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PVT Concepts Reservoir Concept

This document discusses key concepts related to reservoir fluids in three phases: black oil, solution gas drive, and dry gas. It provides schematic phase diagrams and summaries of key properties including formation volume factor, viscosity, and compressibility. Common correlations used to model properties of oil and gas are also summarized. The document is intended as an introduction and overview of phase behavior and properties of reservoir fluids for students.

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431 views23 pages

PVT Concepts Reservoir Concept

This document discusses key concepts related to reservoir fluids in three phases: black oil, solution gas drive, and dry gas. It provides schematic phase diagrams and summaries of key properties including formation volume factor, viscosity, and compressibility. Common correlations used to model properties of oil and gas are also summarized. The document is intended as an introduction and overview of phase behavior and properties of reservoir fluids for students.

Uploaded by

herikugis
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E.


Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 [email protected]
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 1

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)


Self-Evaluation: PVT Concepts
1.Reservoir Fluids:
"Black Oil" (p>pb): Bo, o, co are ASSUMED constant "Solution-Gas Drive" (all p): Bo, o, co = f(p) "Dry Gas" (p>pd): Bg, g, cg = f(p) "Black Oil" case. "Solution-Gas Drive" case. "Dry Gas" case.

2.Diffusivity Equations:

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 2

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)


Reservoir Fluids:
Schematic Phase Diagrams Generic (single and multi-component cases) Black Oil Solution-Gas Drive Dry Gas "Black Oil" (p>pb) Properties: Bo, o, co (ASSUMED constant) "Solution-Gas Drive" (all p) Properties: Bo, o, co "Dry Gas" (p>pd) Properties: Bg, g, cg Summary of Fluid Properties and Sources

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 3

Reservoir Fluids
Schematic Diagram for a Single Component System

From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Bursik (1957).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Single Component System


Note the "Liquid+Vapor" line. Single component systems not of interest, other than for illustration. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 4

Reservoir Fluids
Generic Schematic Diagram for a Multi-Component System

From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Multi-Component (Hydrocarbon) System


Note the "Bubble Point" and "Dew Point" lines. Location of critical point determines fluid type. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 5

Reservoir Fluids
Generic Schematic Diagram for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953). (modified to reflect various reservoir fluid cases)

Schematic p-T Diagram: Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids


Names represent conventional nomenclature. Locations of names represent relative locations of these fluid types. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 6

Reservoir Fluids
Black Oil p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Black Oil


Fluid is typically dark black, brown, or dark green. o>40o API, (GOR)i < 2000 scf/STB, Boi < 2.0 RB/STB, C7+ > 20 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 7

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Volatile Oil p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Volatile Oil


Fluid is typically dark brown, orange or green. o<45o API, 2000 < (GOR)i < 3300 scf/STB, Boi > 2.0 RB/STB, 12.5 < C7+ < 20 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 8

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Retrograde Gas p-T Diagram
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Retrograde Gas


Fluid is typically light brown, orange, green, or water-white. 45<o<60o API, 3300 < (GOR)i < 150,000 scf/STB, C7+ < 12.5 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 9

Reservoir Fluids
Wet Gas p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Wet Gas


Fluid is typically very light water-white. (GOR)i > 50,000 scf/STB. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 10

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Dry Gas p-T Diagram
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Dry Gas


No fluid is produced at surface or in the reservoir. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 11

Reservoir Fluids "Black Oil" Fluid Properties (Various)

"Black Oil" PVT Properties: (general behavior, pb=5000 psia)


Note the dramatic influence in properties at the bubblepoint pressure. The oil compressibility is the most affected variable (keep this in mind). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 12

"Solution-Gas Drive" Properties (1/(oBo) for p<pb)

Reservoir Fluids

"Solution-Gas Drive" PVT Properties: (1/(oBo), p<pb, pb=5000 psia) Attempt to illustrate that 1/(oBo) constant for p<pb.
This would allow us to approximate behavior using "liquid" equations. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 13

"Solution-Gas Drive" Properties (oco for p<pb)

Reservoir Fluids

"Solution-Gas Drive" PVT Properties: (oco, p<pb, pb=5000 psia) Attempt to illustrate that oco is NEVER constant.
CAN NOT approximate behavior using "liquid" equations (or so it seems). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 14

"Dry Gas" gz vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (gz vs. p)


Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation (i.e., use of p2 variable). Concept: (gz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 15

"Dry Gas" p/(gz) vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (p/(gz) vs. p)


Basis for the "pressure" approximation (i.e., use of p variable). Concept: (p/gz) = constant (never valid). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 16

"Dry Gas" gcg vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (gcg vs. p) Concept: If gcg constant, pseudotime NOT required. Readily observe that gcg is NEVER constant, pseudotime required.
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 17

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Formation Volume Factor

Formation Volume Factor: Bo,g,w


Fluid volume at reservoir conditions Bo,g,w = Fluid volume at standard conditions

Bo,g,w is defined as a volume conversion for oil, gas, or water and is defined on a mass (or density) basis.

The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surface volumes to downhole conditions. Typical values:
Orientation Phase Behavior

Oil: 1.2 to Gas: 0.003 to

2.4 RB/STB 0.01 rcf/scf


Slide 18

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Fluid Viscosity

Viscosity: o,g,w
Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow ... the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress, a sort of internal friction. Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. Typical values: Oil: 0.2 to 30 cp Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 19

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Fluid Compressibility Fluid Compressibility: co,g,w
1 dBo Bg dRso + co = Bo dp Bo dp
1 dBg cg = Bg dp

1 dBw Bg dRsw + cw = Bw dp Bw dp

Typical values: Oil: 5 30 Gas: 50 Water: 3

to to to to

20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb) 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb) 1000x10-6 psi-1 5 x10-6 psi-1

Formation Compressibility: cf
1 d cf = dp

Typical values: Normal: 2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1 Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1


Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 20

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Oil PVT Correlations Oil PVT Correlations
Rs/pb Standing Lasater Vasquez and Beggs Glaso Lasater- Standing Petrosky and Farshad Beggs and Robinson Beal Bo

co

generally used as default)


Slide 21

Orientation Phase Behavior

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Gas PVT Correlations Gas PVT Correlations
z-factor Dranchuk, et al. Beggs and Brill Hall and Yarborough Lee, et al. Carr, et al.

generally used as default)

Gas compressibility (cg) is computed from the z-factor using: 1 dBg 1 1 dz = cg = Bg dp p z dp


Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 22

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

End of Module

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E.


Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 [email protected]
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 23

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