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    Statistics Lecture 1 Notes

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    booksgirl12
    This document is an introduction to statistics chapter from a course textbook. It discusses key concepts in statistics including populations and samples, parameters and statistics, and different types of data. It explains that a population is a complete collection being studied, while a sample is a subset of a population. A parameter describes a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a sample. There are two main types of data: quantitative data represented by numbers and qualitative data separated into categories. Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete and continuous, and data can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels.

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    Statistics Lecture 1 Notes

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    booksgirl12
    206 views5 pages
    This document is an introduction to statistics chapter from a course textbook. It discusses key concepts in statistics including populations and samples, parameters and statistics, and different types of data. It explains that a population is a complete collection being studied, while a sample is a subset of a population. A parameter describes a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a sample. There are two main types of data: quantitative data represented by numbers and qualitative data separated into categories. Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete and continuous, and data can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels.

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    Lecture notes from my first year statistics class.

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    This document is an introduction to statistics chapter from a course textbook. It discusses key concepts in statistics including populations and samples, parameters and statistics, and different types of data. It explains that a population is a complete collection being studied, while a sample is a subset of a population. A parameter describes a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a sample. There are two main types of data: quantitative data represented by numbers and qualitative data separated into categories. Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete and continuous, and data can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    206 views5 pages

    Statistics Lecture 1 Notes

    Uploaded by

    booksgirl12
    This document is an introduction to statistics chapter from a course textbook. It discusses key concepts in statistics including populations and samples, parameters and statistics, and different types of data. It explains that a population is a complete collection being studied, while a sample is a subset of a population. A parameter describes a characteristic of a population, while a statistic describes a sample. There are two main types of data: quantitative data represented by numbers and qualitative data separated into categories. Quantitative data can be further divided into discrete and continuous, and data can be measured at nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio levels.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Chapter 1

    Introduction to Statistics

    MATH 1050Y
    A Non-Calculus Based Introduction to Probability & Statistical Methods
    Section A FW 2012-13 Instructor: Jaclyn Semple

    1-1 Overview 1-2 The Nature of Data 1-3 Uses and Abuses of Statistics 1-4 Design of Experiments

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1-8

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1-9

    Overview
    Polls, studies, surveys and other data collecting tools collect data from a small part of a larger group so that we can learn something about the larger group. A goal of statistics is to learn about a large group by examining data from some of its members.

    Statistics
    Statistics is a collection of methods for: planning experiments & obtaining data

    1 1

    organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 10

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 11

    Population and Sample


    A population is the complete collection of all individuals (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied. A sample is a subcollection of elements drawn from a population.

    Parameter and Statistic


    Closely related to the concepts of population and sample are the concepts of parameter and statistic. A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 13

    Parameter
    A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. Example: The 1881 Canada Census reported that 12.4% of the population of Yale District, British Columbia, belonged to the Buddhist religion. Assuming that the list of 8951 residents for the region did not overlook anyone, then the 12.4% is a parameter.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Statistic
    A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. Example: In a survey of 1031 tournamentlevel golfers, 44% had the careerthreatening condition known as the yips. The figure 44% is a statistic because it is based on a sample, not the entire population of all professional golfers.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 14

    1 - 15

    Chapter 1
    Introduction to Statistics
    1-1 Overview 1-2 The Nature of Data 1-3 Uses and Abuses of Statistics 1-4 Design of Experiments

    Data
    Data are observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected.

    2 2

    There are two types of data; quantitative data and qualitative data.

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Quantitative Data
    Quantitative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. Examples: The amount of weight that people lose on a diet program. The ages of respondents in a survey. The marks that students get on a midterm exam.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Qualitative Data
    Qualitative (or categorical or attribute) data can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic. Examples: The genders of your classmates. The colours of cars in a parking lot. The names of cities in Ontario.
    1 - 18
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 19

    Types of Quantitative Data


    Quantitative data can be further divided into two types; discrete data and continuous data.
    Quantitative

    Discrete Quantitative Data


    Discrete data result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. By countable we mean that the possible values are 0, 1, 2, and so on. Examples: The number of eggs laid by chickens. The number dots that appear when you roll a single die.
    1 - 20
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Discrete

    Continuous

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    1 - 21

    Continuous Quantitative Data


    Continuous data result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions. Examples: The heights of your classmates. The amount of milk produced by cows.

    Levels of Measurement
    Another way to classify data is to use four levels of measurement:

    3 3

    Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Nominal Level of Measurement


    The nominal level of measurement is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in ordering scheme. Examples of nominal level data: Survey responses of yes, no, and undecided. The colour of peoples eyes.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Ordinal Level of Measurement


    The ordinal level of measurement involves data that may be arrange in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. Examples or ordinal level data: Letter grades of students in a course. A food critic rates a restaurant as excellent, good, average, or bad.

    1 - 24

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Interval Level of Measurement


    The interval level of measurement is like the ordinal level, with the additional property that we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between data. However, there is no inherent zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present). Examples of interval level data: Outdoor temperatures in C. Years in the Gregorian calendar.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Ratio Level of Measurement


    The ratio level of measurement is the interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point. For values at this level, differences and ratios are both meaningful. Examples of ratio level data: The heights of trees in Prince Albert National Park. The prices of university textbooks.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Levels of Measurement
    In summary, we have the following four possible levels of measurement for data. Nominal categories with no natural ordering. Ordinal categories with natural ordering. Interval differences have meaning but there is no natural zero. Ratio differences and ratios have meaning, and there is a natural zero.
    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Summary of Data & Measurements


    Data Qualitative Quantitative

    4 4

    Numerical

    Non numerical

    Numerical

    Nominal

    Ordinal

    Nominal Ordinal

    Interval Ratio

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Pause & Practice


    Determine whether the following examples give qualitative or quantitative data? (If quantitative, state whether it is discrete or continuous). AND
    A. B. C. D. E.

    Pause & Practice


    Qualitative, nominal Qualitative, ordinal Quantitative, discrete, ratio Quantitative, discrete, interval Quantitative, continuous, ratio

    1. Rating of movies as G, PG and R

    Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate. (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio)
    1 - 30 1 - 31

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

    Pause & Practice


    A. B. C. D. E. Qualitative, nominal Qualitative, ordinal Quantitative, discrete, interval Quantitative, discrete, ratio Quantitative, continuous, interval A. B. C. D. E.

    Pause & Practice


    Qualitative, nominal Qualitative, ordinal Quantitative, discrete, ratio Quantitative, continuous, ratio Quantitative, continuous, interval

    2. Number of candy bars sold in a fundraiser

    3. The time it takes a student to drive to college

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    Pause & Practice


    A. B. C. D. E. Qualitative, ordinal Quantitative, discrete, ratio Quantitative, discrete, interval Quantitative, continuous, ratio Quantitative, continuous, interval

    Coming up
    Our main aim for the next few weeks will be to summarize and describe quantitative data

    5 5

    4. Temperatures of Haliburton lake at various locations on its surface.

    Assignment #1 will be posted on Monday Due Sept. 18th in seminar For next class: Read section 1-3 & 1-4

    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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    MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)

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