EIectronics & Communicution Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Department of Department of
Electronics & Electrical Engineering Electronics & Electrical Engineering
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering

DC DC Converlers
y
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
y
Dr. Iraveen Kumar
Assislanl Irofessor
Dearlmenl of IIeclronics & IIeclricaI Ingineering
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load E Load
In Fig.1 a buck converter is shown. The buck converter is a voltage step down and
current step up converter.
The two modes in steady state operations are:
i. Mode1: The switch is on and the diode is off (Fig.2a)
S
D
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
i. Mode1: The switch is on and the diode is off (Fig.2a)
ii. Mode2: The switch is off and the diode is on (Fig.3a)
1
S
1
D
1
S
1
D
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load E Load
1
S
R
1
i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
1
D
L
E
in
V
Fig.1: Buck converter
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load E Load
R
L
in
V
1
i
R
1
i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
L
E
in
Fig.2a: Mode 1 Operation
L
E
Fig.2b: Mode 2 Operation
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Mode 1) E Load (Mode 1)
The load current, in S domain, for Mode 1 can be written as:
(1)
1 1 01
( ) ( )
in
V E
Ri s sLi s LI
s s
where
+ + = +
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
From eq.1, the current is given by
(2)
01 01 1
is the initial value of the current and
where
I I I =
1
( ) i s
( )
1
1
( )
( )
in
V E LI
i s
s R sL R sL

= +
+ +
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Mode 1) E Load (Mode 1)
In time domain the solution of eq.2 is given by
(3)
The mode1 is valid for the time duration:
( )
/ /
1 1
( ) 1
tR L tR L
in
V E
i t I e e
R

= +
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(4)
At the end of this mode, the load current becomes
(5)
1
1 1
0 0
is the duty ration
is duration for which the switch remains on
t T t DT
where
D
T S

1 1 2
( ) i t T DT I = = =
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Mode 2) E Load (Mode 2)
The mode 2 operation of the converter is shown in Fig.2b.
The load current in S can be expressed as
(6)
2 2 02
( ) ( )
E
Ri s sLi s LI
s
where
+ + =
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
The current at the end of mode1 is equal to the current at the beginning of mode 2.
Hence, from eq.5 is obtained as
(7)
02
is the initial value of load current
where
I
02
I
( )
/ /
2 2
( ) 1
tR L tR L
E
i t I e e
R

=
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Determination E Load (Determination
of I of I
11
and I and I
22
))
At the end of mode 2 the load current becomes
(8)
At the end of mode 2, the converter enters mode 1 again. Hence, the initial value of
current in mode 1 is
(9)
2 2 3
( (1 ) ) i t T D T I = = =
I I I = =
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(9)
From eq.3 and eq.7 the following relation between and is obtained as
(10)
(11)
01 3 1
I I I = =
( )
/ /
2 1
1
DTR L DTR L
in
V E
I I e e
R

= +
( )
(1 ) / (1 ) /
3 1 2
1
D TR L D TR L
E
I I I e e
R

= =
1
I
2
I
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Determination E Load (Determination
of I of I
11
and I and I
22
))
Solving eq.10 and eq.11 for and gives
(12)
(13)
1
I
2
I
1
1
1
Da
in
D
V e E
I
R e R

2
1
1
Da
in
D
V e E
I
R e R

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

(13)
(14)
2
1
where
and is the chopping frequency
D
I
R e R
TR R
a
L fL
f

= =
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Current Ripple) E Load (Current Ripple)
The peak to peak current ripple is given by
(14)
In case, , . Hence, for the limit eq.14 becomes
( )
(1 ) (1 )
2 1
1 1
1
1
Da a D a Da a D a
in in
a
a
V V e e e e e e
I I I
R e fL
a e

+ +
= = =

fL R >> 0 a 0 a
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(15)
To determine the maximum current ripple , the eq.14 is differentiated with respect
to . Hence, the value of is given by
(16)
(1 )
in
V D D
I
fL

=
( )
max
I
D
max
I
max
tanh
4
in
V R
I
R fL
=
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Current Ripple) E Load (Current Ripple)
For the condition ,
(17)
Hence, the maximum torque ripple is given by
4 fL R >>
tanh
4 4
R R
fL fL




Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(18)
If eq.15 is used to determine the maximum current ripple, the same result , as given in
eq.18, is obtained.
max
4
in
V
I
fL
=
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Buck Converter with R--LL--E Load (Continuous E Load (Continuous
and Discontinuous Mode) and Discontinuous Mode)
In case of large off time, particularly at low switching frequencies, the load current may
be discontinuous, i.e. will be zero.
The necessary condition to ensure continuous conduction is given by
(19)
2 2
( (1 ) ) i t T D T = =
1
0 0
Da
in
V e E
I

>

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(19)
(20)
1
0 0
1
1
1
in
D
Da
D
in
I
R e R
E e
V e
>

EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
The output voltage and current of the converter contain harmonics due to the switching
action. In order to remove the harmonics LC filters are used.
The circuit diagram of the buck converter with LC filter is shown in Fig.3. There are two
modes of operation as explained in the previous section.
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
The voltage drop across the inductor in mode 1 is
(21)
1
and
is the current through the inductor
is the current through the switch
f
L
L in o f L sw
L f
sw
di
e V V L i i
dt
where
i L
i S
= = =
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
L
e
f
L
sw
i
L
i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
in
V
c
V
R
Fig.3: Buck Converter with Filter and R load
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
The switching frequency of the converter is very high and hence, changes linearly.
Thus, eq.21can be written as
(22)
Hence, the current ripple is given by
1
L L
L in o f f
i i
e V V L L
T DT

= = =
i
L
i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Hence, the current ripple is given by
(23)
When the switch is turned off, the current through the filter inductor decreases and the
current through the switch is zero. The voltage equation is
(24)
L
i
( )
in o
L
f
V V
i DT
L

=
where is the current through the diode
L D
o f f
D
di di
V L L
dt dt
i D
= =
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
Due to high switching frequency, the eq.24 can be written as
(25)
2
2
(1 )
is the duration in which the switch is off and the diode is on
L L
o f f
i i
V L L
T D T
where
T S D

= =

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

The current ripple obtained from eq.25 is
(26)
The voltage and current waveforms are shown in Fig.4.
From eq.23and eq.26 the following relation is obtained for the current ripple
(27)
(1 )
L o
D T
i V
L

=
( ) (1 )
in o
L o
f f
V V
D T
i DT V
L L

= =
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
in
V
0
V
t
1
T
2
T
T
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
in
V
L
i
t
in
V
Fig.4: Current and Voltage Waveforms
1
I
2
I
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
Hence, from eq.27 the relation between input and output voltage is obtained as
(28)
If the converter is assumed to be lossless, then
(29)
o
o in
in
V
V DV D
V
= =
in o in sw o o in sw in o sw o
P P V i V i V i DV i i Di = = = =
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(29)
The switching period can be expressed as
(30)
From eq.30 the current ripple is given by
(31)
in o in sw o o in sw in o sw o
P P V i V i V i DV i i Di = = = =
T
( )
1
o L L L
on off f f f
in o o o in o
V i i i
T T T L L L
f V V V V V V

= = + = + =

( )
o in o
L
f o
V V V
i
L V f

=
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
Substituting the value of from eq.28 into eq.31 gives
(32)
Using the Kirchhoff's current law, the inductor current is expressed as
(33)
( )
1
in o
L
f
V D D
i
fL

=
L c o
i i i = +
L
i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(33)
If the ripple in load current ( ) is assumed to be small and negligible, then
(34)
The incremental voltage across the capacitor ( ) is associated with incremental
charge by the relation
(35)
L c o
i i i = +
o
i
L c
i i =
f
C
c
V
f
c
f
Q
V
C

=
Q
EIectronics & Communicution Engineering
Buck Converter with R Load and Filter Buck Converter with R Load and Filter
The area of each of the triangles representing in Fig.4is given by
(36)
Combining eq.35and eq.36 gives
1
2 2 2 8
L L
f
i T i T
Q

= =
T i
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
(37)
Substituting the value of from eq.26 into eq.37 gives
(38)
8
L
c
f
T i
V
C

=
L
i
( )
2
1
(1 )
8 8
in
in
c
f f f f
V D D
V D D T
V
C fL L C f

= =