INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SPOT TIME STUDY - PART 01

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Time Study
What is it?

Time study is a tried and tested method of work measurement for setting basic times and hence standard times for carrying out specified work. Its roots are back to the period between the two World Wars. The aim of time study is to establish a time for a qualified worker to perform specified work under stated conditions and at a defined rate of working. This is achieved by a qualified practitioner observing the work, recording what is done and then timing (using a time measuring device) and simultaneously rating (assessing) the pace of working. The requirements for taking a time study are quite strict. Conditions:

the practitioner (observer) must be fully qualified to carry out Time Study, the person performing the task must be fully trained and experienced in the work,

the work must be clearly defined and the method of doing the work must be effective

the working conditions must be clearly defined

There are two main essentials for establishing a basic time for specified work i.e. rating and timing.
Some terminology explained Timing

The observer records the actual time taken to do the element or operation. This usually is in centiminutes (0.01 min.) and is recorded, using a stopwatch or computerized study board.
Rating.

When someone is doing work his/her way of working will vary throughout the working period and will be different from others doing the same work. This is due to differing speeds of movement, effort, dexterity and consistency. Thus, the time taken for one person to do the work may not be the same as that for others and may or may not be 'reasonable' anyway. The purpose of rating is to adjust the actual time to a standardized basic time that is appropriate and at a defined level of performance. Rating is on a scale with 100 as its standard rating. (Managers-net Website topic Rating).
Elements

A complete job usually will be too long and variable to time and rate in one go, so it would be analysed into several smaller parts (elements) which, separately, will each be timed and rated.
Basic time

This is the standardised time for carrying out an element of work at standard rating. Example: An observer times an element as 30 centiminutes (cm) and because it is performed more slowly than the standard 100, he rates it as 95. Thus the basic time is 95% of 30 or 28.5 basic cm. The formula is: (actual time x rating)/100.
Allowances

Extra time is allowed for various conditions which obtain, the main ones being relaxation allowance for:
A. recovery from the effort of carrying out specified work under specified conditions (fatigue allowance) B. attention to personal needs C. adverse environmental conditions, plus: D. others concerned with machine operations Frequency

The basic time is the time for a complete cycle to be performed but as not all elements are repeated in every cycle their times per average cycle must be pro rata. In the example which follows, element 2 only occurs once every eight cycles so its basic time is one eighth of the element time, per cycle. Similar treatment for element 7 (one twelfth).
Standard time:

Basic time + allowances An example of a time study - extracts from the two main documents in time study follow:

Time study observation sheet

summary Department: Main Stores Section: Goods Inwards A study ends: B study starts: Section head: E. Thompson D check times: Analyst J.Allen Date: 12 July E total study time: 33.68 min. 1.68 min. 10.35 am

10.03 am

C study time:

32 min.

F elapsed time: Operation: Raise and process Goods Received Note

34 min.

G difference F-E

0.32 min.

timing error: G/F%

0.9%

Element number

Element Description

rating

observed time basic time (cm) (cm)

Look out relevant Purchase Demand (PD) Obtain pad of Goods Received notes (GR) Make out GR note Pin green copy to PD and place in internal post bin File white copy Pin other 3 copies to goods and place goods on pallet Repeat

90

30

27.0

80

95

76.0

80

45

36.0

90

10

9.0

75

22

16.5

80

17

13.6

1 3 4 (etc.)

80 75 75 (etc. etc.)

33 46 10 (etc. etc..)

26.4 34.5 7.5

Time study analysis sheet Goods Inwards 12 July

Department:

Main Stores

Section:

Section head:

E. Thompson Raise and process Goods Received Note

Date:

Operation:

Analyst

J.Allen

basic times (b.min) El. Element Description basic t. Look out relevant 1 Purchase Demand (PD) Obtain pad of 2 Goods Received notes (GR) 3 Make out GR note Pin green copy to 4 PD and place in internal post bin 5 File white copy Pin other 3 copies 6 to goods and place goods on pallet 17 1/1 0.170 15 1/1 0.150 9 1/1 0.090 38 1/1 0.380 75 1/8 0.094 29 1/1 0.290 frequency b.t. x freq.

RA% std.mins.

(sm)

10

0.319

10

0.103

10

0.418

10

0.099

10

0.165

15

0.196

Move pallet to stores

96

1/12

0.080

18

0.094

total sm =

1.394

References:

Ed. T.J.Bentley, The Management Services Handbook, Institute of Management Services

Dennis A Whitmore, Work Measurement, Institute of Management Services

Author:

Dennis Whitmore