is needed and should be used by everyone for what it is idealfor. However, it does fall a bit short when you want to protect the GPOs from thefollowing: Role based delegation of GPO management Being edited in production, potentially causing damage to desktops andservers Forgetting to back up a GPO after it has been modified Change management of each modification to every GPO

What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them? GPOs store group policy settings in two locations: a Group Policy container (GPC)(preferred) and a Group Policy template (GPT). The GPC is an Active Directory objectthat stores version information, status information, and other policy information (forexample, application objects). The GPT is used for file-based data and stores software policy, script, anddeployment information. The GPT is located on the system volume folder of thedomain controller. A GPO can be associated with one or more Active Directorycontainers, such as a site, domain, or organizational unit. Multiple containers can beassociated with the same GPO, and a single container can have more than oneassociated GPO.

What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them? To apply the settings of a GPO to the users and computers of a domain, site, or OU,you need to add a link to that GPO. You can add one or more GPO links to eachdomain, site, or OU by using GPMC. Keep in mind that creating and linking GPOs is asensitive privilege that should be delegated only to administrators who are trustedand understand Group Policy.

How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user?Name a few ways to do that. Simply use the Group Policy Management Console created by MS for that verypurpose, allows you to run simulated policies on computers or users to determinewhat policies are enforced. Link in sources

Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts. Group Policy Object (GPO) computer=Computer Configuration, User=UserConfigurationName some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.

What are administrative templates? Administrative templates, (or .adm files), enable administrators to control registrysettings using Group Policy. These settings appear under the Administrative Templates folder for both user configuration and computer configuration in theconsole tree of the Group Policy Object Editor, and in HTML reports produced byGPMC. The .adm file is simply a template file (implemented as text file with an .admextension) that provides the friendly name for the setting and an explanation. Thistemplate file is used to populate the user interface. The settings that are deployedto clients are contained in the registry.pol file inside the GPO. On Windows XP andWindows Server 2003, each registry setting contains a "Supported on" tag thatindicates which operating system versions support that policy setting. If a setting isspecified and deployed to a client operating system that does not support thatsetting, the settings are ignored. These .adm files are stored in two locations bydefault: inside GPOs, and in the %windir%\inf folder on the local computer. Whats the difference between software publishing and assigning? Publishing SoftwareWhen you publish software to users, you provide them with the options of downloading and using it if they need it, or removing it if they no longer have a usefor it.Assigning SoftwareWhen you assign software, users must download and install the software. Even if they change computers, the task to download and install the software will follow them. If the software is assigned to the computer, the software will downloadautomatically on the user's next login. It cannot be installed by the user. What is Active Directory schema? Active Directory Schema is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in thatyou can use to view and manage the Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)schema & Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) schema objects. The schema contains formal definitions of every object class that can be created inan Active Directory forest. The schema also contains formal definitions of everyattribute that can or must exist in an Active Directory object. The Active Directory Schema snap-in includes two containers: the Classes container and the Attributes container. These containers store the class andattribute definitions. These definitions take the form of classSchema objects, whichyou can view in the Classes container, and attributeSchema objects, which you canview in the Attributes container.

What are the domain functional level in Windows Server 2003?Windows Server 2003 Domain Functional Level Windows Server 2003 domain functional level is the highest level that can bespecified for a domain. All domain controllers in the domain are running WindowsServer 2003. This basically means that Windows NT 4 and Windows 2000 domaincontrollers are not supported these domains. Once the domain level is set asWindows Server 2003 domain functional level, it cannot be lowered to any of theprevious domain functional levels.All Active Directory domain features are available in Windows Server 2003 domainfunctional level: Local and Global groups Distribution Groups Distribution group nesting Security group nesting universal Groups Group conversion between Security Groups and Distribution Groups Global Catalog support

SID History Up to 1,000,000 domain objects are supported Renaming domain controllers Update logon timestamp Users/Computers container redirection Constrained delegation User password support on the InetOrgPerson object

How to check which domain function level is set for the domain 1.Open the Active Directory Domains And Trusts console 2.Right-click the particular domain whose functional level you want verify, andselect Raise Domain Functional Level from the shortcut menu.3.The Raise Domain Functional Level dialog box opens 4.You can view the existing domain functional level for the domain in Currentdomain functional level.

How to raise the domain functional level to the Windows 2000 nativedomain functional level or Windows Server 2003 domain functional level Before you can raise the domain functional level to Windows Server 2003 domainfunctional level, each domain controller in the domain has to running WindowsServer 2003. To raise the domain functional level for a domain,1.Open the Active Directory Domains And Trusts console 2.Right-click the particular domain whose functional level you want to raise,and select Raise Domain Functional Level from the shortcut menu.3.The Raise Domain Functional Level dialog box opens.4.Use the Select An Available Domain Functional Level list to choose thedomain functional level for the domain.5 . C l i c k R a i s e 6 . C l i c k O K What are the forest functional level in Windows Server 2003?Windows Server 2003 Forest Functional Level All domain controllers in the forest have to be running Windows Server 2003 inorder for the forest functional level to be raised to the Windows Server 2003 forestfunctional level. In the Windows Server 2003 forest functional level, all forestwideActive Directory features are available, including the following: Domain renaming Forest Trust Defunct schema objects Dynamic auxiliary classes Application groups Universal Group caching Application directory partitions Global Catalog replication enhancements Installations from backups The Active Directory quota feature SIS for system access control lists (SACL) Improved Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) replication algorithms Linked value replication InetOrgPerson objectClass NTDS.DIT size reduction

How to check which forest functional level is set for the forest 1.Open the Active Directory Domains And Trusts console 2.Right-click Active Directory Domains and Trusts in the console tree, andselect Raise Forest Functional Level from the shortcut menu.3.The Raise Forest Functional Level dialog box opens 4.You can view the existing domain functional level for the domain in Currentforest functional level.

How to raise the forest functional level to Windows Server 2003 forest functional level Each domain controller in the forest has to be running Windows Server 2003 beforeyou can change the forest functional level to Windows Server 2003. When you raisethe forest functional level, all domains in the forest will automatically have theirdomain functional level raised to Windows Server 2003. To raise the forest functional level for a forest,1.Open the Active Directory Domains And Trusts console2.Right-click Active Directory Domains And Trusts in the console tree, andselect Raise forest Functional Level from the shortcut menu.3.The Raise Domain Functional Level dialog box opens 4 . C l i c k Raise5 . C l i c k O K What is IPv6? IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) and it is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) reviewed in theIETF standards committees to replace the current version of IPv4 (Internet ProtocolVersion 4). The official name of IPng is IPv6, where IP stands for Internet Protocol And v6 stands for version 6 .IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the numberof hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.IPv6 is an Internet Protocol (IP) for packet-switched internetworking that specifiesthe format of packets (also called datagrams) and the addressing scheme acrossmultiple IP networks. In comparing the two protocols IPv6 expands upon theaddressing and routing capabilities of IPv4 in a number of ways including: In IPv6 the IP address size is increased from 32 bits to 128 bits IPv6 supports a greater number of addressable nodes IPv6 provides more levels of addressing hierarchy IPv6 offers simpler auto-configuration of addresses Ipv6 also supports simplified header format The biggest benefit of IPv6 is that it will replace the IPv4 32-bit address scheme witha much longer 128-bit address scheme. The IPv4 32-bit address scheme allows for atotal of 2^32 addresses while IPv6 allows for 2^128 total addresses. What is the file thats responsible for keep all Active Directory database? The Active Directory Database is Stored in %SYSTEM ROOT%\NDTS folder. The file is called as ntds.dit.Along with this file there are other files also present in this folder.List of files and use of those files are listed below1. ntds.dit : This is the main database file for active directory.2. edb.log : When a transaction performed to ad database, like writing some datafirst the data will be stored to this file. And after that it will be sent to database. Sothe system performance will be depends on how this data from edb.log file will bewritten to ntds.dit3. res1.log : Used as reserve space in the case when drive had low space. It isbasically 10MB in size and creted when we run dcpromo.4. res2.log : Same as res1.log. It is also 10MB in size and the purspose also same.5. edb.chk : This file records the transactions committed to ad database. Duringshutdown, shutdown statement is written to this file. If it is not found when thesystem rebooted, the ad database tries to check with edb.log for the updatedinformation.Edb corruption or Edb active directory corruption is really serious. However you canget this repaired by using edb repair tool.