BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC LECTURE NOTES CHAPTER 1

Yvette Fajardo-Lim
Mathematics Department De La Salle University - Manila

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition A function, denoted by f , is a rule that assigns to each object x in a set X exactly one object f (x) in a set Y . The element f (x) in Y is called the image of x under f . The set X is called the domain of the function and Y its codomain. The set of assigned objects in Y is called the range of the function f , i.e., the range of f is the set {f (x)|x X } Y .

Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Consider the equation y = 2x; this denes a function f for which the domain X is the set of all real numbers and the range of f is the set of all even numbers. Hence, f (x) = 2x is the image of x under f .

Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Since the value of the variable y in y = f (x) always depends on the choice of x, we say that y is the dependent variable and since x is independent of y , x is called the independent variable.

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition Given the functions f (x) and g(x),

1

The composition of f g is dened by (f g)(x) = f (g(x)) The composition of g f is dened by (g f )(x) = g(f (x))

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x 2 x + 3, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) =

1 2 3 4

x 2

(f g)(x) = 2x 2 + 7x + 9 (g f )(x) = 2x 2 x + 5 (f h)(x) = 2x x 2 1 (h g)(x) = x

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x 2 x + 3, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) =

1 2 3 4

x 2

(f g)(x) = 2x 2 + 7x + 9 (g f )(x) = 2x 2 x + 5 (f h)(x) = 2x x 2 1 (h g)(x) = x

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x 2 x + 3, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) =

1 2 3 4

x 2

(f g)(x) = 2x 2 + 7x + 9 (g f )(x) = 2x 2 x + 5 (f h)(x) = 2x x 2 1 (h g)(x) = x

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x 2 x + 3, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) =

1 2 3 4

x 2

(f g)(x) = 2x 2 + 7x + 9 (g f )(x) = 2x 2 x + 5 (f h)(x) = 2x x 2 1 (h g)(x) = x

Composition of Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x 2 x + 3, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) =

1 2 3 4

x 2

(f g)(x) = 2x 2 + 7x + 9 (g f )(x) = 2x 2 x + 5 (f h)(x) = 2x x 2 1 (h g)(x) = x

Domain and Range of Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

When dening a function, the domain must be given either implicitly or explicitly. Unless otherwise specied, the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers for which f (x) is dened. Most often, to determine the domain of a function, all values of x that result in division by 0 or taking the root of a negative number are excluded.

Domain and Range of Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = x + 4 is the set of all real numbers x such that x 4. The range of f is the set of all nonnegative real numbers. Example 2 is the set of all real numbers x x 2 such that x = 2. The range of f is the set of all real numbers such that y = 0. The domain of f (x) =

Example

Domain and Range of Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = x + 4 is the set of all real numbers x such that x 4. The range of f is the set of all nonnegative real numbers. Example 2 is the set of all real numbers x x 2 such that x = 2. The range of f is the set of all real numbers such that y = 0. The domain of f (x) =

Example

Piecewise-dened Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Functions can also be dened using different rules on disjoint subset of its domain. A function dened this way is called a piecewise-dened function.

Piecewise-dened Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given f (x) = 2x + 8 if x < 4 x + 4 if x 4 f (6) = 4 and f (5) = 3.

The Graph of a Function

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition The graph of a function f is the set of all points {(x, y ) : y = f (x)} on the plane.

The Graph of a Function

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim

Example The graph of f (x) = 2x + 8 2 if x < 3 if x 3

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The Graph of a Function

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Given the graph of a function f , we can determine the domain and range of f . Collect all the vertical lines that will intersect the graph.

The intersection of the region and the x-axis shows that the domain of the function is the set of real numbers 2 x < 2 since the point (2, 1) is not a point in the graph anymore.

The Graph of a Function

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

To determine the range of the function, we consider the region in the given gure which is the collection of all the horizontal lines intersecting the graph. The intersection of the region and the y -axis gives the range of the function, 3 y < 1 .

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Linear Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition y2 y1 , where x2 x1 (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are any two points on the line and x1 = x2 . The slope of a line is dened as m =

Linear Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The slope of the line passing through the points (1, 3) and 5 (2, 2) is . 3

Linear Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition Linear functions are functions that have the form y = mx + b where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. In the special case m = 0 with f (x) = b, we call these functions constant functions with a horizontal line as its graph.

Slope-Intercept Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition A linear equation in the form y = mx + b is called the slope-intercept form.

Slope-Intercept Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The equation of the line with slope 3 and y -intercept 2 is given as y = 3x + 2.

Point-Slope Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

If we know that a line passes through the point (x1 , y1 ) and has a slope of m then the point-slope form of the equation of the line is y y1 = m(x x1 ) . Example The equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 3) 3 3 with slope is y = x. 2 2

Point-Slope Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

If we know that a line passes through the point (x1 , y1 ) and has a slope of m then the point-slope form of the equation of the line is y y1 = m(x x1 ) . Example The equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 3) 3 3 with slope is y = x. 2 2

Two-Point Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The line through the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is given by y2 y1 the two-point form y y1 = (x x1 ) x2 x1 Example The equation of the line passing through the points (1, 3) 5x + 4 and (2, 2) is y = 3

General Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Equations of the line can be reduced to the rst degree equation in the variables x and y of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, and c are real numbers and a and b are not both zero. This is called the general form of the equation of a line. Example The equation y = 3x + 2, can be written in the general form 3x + y 2 = 0.

Intercept Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The intercept form of the equation of a line is given by x y + = 1. a b Example The equation 8x 3y + 24 = 0 in its intercept form is x y written as + = 1. 3 8

Intercept Form
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The intercept form of the equation of a line is given by x y + = 1. a b Example The equation 8x 3y + 24 = 0 in its intercept form is x y written as + = 1. 3 8

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Equations of lines can also be determined given the equation of a parallel line or a perpendicular line. Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope and two lines are perpendicular when the product of their slopes is 1, that is, their slopes are negative reciprocals.

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The equation of the line that passes through (2, 3) and is parallel to 4x 3y = 2 is 4x 3y + 17 = 0

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The equation of the line that passes through (1, 4) and is x perpendicular to y = + 4 is 2x y 6 = 0 2

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition Functions of the form f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c where a, b, c are real numbers with a = 0 are called quadratic functions. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Below is the graph of y = x 2

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The graph of y = x 2 shows that the function has a lowest point at (0, 0). This lowest point is called the vertex. The vertex is the lowest point if a > 0 and the parabola opens upward; if a < 0, the vertex is the highest point and the parabola opens downward. The vertex is at point b ,f 2a b . 2a b 2a while the axis of

symmetry is the line x =

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The following table serves as an aid in sketching the graph of the quadratic function f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c. a>0 parabola opens upward a<0 parabola opens downward b b vertex ,f 2a 2a 2 4ac > 0 b parabola has two x-intercepts b2 4ac = 0 parabola has one x-intercept b2 4ac < 0 parabola has no x-intercept x-intercepts solutions of 0 = ax 2 + bx + c y -intercept c

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example Given the function f (x) = 2x 2 x 2. a=2>0 parabola opens upward 1 17 vertex , 4 8 2 4ac = 17 > 0 b parabola has two x-intercepts 1 17 x-intercepts 4 y-intercept 2

Quadratic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Graph of the function f (x) = 2x 2 x 2.

Standard Form of Quadratic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Quadratic functions may also be expressed in the form f (x) = a(x h)2 + k , a = 0. This is referred to as standard form with vertex at the point (h, k ). Example The quadratic function f (x) = 2x 2 x 2 in standard form 1 is written f (x) = 2 x 4
2

17 . 8

Domain and Range of Quadratic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of a quadratic function is the set of real numbers. If the parabola opens upward the range of the function is y k and if it is downward, the range is y k . Example The domain of the quadratic function f (x) = 2x 2 x 2 is 17 the set of real numbers while its range is y . 8

Vertical Shift
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Given the function f (x), the graph of y = f (x) + k can be obtained by shifting the graph of f (x), k units up if k > 0 while if k < 0, the graph is shifted k units down.

Horizontal Shift
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Consider f (x h) when y = f (x) . If h > 0, the graph undergoes a horizontal shift h units to the right; if h < 0, the graph undergoes a horizontal shift h units to the left.

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Rational Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition By a rational function f (x) we mean a function whose p(x) assignment rule is of the form f (x) = , where p(x) and q(x) q(x) are polynomials and q(x) = 0 . The domain of the rational functions is the set of real numbers except for the values which will make q(x) = 0.

Rational Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

To graph rational functions the asymptotes must be determined. The vertical asymptotes occur at the domain restriction. If p(x) = an x n + . . . + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 and q(x) = bm x m + . . . + b2 x 2 + b1 x + b0 , the following table is a summary to aid in sketching the graph. q(r ) = 0, r R vertical asymptote is the line x = r n<m horizontal asymptote is the line y = 0 an n=m horizontal asymptote is the line y = bm n>m no horizontal asymptote p(x) n =m+1 oblique asymptote is the line y = q(x)

Rational Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example 2x + 1 . The domain is the set of x 3 all real numbers such that x = 3 . Thus, the vertical asymptote is x = 3 and since both the numerator and denominator are linear, the horizontal asymptote is the line y =2. Given the function f (x) =

Rational Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

f (x) =

2x + 1 x 3

Rational Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

f (x) =

x2 4 x 3

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Inverse Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition A function f is said to be one-to-one if every number in its range corresponds to exactly one number in its domain, that is for all x1 and x2 in the domain of f , if x1 = x2 then f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) . Equivalently, f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) only when x1 = x2 . Showing that a function is one-to-one is often a tedious and often difcult. However, if the value of f (x) increases as the value of x increases for all x in its domain, then the function is one-to-one. Similarly, if the value of f (x) decreases as the value of x increases for all x in its domain, the function is one-to-one.

Inverse Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition If f is a one-to-one function then there is function f 1 , called the inverse of f , where f 1 (f (x)) = x and f (f 1 (x)) = x for all values of x in their respective domains. The domain of f 1 is the range of f and the range of f 1 is the domain of f .

Inverse Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The function f (x) = 3x 5 is a linear function with a positive slope and is an increasing function. Hence, its inverse x +5 exists and f 1 (x) = . 3

Inverse Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

In general, the inverse of quadratic functions does not exist. However, if the domain will be restricted in such a way that the function is one-to-one on the restricted interval of the domain, the function will have its inverse. Example The inverse of the function f (x) = x 2 5, x 0 is f 1 (x) = x + 5.

Graph of Inverse Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The graph of an inverse is the reection of the original graph about the line y = x.

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Exponential Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition The exponential function with base a is dened for all real numbers x by f (x) = ax , where a > 0, and a = 1 .

Exponential Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Example The function f (x) = 2x is an exponential function with the given graph below.

Exponential Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The graph of the function f (x) =

1 2

is shown below.

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

6 7

Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

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The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

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Properties of Exponential Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

1 2

The domain of f (x) = ax is the set of real numbers. The range of f (x) = ax is the set of positive real numbers. The y -intercept of the graph of f (x) = ax is at point (0, 1), that is f (0) = 1. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if ax = ay then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

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Natural Exponential Function

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The function f (x) = ex is called the natural exponential function, where e 2.718281828. The graph of f (x) = ex and f (x) = ex is shown below.

Outline
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Denition Let a > 0 and a = 1. The logarithmic function with base a and written as loga , is dened by y = loga x if and only if x = ay for every x > 0 and every real number y . Example log5 25 = 2 and log4 1 = 3 64

Logarithmic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The logarithmic function with base 10 is called the common logarithm and we commonly write this as log x, that is, if the base is omitted, it is understood to be 10. Another special logarithmic function is the natural logarithm with base e written as ln x.

Logarithmic Functions
BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The functions ax and loga x are inverse functions. Hence, the graph of loga x is simply reecting the graph of ax about the line y = x. The graph below shows 2x and log2 x

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

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Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

BUSCALC Yvette Fajardo-Lim FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Denitions and Examples Linear Functions Quadratic Functions Rational Functions Inverse Functions Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

The domain of f (x) = loga x is the set of positive real numbers. The range of f (x) = loga x is the set of real numbers. The x-intercept of the graph of f (x) = loga x is at point (1, 0), that is f (1) = 0. If 0 < a < 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y decreases. If a > 1, as the value of x increases, the value of y increases. f (x) is one-to-one, if loga x = loga y then x = y . The graph of f (x) has a vertical asymptote x = 0.

2 3

6 7