GCT SPC

Summary Version

Green ConTech., Inc. ConTech.,

Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete

2011
Jinseong Choi Ph.D. & PESE

Green ConTech., Inc. ConTech.,

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=== Table of Contents === 1. Terminology 2. Sulfur

2.1 Periodic Table 2.2 Phase Change of Sulfur with Temperature 2.3 Viscosity Change of Sulfur with Temperature 2.4 Characteristic Material Properties of Sulfur

3. SPC(Sulfur Polymer Cement)

3.1 Type of Modifiers 3.2 Material Property-controlling Factors 3.3 Polymerization Termination Criteria 3.4 Types of SPC 3.5 GCT SPC Manufacturing Pilot Plant 3.6 GCT SPC Modification Process

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3.7 GCT SPC Polymerization Reaction 3.8 GCT SPC Manufacturing Criteria 3.9 GCT SPC Proportioning

4. HSC(Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete)

4.1 Comparison between HSC and SC 4.2 Manufacturing of HSC 4.3 Characteristic Material Properties of HSC 4.4 Application Fields of HSC

5. Example; HSC Bridge Deck Overlay Pavement

5.1 Mixture Proportioning 5.2 Strength Test

6. HPC(High Performance Concrete)

6.1 Definition 6.2 Advantages 6.3 Design Criteria(SHRP) 6.4 Performance Grade(FHWA)

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7. SPC Asphalt(Sulfur Polymer Cement Asphalt) 8. SC(Sulfur Concrete) & SA(Sulfur Asphalt)
8.1 GRC Inc.(Chempruf Sulfur Concrete)

8.2 STARcrete Technologies Inc.(STARcrete) 8.3 Shell Group(Thiocrete & Thiopave) 8.4 JX Nippon Oil & Energy(RECOSUL) 8.5 SK(Micropowder) 8.6 GS Caltex

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1. Terminology
SM(Sulfur Modifier)
* SM is a material or mixture of materials which modifies the properties of sulfur. i.e., SM is a material or mixture of materials which lowers the Melting Point(M.P.) and increases the Flowability by reducing the Crystallinity of sulfur.

SP(Sulfur Plasticizer)
* SP is a material or mixture of materials which plasticizes the properties of sulfur. i.e., SP is a material or mixture of materials which increases the Plasticity or the Fluidity, when added in the sulfur.

SPC(Sulfur Polymer Cement)

* SPC, termed as a general Sulfur Polymer Cement, can not be mixed with water, i.e., Non-hydraulic, and is conventionally named as SPC.

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HSPC(Hydraulic Sulfur Polymer Cement)

* For SPC to be hydraulic, SPC should be remelted at temperature lower than 100, that is, SPC must be SPC-LM. For the SPC to have hydration reaction with hydraulic Portland cement.

SC(Sulfur Concrete)
* Sulfur Concrete is often called as Sulfur Polymer Cement Concrete, or Sulfur Polymer Concrete. It is usually abbreviated as SC. * Only SPC itself can be functioned as binder to make SC.

HSC(Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete)

* Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete is often called as Hydraulic Sulfur Polymer Cement Concrete, or Hydraulic Sulfur Polymer Concrete. It is usually abbreviated as HSC. * HSPC and HC(Hydraulic Cement) can be functioned as binders to make HSC.

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MS(Modified Sulfur)
* MS is a modified sulfur to improve the material properties of sulfur, and MS has the same meaning with SPC, and can be interchanged each other.

PS(Plasticized Sulfur)
* PS is a plasticized sulfur to plasticize the material properties of sulfur.

SA(Sulfur Asphalt)
* Sulfur Asphalt is Asphalt which Sulfur and/or SPC is added into as Modifier, Additive or Extender. It is usually abbreviated as SA.

SPC Asphalt(Sulfur Polymer Cement Asphalt)

* Sulfur Polymer Cement Asphalt is Asphalt which SPC is added into as Modifier, Additive or Extender. It is usually abbreviated as SPC Asphalt.

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2. Sulfur
Group

2.1 1Periodic Table 2 3 4

IA
Hydrogen 1 H
1.0079

5 VB

6 VIB

7 VIIB

8 VIIIB

9 VIIIB

10 VIIIB

11 IB

12 IIB

13 IIIA

14 IVA

15 VA

16 VIA

17 VIIA

18 VIIIA
Helium 2 He 4.0026 Neon 10 Ne 20.180 Argon 18 Ar 39.948(1) Krypton 36 Kr 83.80(1) Xenon 54 Xe 131.29(2) Radon 86 Rn [222.018]

Period
1

IIA

IIIB

IVB

Name of element Atomic number Chemical symbol Relative atomic mass

Beryllium 4 Be 9.0122 Magnesium 12 Mg 24.305 Titanium 22 Ti 47.867(1) Zirconium 40 Zr 91.224(2) Hafnium 72 Hf 178.49(2) Vanadium 23 V 50.942(1) Niobium 41 Nb 92.906 Tantalum 73 Ta 180.948 Chromium Manganese Iron 24 25 26 Cr Mn Fe 51.996 54.938 55.845(2) Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium 42 43 44 Mo Tc Ru 95.94(1) [97.907] 101.07(2) Cobalt 27 Co 58.933 Rhodium 45 Rh 102.906 Nickel 28 Ni 58.693 Palladium 46 Pd 106.42(1) Platinum 78 Pt 195.084(9) Copper 29 Cu 63.546(3) Silver 47 Ag 107.868 Gold 79 Au 196.967 Zinc 30 Zn 65.39(2) Cadmium 48 Cd 112.411(8) Mercury 80 Hg 200.59(2) Copernicium 112 Cn [277]

Lithium 3 Li 6.941(2) Sodium 11 Na 22.990

Boron 5 B 10.811(7) Aluminium 13 Al 26.982 Gallium 31 Ga 69.723(1) Indium 49 In 114.818(3) Thallium 81 Tl 204.383
Ununtrium 113 Uut [284]

Carbon 6 C 12.011 Silicon 14 Si 28.086 Germanium 32 Ge 72.61(2) Tin 50 Sn 118.710(7) Lead 82 Pb 207.2(1)
Ununquadium 114 Uuq [289]

Nitrogen 7 N 14.0067 Phosphorus 15 P 30.974 Arsenic 33 As 74.922 Antimony 51 Sb 121.760(1) Bismuth 83 Bi 208.980
Ununpentium 115 Uup [288]

Oxygen 8 O 15.9994 Sulfur 16 S 32.066(6) Selenium 34 Se 78.96(3) Tellurium 52 Te 127.60(3) Polonium 84 Po [208.982]

Fluorine 9 F 18.998 Chlorine 17 Cl 35.453 Bromine 35 Br 79.904(1) Iodine 53 I 126.904

Astatine 85 At [209.987]

Potassium Calcium Scandium 19 20 21 Ca Sc K 40.078(4) 44.956 39.098 Rubidium 37 Rb 85.468 Caesium 55 Cs 132.905
Strontium 38 Sr 87.62(1) Yttrium 39 Y 88.906

Barium Lanthanides 56 57-71 Ba * 137.327(7)

Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium 74 75 76 77 W Re Os Ir 183.84(1) 186.207(1) 190.23(3) 192.217(3)

Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Actinides 87 88 104 105 89-103 Ra Rf Db Fr ** [226.0254] [263.113] [262.114] [223.020]

Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium 106 107 108 109 110 111 Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg [266.122] [264.1247] [269.134] [268.139] [272.146] [272.154]

Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium 116 117 118 Uuh Uus Uuo [292] [294] [294]

* Lanthanides

Lanthanum 57 La 138.905 Actinium 89 Ac [227.027]

Cerium 58 Ce 140.116(1) Thorium 90 Th 232.038

Praseodymium 59 Pr 140.908 Protactinium 91 Pa 231.036

Neodymium 60 Nd 144.242(3) Uranium 92 U 238.029

Promethium 61 Pm [144.913] Neptunium 93 Np [237.048]

Samarium 62 Sm 150.36(2) Plutonium 94 Pu [244.064]

Europium 63 Eu 151.964(1) Americium 95 Am [243.061]

Gadolinium 64 Gd 157.25(3) Curium 96 Cm [247.070]

Terbium 65 Tb 158.925 Berkelium 97 Bk [247.070]

Dysprosium 66 Dy 162.500(1) Californium 98 Cf [251.080]

Holmium 67 Ho 164.930 Einsteinium 99 Es [252.083]

Erbium 68 Er 167.259(3) Fermium 100 Fm [257.095]

Thulium 69 Tm 168.934 Mendelevium 101 Md [258.098]

Ytterbium 70 Yb 173.04(3) Nobelium 102 No [259.101]

Lutetium 71 Lu 174.967(1) Lawrencium 103 Lr [262.110]

** Actinides

Element categories in the periodic table Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals
Inner transition elements Transition elements Lanthanides Actinides Other metals

Nonmetals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens

Natural Occurrence

Noble gases

Unknown chemical properties

State at Standard Temperature and Pressure (0C and Earths Atmosphere Pressure) Gas Liquid Solid Unknown

Primordial

Trace Radioisotope

Synthetic

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2.2 Phase Change of Sulfur with Temperature

Phase Temp. Ambient
-------------

Allotrope

Structure S8 Ring

Crystallinity

Arrangement Cyclo-S8 Ring Packed Puckered Ring (Crown) Cyclo-S8 Ring Packed

Remark

Solid

95.5 ~ 114.5 (112.8) (M.P.) 114.5 (112.8) ~ 119.3 (M.P.)

S = 2.07 Orthorhombic

Pale Yellow ~ Light Yellow

Crystalline
S = 1.96 (S) =1.92

Amber Monoclinic Puckered Ring (Crown)

Crystalline

Solid + Liquid

119.3 (M.P.) 119.3 ~157

Amorphous

Ring Separation Ring Opening Free Radical

Liquid 157~160

Viscosity Transition

Initiation Dark Red ~ Dark Brown (Curing)

Bi-Radical

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Phase

Temp.

Allotrope

Structure

Crystallinity

Arrangement

Remark

Amorphous
157~160 S = 1.78 ~1.80 160~188 Liquid 188~444.6 (B.P.) Dependent on Temp. Temp.

Cyclization Propagation Catenation Dark Black (Short Long) Termination Cross-linking (Entanglement) Depolymerization (Intertwining) Reduction in Viscosity Networking Chain Scission

Plastic
Cooling at Ambient Temp. from 444.6 (B.P.) 444.6 Plastic Sulfur Plastification

S3 S3 , S2 S2 S2 , S3 , S4

Gas

530

720

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2.3 Viscosity Change of Sulfur with Temperature

cP P

* 1 cP = 1 mPas
1 P = 100 cP 1 Pas = 1,000 mPas <N.B.> cP; centi-Poise P; Poise Pas; Pascalsecond mPas; milli-Pascalsecond
SPC Sulfur
Viscoelasticity Viscosity

Elasticity

Temp , 119 157 159 160 188 306

444

cP P Log P 11 0.110 -0.959 7 0.070 -1.155 Viscosity Transition 30 0.300 -0.523 93,200 932 2.969 2,000 20 1.301
Boiling Point

Remark Min. Viscosity Transition Temp. Max. Viscosity

N/A

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2.4 Characteristic Material Properties of Sulfur

(1) High Strength (2) Acidresistant, Chemical-resistant, Chloride-resistant (3) Rapid Setting, Early Strength (4) Corrosion resistant, Abrasion-resistant (5) Water-tight, Air-tight (6) Resistant to Freeze/Thaw (7) Low Shrinkage Deformation (8) Fatigue-resistant
Strength Development of Sulfur Concrete and Cement Concrete as Function of Concrete Age and Moisture Supply(Adapted from Gregor and Hackl, 1977)

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3. SPC(Sulfur Polymer Cement)

3.1 Type of Modifiers
1) Sulfur + DCPD(dicyclopentadiene) + Other Modifiers Where, Other Modifiers in this case are as follows; (1) Not Used The first SPC(USBM) in 1972 (2) CPD(Cyclopentadiene) Oligomer (3) Olefin Oligomer SK(Micropowder) in Korea, JX Nippon O& E, etc. (4) Amine(Heterocyclic Amine or Alkyl Amine) Hanmi in Korea (5) Ammonium Salt or Urea (6) Amino Acid (7) Amide GCT in Korea (8) Aromatic Compounds GS Caltex in Korea

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2)Sulfur + Modifiers Where, Modifiers in this case are basically the derivatives of DCPD. (1) THI(Tetrahydroindene) JX Nippon O&E (2) ENB(Ethylidenenorbornene) or VNB(Vinylnorbornene) Shell, JX Nippon O& E (3) ENB + DCPD and/or THI THI + DCPD and/or ENB JX Nippon O& E (4) Polysulfide with Organosilane JX Nippon O& E (5) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds(Bitumen) UAE

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3.2 Material Property-controlling Factors

(1)Type of Modifiers (2) Purity of Components (3) Proportion of Components (4) Mixing Method & Mixing Sequence (5) Mixing Speed of Polymerization Reactor (6) Thermal History of Polymerization Process Mixing Temperature, Polymerization Temperature, Curing Temperature, Curing Time, Cooling Rate, Storage Method(Liquid, Powder, Flake, Granule & Pellet etc) L

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3.3 Polymerization Termination Criteria

(1) Weight-average Molecular Weight When measured by GPC(Gel Permeation Chromatograpy), the weight average molecular weight is as follows; In general, 320~1,500 in Mw . (2) Melt Viscosity When measured by type B viscometer, the viscosity of manufactured GCT SPC is as follows; Excluded intentionally

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3.4 Types of SPC

(1)SPC-LM(SPC with Lower Than 100 Remelting Temperature) To mix SPC-LM with PCC properly, the temperature of final mixture should be kept around 30 ~ 40(Even if the remelting temperature of SPC-LM is about 60, the melting temperature before pouring to the concrete mixture is usually maintained around 100 to incorporate the successful mixing that SPC with PCC. GCT, Inc. in Korea has developed the new kind of SPC, which is the sulfur modified with DCPD and Amide functional group. That SPC has shown the excellent material properties and also can be mixed with the conventional PCC to make HSC. The remelting temperature of this SPC-LM(HSPC) is far below than that of usual SPC-HM(SPC). The remelting temperature difference between the two SPCs reaches about 50 ~ 60. Therefore, GHG(Green House Gas) can be reduced in a sufficient amount, since the Less Energy Consumption can be expected to manufacture that kind of SPC-LM. This technology is a good example of Sustainable Green Technology.

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(2) SPC-HM(SPC with Higher Than 100 Remelting Temperature) To mix SPC-HM with aggregates properly, the temperature of final mixture before placing and hardening should be kept over 130 ~ 140. Almost all SPCs are included in this category, such as SPCs of U.S.A, Japan, Canada, Russia, Europe, UAE, SK(Micropowder) & GS Caltex and so on. The biggest and weakest problem of using this kind of SPC is that the sulfur concrete structures cannot be supported by themselves at temperature over 120, whose temperature is the melting temperature of SPC-HM(SPC). That means the sulfur concrete structures can be collapsed over that temperature if there does not exist liquid or water.

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Table. HSPC(SPC-LM) vs. SPC(SPC-HM)

SPC(SPC-HM) STARcrete Chempruf SK (Micropowder)

HSPC(SPC-LM)

Remark

Type Item GCT (HSC) DCPD /Amide or DCPD /SAE Antispalling /Fireresistant Hanmi JX Nippon O&E (HMSC) (RECOSUL) GS Caltex Sulfur Concrete

Modifier

DCPD /Amine

DCPD (/Modifiers) Melting At 120 Over Area w/ Liquid 120 130~140 30 Min. Batch Low 10~20% (Binder) Impossible (SC)

DCPD

DCPD

DCPD

DCPD /Aromatic Melting At 120 Over Area w/ Liquid 120 130~140 30 Min. Batch Low 10~20% (Binder) Impossible (SC)

Sulfur + Modifiers

AntiAntispalling spalling /Fire/Fireresistant resistant Applied Anywhere Anywhere Area Remelting 60 80 Temp. Working 30~40 40~50 Temp. Setting Time SPC Cost Quantity Miscibility w/ PCC 30 Min.~ 5 Hr. Continuous High 30 Min.~ 5 Hr. Batch High

Melting At 120 Over Area w/ Liquid 120 130~140 30 Min. Batch Low 10~20% (Binder) Impossible (SC)

Melting At 120 Over Area w/ Liquid 120 130~140 30 Min. Batch Low 10~20% (Binder) Impossible (SC)

Melting At 120 Over Area w/ Liquid 120 130~140 30 Min. Batch Low 10~20% (Binder) Impossible (SC)

Dependent on Miscibility w/ PCC Dependent on Miscibility w/ PCC SPC Mixture Temp. after Pouring SPC SPC Setting Time Manufacturing Method SPC Unit Price SPC/Sulfur Concrete Dependent on Remelting Temp. of SPC

0.2~1.5% 0.3~2.0% (Additives)(Additives) Possible (HSC) Possible (HSC)

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3.6 GCT SPC Modification Process

1 2 3 4

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

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3.7 GCT SPC Polymerization Reaction

1 2 3 4

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

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3.8 GCT SPC Manufacturing Criteria

1)GCT SPC Patent [Sulfur Polymer Cement and Method for Making Same] Publication Patent(KR10-2011-0037825) 2)GCT SPC Manufacturing Criteria (1) For Strength General Purpose (2) For Durability (3) For Adhesion/Cohesion (4) For Special Purpose

3.9 GCT SPC Proportioning

Excluded intentionally

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4. HSC(Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete)

Polymers in Concrete -------------------- ------------------- PIC PPCC HSC PC SC

<Note> PIC(Polymer Impregnated Concrete); PCC + Polymer(Impregnator). (Impregnator)

PPCC (Polymer Portland Cement Concrete ); PCC + Polymer(Additive), (Additive)

Sometimes called as PMC(Polymer Modified Concrete) or LMC(Latex Modified Concrete)

PC(Polymer Concrete); Polymer(Binder) (Binder)

Where, PCC means Portland Cement Concrete. Figure. Classification of Polymers in Concrete

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4.1 Comparison between HSC and SC (1)HSC(Hydraulic Sulfur Polymer Cement Concrete)
HSC is a newly developed concrete, which is a mixture of remelted HSPC(Hydraulic Sulfur Polymer Cement, i.e., GCT SPC-LM) with Porland Cement Concrete. It is hardened at ambient temperature. This HSC is equivalent to PPCC(Polymer Portland Cement Concrete), which uses latex or resin as polymers in concrete. Instead of these polymers in concrete, HSC uses HSPC. HSPC is included in the concrete mixture as additives HSPC functions as Hydraulic Binder with Portland Cement additives, Cement.

(2)SC(Sulfur Polymer Cement Concrete)

SC is a conventionally used concrete, which is a mixture of remelted SPC(Sulfur Polymer Cement, i.e., SPC-HM) with aggregates. It also hardened at ambient temperature. This SC is equivalent to PC(Polymer Concrete), which uses the latex or resin as polymers in concrete, too. Instead of these polymers, SC uses the SPC. SPC is included in the concrete mixture as binders SPC functions by itself as binders,

Binder.

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Compressive Strength vs. Age

Compressive Strength (kgf/cm2)

SC HSC

PCC

Age (Days)
<Note> SC: Sulfur Concrete, HSC: Hydraulic Sulfur Concrete, PCC: Portland Cement Concrete

Figure. Comparative Compressive Strength vs. Age Curves

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4.2 Manufacturing of HSC

HSC can be prepared by using mobile mixer or existing ready-mixed plant. The followings are the general recommended HSC manufacturing procedures to make best HSC mixtures at the existing ready-mixed concrete plant. (1) Aggregates(fine, coarse), Portland cement are stored at places where some levels of temperature can be maintained. (2) Remelted HSPC is prepared using SPC melting facilities and is maintained at about 100, not more than 120. (3) Heated water at about 60 is also prepared(if needed). (4) Fine aggregates, some portion of heated water & remelted HSPC are poured into the mixer, and pre-mixed before pouring the Portland cement.

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(5) Next, coarse aggregates, Portland cement, remained heated water & proper admixtures(i.e., HRWRA etc.) are included to the pre-mixed mixtures, and then mix again to disperse the remelted HSPC completely, homogeneously into HSC mixtures. (6) Discharge the completely mixed HSC mixtures, and transport the HSC mixtures using the ready-mixed truck or other suitable transportation means to the construction site. <N.B.> To make best HSC mixtures, mixing method and mixing sequence are important to disperse the remelted HSPC effectively within the HSC mixtures.

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4.3 Characteristic Material Properties of HSC

(1) Increased Strength(Compressive, Flexural, Splitting, and Bond) (2) Excellent Acid-resistance, Chemical-resistance & Chloride-resistance (3) Increased Corrosion-resistance & Abrasion-resistance (4) Good Water-tightness & Air-tightness due to Low Permeability (5) Increased Resistance to Freeze/Thaw (6) Reduced Shrinkage Crack due to Low Volumetric Deformation (7) Increased Resistance to Fatigue (8) Increased Toughness(Impact, and Fracture) (9) Anti-spalling/Fire-resistance

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4.4 Application Fields of HSC

(1) Permeable Concrete Paver (2) Precast Concrete Products (3) Barrier, Median Strip, Gutter(Type-U, L etc) and Parapet (4) Underwater Concrete or Seawater Concrete (5) Stabilization and Solidification of Waste (6) HPC Structures (7) Shrinkage-compensating HSPC Mortar (8) HSC Pavement(New or Rehabilitation) (9) Anti-spalling/Fire-resistant HSC Structures (10) Others

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5. Example; HSC Bridge Deck Overlay Pavement

5.1 Mixture Proportioning
Mixture Design: (fbk = 4.5 MPa Pavement Concrete + HSPC 7.5%)
Design Strength

1 m3
HRWR % 0.5~2.5

Gmax
mm 13

Compressive fck MPa 27

Flexural fbk MPa 4.5

Slump mm 180

Air Content % 4.5

F. M. % 2.97

HSPC % 7.5

Mixture: (fbk = 4.5 MPa Pavement Concrete + HSPC 7.5 %)

Excluded intentionally

1 m3

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Photo. Mixing and Strength Test Procedure in Lab.

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5.2 Strength Test

(1) Compressive Strength
GCT SPC cP 115 132 251 HSPC Slump Air Content % 6.0 4.0 5.0 Compressive Strength MPa % 7.5 7.5 7.5 mm 190 210 200 fc,7 32.6 29.9 35.0 fc,28 42.9 38.7 38.1 Reference Remark

(2) Flexural Strength

GCT SPC cP 115 132 251 HSPC Slump Air Content % 6.0 4.0 5.0 Flexural Strength MPa % 7.5 7.5 7.5 mm 190 210 200 fb,7 6.3 6.2 N/A fb,28 5.8 6.0 5.8 Reference Remark

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Photo. Fractured Area of Compressive Test

Fractured Area of Compressive Test at 7th Age Day Front View

Fractured

Area of
Compressive Test at 7th Age Day Side View

Fractured Area of Compressive Test at 28th Age Day Front View

Fractured Area of Compressive Test at 28th Age Day Side View

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Photo. Fractured Section of Flexural Test

Fractured Section of Flexural Strength Test at 7th Age Day Over View

Fractured Section of Flexural Strength Test at 7th Age Day Detail View

Fractured Section of Flexural Strength Test at 28th Age Day Over View

Fractured Section of Flexural Strength Test at 28th Age Day Detail View

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6. HPC(High Performance Concrete)

6.1 Definition
(1) Maximum Water-Cementitious Materials Ratio
Maximum W/B, 0.35

(2) Minimum Durability Factor, 80%

ASTM C666 Procedure A

(3) Minimum Strength Criteria, After Concrete Placement

Type of HPC VES (Very Early Strength) HES (High Early Strength) VHS (Very High Strength) FR (Fiber Reinforced) Minimum Strength Criteria 3,000 psi/4 hours 5,000 psi/24 hours 10,000 psi/28 days HES + (Steel /Polymer) Remark 21 MPa/4hours 34 MPa/24hours 69 MPa/28days

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6.2 Advantages
(1)Performance Benefits Easy Concrete Placement Compaction without Segregation Excellent Long-term Mechanical Properties High Strength High Toughness Low Permeability Volume Stability Long Life under Severe Environments

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(2) Cost & Other Benefits Less Material Fewer Beams Reduced Maintenance Extended Life Cycle Cost Aesthetics

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6.3 Design Criteria(SHRP)

Strength Criteria Durability Criteria Remarks

Compressive Strength

Freeze/Thaw

Modulus of Elasticity

Scaling

Shrinkage

Abrasion

Creep

Chloride Permeability

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6.4 Performance Grade(FHWA)

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7. SPC Asphalt(Sulfur Polymer Cement Asphalt)

(1) SPC Asphalt Pavement (2) RAP(Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) (3) FDR(Full Depth Reclamation) Pavement (4) WMA(Warm Mix Asphalt) Pavement (5) CMA(Cold Mix Asphalt) Pavement

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8. SC(Sulfur Concrete) & SA(Sulfur Asphalt)

8.1 GRC Inc(Chempruf sulfur concrete) Inc(Chempruf
* Used McBee modifier S crystals (monoclinic phase) + CPD

GRC's concrete mixer truck for Chempruf sulfur concrete

Tank system for Chempruf sulfur concrete

Chemical plant for Chempruf sulfur concrete

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8.2 STARcrete Technologies Inc(STARcrete)

* Used Vroom modifier(STX ) smaller S crystals(orthorhombic phase) modifier(STX)

What is STARcrete ? STARcrete, a STable Acid Resistant, sulfur-based concrete, has extreme corrosion resistance, high physical strength, high fatigue resistance and low water permeability. It is well suited for specific applications where its unique properties are needed. Both the properties and extreme durability of STARcrete result from the incorporation of a small quantity of a proprietary sulfur modifier called STX. This ingredient prevents the formation of macro sulfur crystals. The result is a concrete based on stable, orthorhombic sulfur with greatly enhanced durability. For a dramatic comparison between STARcrete and Portland cement concrete, view the deterioration photo in the Properties section. STARcrete, and its predecessor, Sulfurcrete is the original commercial sulfur concrete, developed by Dr. Alan H. Vroom of Sulphur Innovations Ltd., and was first marketed in Canada in 1976.

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Properties of STARcrete
Data from independent laboratories Comparison with 34.5 MPa (5,000 psi) Portland cement concrete greater greater greater greater less greater much greater equivalent less equivalent or higher much greater slightly less much greater much less much greater

Property Compressive Strength Flexural Strength Splitting Tensile Strength Modulus of Elasticity Compressive Creep Bond Strength to Reinforcing Steel Bond Strength to Concrete Coefficient of Linear Expansion Thermal Conductivity Durability under Thermal Cycling Corrosion Resistance Fire Resistance Fatigue Resistance Water Permeability Abrasion Resistance

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The table below gives test results as compared to a typical Portland cement concrete using a 19 mm (3/4") washed gravel with approximately 60% fractured face. Note that the relationship of compressive strength to modulus of elasticity can, if desired, be varied with special additives. STARcrete MPa (psi)
62.0 (9,000) 7.4 (1,080) 12.7 (1,850) 3 ~ 4 x 104 (4 ~ 6 x 106) 8.3 x 10-6 /F (4.6 x 10-6 /C) 2,400 kg/m3 150 lb/ft3

Description
Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Modulus of Rupture Modulus of Elasticity

Portland cement concrete MPa (psi)

34.5 (5,000) 2.6 (380) 3.65 (530) 2.8 ~ 3.7 x 104 (3 ~ 4 x 106) 8.3 x 10-6 /F (4.6 x 10-6 /C) 2,400 kg/m3 150 lb/ft3

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Density

Amount of Binder

297 kg/m3 500 lb/yd3

371 kg/m3 625 lb/yd3

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8. 3 Shell Group(Thiocrete & Thiopave)

1) Thiocrete Sulfur concrete(Shell Thiocrete)
Shell Thiocrete-Benefits
High strength Rapid curing Resistance to water and acid Tolerant of wide range of aggregate properties > Can use lesser-quality aggregates than possible with conventional PCC Enabling a wide range of colors, textures and finishes Easy to recycle Requires no water Significantly lower carbon footprint than Portland cement

Shell Thiocrete-How it is used?

Product to be supplied in liquid or pellet form Mixed with aggregate @ 275 F (135 C) > HMA plant Poured into molds When cooled to ambient temperature, it is ready for use > No chemical reaction, curing is when the molten sulfur freezes into a solid To recycle, simply heat to melt sulfur then recast

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2) Thiopave, formerly known as SEAM(Sulfur Extended Asphalt Modifier) Sulfur-enhanced asphalt(Shell Thiopave)
Solid pellets, ~ 97% sulfur
Includes plasticizers, compaction agent and fume suppressants Can be stored on the ground or in silos No concern with moisture during storage Blended with the mixture, not directly with asphalt binder Melts in hot-mix plant, disperses into mixture Keep temperature below 285 F

Effects of Thiopave Modification

Partial replacement of asphalt binder > 20 ~25% reduction in bitumen demand >Increased stiffness at high service temperatures, reduced temperature susceptibility >Improved resistance to rutting/permanent deformation No significant effect on cracking >Ability to increase total binder content and use softer binders may prove to improve resistance to thermal and fatigue cracking

GCT SPC

8.4 JX Nippon Oil & Energy(RECOSUL)

GCT SPC

GCT SPC

GCT SPC

8.5 SK(Micropowder)
Modified Sulfur Polymer Cement Concrete
Element Sulfur Chemical Modified Sulfur Polymer Cement(SPC) . SPC (Binder) .
Modifiers

+
Polymerization Elemental Sulfur Hydrocarbon 36% 39% 40% 37% 15% SPC 16% SPC 9% Filler 8%

(PCC) (PCC) SPC (SC) (SC)

SPC Binder SPC (SC) Curing Mechanism Organic, Dry & Thermoplastic Concrete.

GCT SPC

Curing Mechanism Curing Time

SPC (SC) Phase Transformation 2~3 , 80%

(PCC) Chemical Reaction 7~28

SPC SPC , .
SPC (SC)

u
. 24 90% . .

(PCC)

GCT SPC

u ; ( -> 6) Acid Solution 6 Weight Loss 0.5%

PCC

SC

GCT SPC

SPC (SC) , , .
Freeze /Thaw Durability()

300 Cycle ( 3 ) 300 Cycle * (3) * (3) * (3) ** ** SC 267 kgf/cm2 80.2 kgf/cm2 153.1 kgf/cm2 2.5~3 x 10-8 10~35 Coulombs

( 100 ) 96.5

300 Cycle 0.18

PCC 138 kgf/cm2 35 kgf/cm2 1.5~2 x 10-8 2,300~4,800 Coulombs

* , **

GCT SPC

Modified Sulfur Polymer Cement Asphalt

GCT SPC

GCT SPC

GCT SPC

8.6 GS Caltex
[Sulfur Polymer and Its Concrete Compositions] (KR10-1020519) Sulfur Polymer Manufacturing, Fabrication and Sale of Sulfur Polymer Pipe
by Joint Venture with Samsung Industrial.