Shell Scripts in UNIX

Prof. P.C.P. Bhatt

P.C.P Bhatt

OS/M13/V1/2004

Unix System Shell Organization

In the below figure we show how a user interacts with UNIX shell.

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Facilities Offered by Unix Shells

Shell offers a user an interface with the OS kernel. Shell distinguishes between the commands and a request to use a tool. In addition to interactive command interpreter, it also offers a very useful programming environment.

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The Shell Families

Bourne shell oldest shell. BASH Bourne Again Shell Korn shell C shell c language programming environment tchs more recent version of tchs

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Four Step Operational Pattern of Shell

1. 2. 3. 4. Read a command line Parse and interpret it. Invoke the execution of the command line. Go to step 1

Shell scripts programs written in shell environment.

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Subshells
Command to display the current shell echo $SHELL. $SHELL - environment variable storing name of the current shell. set sets values of environment values. get shows values of environment values.

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Environment Variables
$HOME $IFS $LANG $MAIL $PATH $PS1 $PS2 $SHELL $TERM User Home directory Internal field separator Directory containing language information Path containing users mailbox Colon separated list of directories Prompt for interactive shells Prompt for multi-line command Login shell environment Terminal type

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Some Options

The options with their effects.

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Example - 1
# file sh_0.file echo shellfile is running defineavar=avar echo $defineavar echo "making defineavar readonly now" readonly defineavar echo "an attempt to reassign defineavar would not succeed defineavar=newvar
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Example - 1

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Special Variables

A partial list of special variables.

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Example - 2
# file sh_1.file # For this program give an input like "This is a test case" i.e. 5 parameters echo we first get the file name echo $0 echo we now get the number of parameters that were input echo $# echo now we now get the first three parameters that were input echo $1 $2 $3 shift echo now we now shift and see three parameters that were input echo $1 $2 $3
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Example - 2

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Example - 3
# file sh_2.file # This is to find out if a certain parameter has been defined. echo param is not defined so we should get a null value for param echo ${param} echo param is not defined with "?" option we get the error message echo ${param?error}

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Example - 3

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Example - 4
# file sh_2a.file # This is to find out if a certain parameter has been defined. echo param is not defined so we should get a null value for param echo ${param} # echo param is not defined with "?" option we get the error message # echo ${param?error} echo param is not defined with "-" option we get the quoted message echo ${param-'user generated quoted message'}

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Example - 4

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Example - 5
# file sh_2b.file # This is to find out if a certain parameter has been defined. echo param is not defined so we should get a null value for param echo ${param} # echo param is not defined with "?" option we get the error message # echo ${param?error} echo param is not defined with "=" option we get the quoted message echo ${param='user generated quoted message'}

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Example - 5

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Example - 6
# file sh_3.file echo the next line shows command substitution within back quotes echo I am `whoami` echo today is `date` echo there are `who | wc -l` users at the moment echo var a is now assigned the result of echo backquoted whoami a=`whoami` echo we shall output its value next echo $a echo also let us reassign a with the value for environment var HOME a=`echo $HOME` echo $a echo a double dollar is a special variable that stores process id of the shell echo $$ echo the shell vars can be used to generate arguments for Unix commands echo like files in the current directory are cur_dir=. ls $cur_dir
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Example - 6 Contd..

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Example - 7
# file sh_3a.file # In this file we learn to use quotes. There are three types of quotes # First use of a single quote within which no substitution takes place a=5 echo 'Within single quotes value is not substituted i.e $a has a value of $a' # now we look at the double quote echo "Within double quotes value is substituted so dollar a has a value of $a" echo Finally we look at the case of back quotes where everything is evaluated echo `$a` echo `a` echo Now we show how a single character may be quoted using reverse slash echo back quoted a is \`a and dollar a is \$a echo quotes are useful in assigning variables values that have spaces b='my name' echo value of b is = $b
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Example - 8
# file sh_3b.file # In this file we shall study the set command. Set lets you # view shell variable values echo ---------out put of set -------------- set echo use printenv to out put variables in the environment echo ---------out put of printenv -------------- printenv

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Example - 9
# file sh_4.file # this file shows the use of eval function in the shell b=5 a=\$b echo a is $a echo the value of b is $b eval echo the value of a evaluated from the expression it generates i.e. $a c=echo eval $c I am fine d=\$c echo the value of d is $d eval eval $d I am fine
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Example 9 Contd

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Example - 10
file sh_5.file # This file shows how we may group a process into a detached process # by enclosing it in parentheses. # Also it shows use of sleep command echo basically we shall sleep for 5 seconds after launching echo a detached process and then give the date (sleep 5; date)

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Example - 11
# file sh_6.file # Typically << accepts the file till the word that follows # in the file. In this case the input is taken till # the word end appears in the file. # # This file has the command as well as data in it. # Run it : as an example : sh_6.file 17 to see him 2217 as output. # $1 gets the file argument. grep $1<<end /* grep is the pattern matching command in Unix */ me 2216 him 2217 others 2218 end
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Example - 12
The basic pattern of the if command is just like in the programming languages. It is: if condition then command_pattern_for_true else command_pattern_for_false Fi
# file sh_7.file if ls my_file.ps then lpr -Pbarolo-dup my_file.ps /* prints on printer barolo on both sides */ else echo "no such file in this directory" fi
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Example - 13
# file sh_7a.file # This file demonstrates use of case # In particular note the default option and usage of selection # Note the pattern matching using the regular expression choices. case $1 in [0-9]) echo "OK valid input : a digit ";; [a-z]|[A-Z]) echo "OK valid input : a letter ";; *) echo "please note only a single digit or a letter is valid as input";; esac
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Example - 14
# file sh_8.file # In this file we illustrate use of for command # It may be a good idea to remove some file called # dummy in the current directory as a first step. # echo removing dummy rm dummy for i in `ls`; do echo $i >> dummy; done grep test dummy

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Example - 15
Now we shall demonstrate the use of expr command. This command offers an opportunity to use integer arithmetic as shown below : b=3 echo value of b is = $b echo we shall use as the value of b to get the values for a echo on adding two we get a=`expr $b + 2` echo $a

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Example - 16
# file sh_9a.file # this file illustrates the use of expr and test commands b=3 echo on adding two we get a=`expr $b + 2` echo $a echo on multiplying two we get a=`expr $b \* 2` /* Note the back slash preceding star */ # We shall see the reason for using back slash before star in the next example echo $a test $a -gt 100 $? test $a -lt 100 $? test $a -eq 6 $? test $a = 6 $? test $a -le 6 $? test $a -ge 6 $? test $a = 5 $? if (test $a = 5) then echo "found equal to 5" else echo "found not equal to 5" fi test $a = 6 if (test $a = 6) then echo "the previous test was successful" fi OS/M13/V1/2004

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Example - 17
Now we shall use some regular expressions commonly used with file names.
# file sh_10.file # in this program we identify directories in the current directory echo "listing all the directories first" for i in * do if test -d $i then echo "$i is a directory" fi done echo "Now listing the files" for i in * do if test -f $i then echo "$i is a file" fi done echo "finally the shell files are" ls | grep sh_
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Example - 18
# file sh_11.file # In this file we learn about the trap command. We will first # create many files with different names. Later we will remove # some of these by explicitly trapping touch rmf1 touch keep1 touch rmf2 touch rmf3 touch keep2 touch rmf4 touch keep3 echo "The files now are" ls rmf* ls keep* trap `rm rm*; exit` 1 2 3 9 15 echo "The files now are" ls rmf* ls keep*
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Example - 18 Contd..

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Example - 19
Now we assume the presence of files of telephone numbers. Also, we demonstrate how Unix utilities can be used within the shell scripts.

# file sh_12.file # In this file we invoke a sort command and see its effect on a file # Also note how we have used input and output on the same line of cmd. sort < telNos > stelNos # We can also use a translate cmd to get translation from lower to upper case tr a-z A-Z < telNos > ctelNos

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