Cabling and Connectors

General media considerations

Broadband versus baseband
Baseband transmissions use digital signaling and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Broadband transmissions use analog and Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)

Dialog modes: Simplex, half duplex and full duplex Media interference
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and cross talk Network media vary in their resistance to the effect of EMC.
UTP is susceptible and fiber is resistant
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Attenuation
Resistance :Coaxial cable > UTP, STP > UTP, Fiber > all Maximum distance Repeaters Attenuation-related problems require a network analyzer to detect

Bandwidth
Transmission capacity of a media Data throughput is measured in bits per second(bps), Mbps, and Gbps For todays application-intensive networks, Old 10Mbps is not enough, 100Mbps is very common and 1000Mbps is used too.
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Network Media
Carry signals between computers: Cable-based media and wireless networking. Cable-based media Coaxial
Copper wire to conduct the signals electronically Was the choice for LAN for many years. Retiring

Twisted pair
Copper wire to conduct too More popular than coaxial

Fiber-optic
Uses glass or plastic conductor and transmits the signals as light High Cost. Restricted to where segment length and higher speeds are needed.
Server room, backbone
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Coaxial cable
Success in both TV transmission and network implementations Insulation, ground, insulation, main wire

Networks use two types of coaxial cabling: thin coaxial and thick coaxial.
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Thin coax
More likely to be seen than thick coax Only .25 inches in diameter Prone to cable breaks.
Cable RG-58 /U RG-58 A/U RG-58 C/U RG-59 RG-62 Type Solid Copper core Stranded wire core Military specification Often used for cable TV and cable modems Used for ARCnet specifications
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BNC connectors: Barrel connector, Tconnector, and terminators

Thick coax
The chance you will encounter a network using thick coaxial cable is slim Thick coax, RG-8 is more robust and harder to damage More resistant to attenuation, crosstalk and EMI, found popularity to as a network backbone. Faster fiber-optic media has all and taken over in this role. Need vampire tap, a special connector that pierces the thick cable to copper core, and a drop cable to connect a LAN device.

Twisted-pair cabling
Has been around for a long time Created for voice transmissions Most widely used media for networking
Lighter More flexible Easier to install Cheaper Greater speeds

Two types:
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Shielded twisted pair (STP)
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Twisted-pair cabling
UTP is more commonplace STP
provides the extra shielding by using an insulating material wrapped around the wire Greater resistance to EMI and attenuation More cost

Category

Maximum data rate

Usual application analog voice (POTS) Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface in ISDN Doorbell wiring Mainly used in the IBM Cabling System for Token Ring networks Voice and data on 10BASE-T Ethernet Used in 16 Mbps Token Ring Otherwise not used much 100 Mbps TPDDI 155 Mbps ATM No longer supported; replaced by 5E 100 Mbps TPDDI 155 Mbps ATM Gigabit Ethernet Offers better near-end crosstalk than CAT 5 Super-fast broadband applications Most popular cabling for new installs Support for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-T) Full-motion video Teleradiology Government and manufacturing environments Shielded system

CAT 1

Up to 1 Mbps (1 MHz)

CAT 2 CAT 3 CAT 4

4 Mbps 16 Mbps 20 Mbps 100 Mbps 1000 Mbps (4 pair)

CAT 5

CAT 5E

1000 Mbps (10000 Mbps prototype)

CAT 6 CAT 6E

Up to 400 MHz Up to 625 MHz (field-tested to 500 MHz) 600-700 MHz 1.2 GHz in pairs with Siemon connector

CAT 7 (ISO Class F)

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RJ-45 connectors
RJ-45 are used with twisted-pair cabling. Resemble ordinary phone jacks (RJ-11) Eight wires instead of four Larger. Check out this page for how to make cat5 cable. http://www.tomax7.com/aplus/cat5.htm
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Fiber-optic cable
Use light transmissions EMI, crosstalk and attenuation become no issue. Well suited for data, video and voice transmissions Most secure of all cable media Installation and maintenance procedures require skills Cost of cable Cost of retrofitting of existing network equipment because incompatible with most electronic network equipment

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Fiber-optic cable
Single mode fiber:
A single direct bean of light, allowing for greater distances and increased transfer speeds.

Multimode fiber:
Many beams of light travel through the cable This strategy weakens the signal, reducing the length and speed the data signal can travel.

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Fiber-optic connectors
There are a variety of connectors and several ways of Connecting these connectors, such bayonet, snap-lock, and push-pull connectors. A couple here: FC MIC, Standard FDDI connector LC SC SC duplex
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ST

Wireless media
Three types:
Radio wave Infrared Microwave

Speeds of wireless solutions dont keep pace with cable solutions Installation and maintenance are far more complicated and costly. Some solutions require line-of-sight, such as infrared and microwave.
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IEEE 802.3 standards

IEEE 802.3 standards defines a range of networking systems that are bases on the original Ethernet standard. 10Base2
Speed 10Mbps Total segment length of 185m (roundup to 2, which is the number in 10Base2) using RG-58 coaxial cable. Allow a maximum of five segments with only three of those segment populated.
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IEEE 802.3 standards

10Base5
10Mbps Physical bus topology Allow 500 meters

10BaseT
10Mbps Twisted-pair cabling, UTP 3,4,5 Star topology
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IEEE 802.3 standards

Standard
10Base2

Cable type
Thin Coaxial

Segment Length
185 meters

Connector
BNC

Topology
Physical bus

10Base5

Thick Coaxial

500 meters

Vampire Taps

Physical bus

10BaseT

Category 3,4,5 twisted pair

100 meters

RJ-45

Physical star

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IEEE 802.3 standards

Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.3u specifications, three variations. 100BaseTX
Most widely implemented Use two pairs of wire in cat5, can also use STP. Segment 100 meters

100BaseT4
Can use category 3 or 4 to perform 100Mbps transfer Use all four pairs of wire of cat3,4,5. Not full-duplex.

100BaseFX
100 Mbps over fiber-optic cable Maximum segment length 412 meters over multimode fiber and 10,000 meters over single mode fiber.

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Fast Ethernet
Standard
100BaseTx

Cable Type
Category 5 UTP

Segment Length
100 meters

Conn ector
RJ-45

Topology
Physical star

100BaseT4

Category 3,4,5 UTP

100 meters

RJ-45

Physical star

100BaseFX Multimode/Single-mode fiber-optic cable

412/Multimode SC,ST Physical star fiber-optic ,MIC 10,000/singlemode fiber-optic

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Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab 802.3z
1000BaseLX- use long wave length laser 1000BaseSX - use short wave length laser 1000BaseCX Over STP, 25 meters

802.3ab
Over cat5 UTP cable. Each of the four pairs transmit 250Mbps, total 1000Bbps.
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Gigabit Ethernet
Standard 1000BaseLX 1000BaseSX Cable Type Segment length Connector Fiber connectors Fiber connectors Multimode/ single- 550/multimode mode fiber 5000/single-mode Multimode fiber 550 meters using 50 Micron multimode fiber 25 meters

1000BaseCX STP twisted pair

9-pin shielded connector, 8-pin fiber channel type 2 connector RJ-45

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1000BaseT

Category 5 UTP

100 meters

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