Physics Internal Assessment Bouncing Ball Experiment

Variables: - Dependent Variable: The height of the first bounce - Independent Variable: Initial height (dropping height) - Controlled Variable: The type of ball used, the same rubber ball is used throughout the experiment in order to make the controlled variable.
Theoretical Background: Gravitational force of Earth

Materials:

Gravity is the force that is created by the rotation of the Earth. The rotation causes an inward pull towards the Earths center. That is why balls (and all other objects on Earth) falls towards the ground when they are dropped. Gravity on Earth is constant at approximately 9.8 ms2 . Since the gravity is constant, then the potential energy of the ball is also constant.

Rubber Ball Meter ruler, hanged on wall usingg a nail Paper

Variables:

Joshua Kurniawan

Dependent Variable: Velocity (distance/time) Independent Variable: Mass of parachute Design Control Variable: Height, type of material used as the parachute (paper), the room where there is no wind so it doesnt effect the fall Aim: the parachute. experiment is to compare between ratio of the of The aim of this initial height the height of first bounce of a rubber ball due to changing Procedure in controlling the variable: In this the dropping height. experiment the control variable is the height. Therefore in controlling the height first, I set the Research Question: Is the ratio of a supporting base and forconstant height and place the first bounce of a ball each throughout all dropping heights? experiment I will release the paper helicopter from the tip of the supporting rod. Hypothesis: The ratio of the height of the initial point (dropping point) and the height of the first bounce will be constant throughout all dropping heights. This is because the gravitational force is the always Materials: the same on earth and the height of the first bounce increases when the initial height is raised. Another factor that may support the hypothesis is the potential energy of the ball, which is also constant Scissors since Tissue only one ball is used. Papers String Weight Tape Ruler (uncertainty) Pre-design of parachute photo (refer to what page) Measuring tape (with a measurement error 0.5mm) Vernier motion detector Laptop (logerpro integrated) Stopwatch (with a measurement error 0.0005s) Supporting base Double clamp Steel Rod (diameter and length) Method:

1. Cut 5 papers with different size. Each paper will have the same height and width.

2. Measure the first paper by 28x28cm. Trace the line by the size and cut the paper exactly according to the size. 3. For the second paper, measure the paper by 26x26cm. Trace the line by the size and cut the paper exactly according to its size. 4. Next, measure the paper by 24x24cm. Trace the line by the size and cut exactly according to its size. 5. Then, for the last paper measure it by 22x22cm. Trace the line according to its size and cut the paper by its size. 6. Afterwards, cut 20 piece of string by 26cm for each string. 7. Each parachute will use 4 strings to be attached to its edge. Attach the string in the edge with tape (see figure 1) 8. Repeat step 7 for all 4 parachute. 9. Next, gather the string in the other side that is not attached with tape. After gathering it in the middle and tape it together (see figure 2) 10. Repeat step 9 for every parachute. 11. Next, cut a small piece of string and tie the end of the string to make a circle in the middle, like a ring shape (see figure 3) 12. Repeat step 11 for 4 times. 13. The ring shape string will be attached to each end of the string for each parachute. This is use to control the mass that will be attached to each parachute. With so, the mass will stay in the middle of the parachute (see figure 4)

14. Next, attach the mass in each parachute (see figure 5) 15. Next step, we should control the height for releasing the parachute. To control the height, use a support base and clamp holder (see figure 6). In this experiment we will use a device to measure the velocity of each parachute. 16. We will use vernier motion detector. The motion detector willl be clamp by the holder (see figure 7). Stick small piece of paper in the vernier motion detector to be use to control the height. The parachute should be released exactly below the paper (see figure 8). Place the support base and the support rod that have assembled on top of the desk until it reaches 1.76 meters. Do not change the position until the experiment is done.

thoughConnect and usecablesmall.of the average velocity of of the InGraph 3: Maximum & mass of the parachute, not the size for the the graph, we belowis very value It would affect the detector toVelocity 17. The table will is the Minimum Gradient Terminal the difference USB motion Terminal Velocity .vs. Conclusion theGraph 1: from the vernierTerminalresult each the Terminal Velocity Sqd and is that since graph below, Velocity .vs. velocity. Another x-axis..vs. Mass in software Loggerwe will changeis parachute(see figure 6), Therefore, thethe the vernier motion detectorMass laptop in MassMass parachute limitations open the Pro. Sqd .vs. Evaluation very sensitive, there the size1: the parachute become a possibilitythe parachute. during of where our hand Aspect of Maximum Gradient = could also bethe massMaximum Gradient = releasing the logger pro, might affect theexperiment, physics with the parachute click file, open, result of the velocity graph in 18. Parachute Size of In two graph generated (Graph 1 and Graph 2) they have From the and choose air resistance (see figure 9). thevernier pro. logger m different value of correlation. Graph 1, Terminal Velocity .vs. Mass have Minimum Gradient = Minimum Gradient = Mass ofCollection (v) Data Parachute -0.9657 and graph 2, Terminal Velocity Sqd .vs. h=0.05cm Velocity the =0.05g Terminal Velocity VT (m/s) correlation value g 19. Click the green play button ms-1 have the correlation value -0.9545. Theat the same time nearest Processing Mass value that is the when you ms-1 Terminal Velocity2 VT2 (m2/s2) Aspect 3: Velocity (vavg) Average best. From the two values we UncertaintiesGraph 1 (Terminal to 1 is release the parachute. the of 1.540 4.9 can see that of Gradient Uncertainties1 isGradient data collected from the experiment (for each The ms-1table1.241the first =1.069 1.143 5.7 1.027 1.055 6.7 0.882 0.778 = ms-1 4.3 .vs. Mass) have the value nearest to 1. Meaning that Graph 1 is Velocity parachute there are 3 trials) 22 1.250 get negative 1.226 before the correlation value the be ignored Duebest. The the velocity, we should see the gradient of different trials to the limitations sign 24 1.119 1.069 1.035 1.055 26 linear line the20. To1.241 1.247 the results might not be accurate, can 1.022 1.027 1.001 the graph.0.864 different result even though it isthe linear line in might come out (cm) figure 10) in just 28 (see 0.882 0.899 0.881 since it1.058 determine the direction. The direction of the parachute is Size of Parachute with in the Trial 1 same size. There should that is why the value is negative. the this graph is going downwards be some improvements needed in process ms-1 Trialand the databest fit in surethe1 doesnt pass any uncertainty 3 However,2the line of collection in that for each parachute the results 21. Record the data, make Graph experiment to make there are ms-1 Trial 3 asof best fit in Graphpay more one uncertainty controlled as accurate bars. The line we repeatFirst,experiment 3 attention to theparachute. data. Since possible. the to 2 passes times for each bars (5.7, ms-1 Velocity 1 22 1.250 1.247 1.226 Velocity 2 24we should make sure that3 26 1.022 variables. During conducting doesnt pass the origin, 1.035 it doesnt 1.0). Also, the line of best fit the experiment 1.119 thus 1.055 Velocity 1.001 1.058 Velocity 4 be released from the same height. For each trial we each parachute will 28 relationship. establish a proportional0.864 0.899 0.881 22. After recording the data, add the the parachute is released and need to make sure that the point where 3 data for each parachute is in As we can see from the uncertainties parachute. 2 and VT the values is value of VT thefind the average velocity for each same exact height. Each parachute may land on a different very small compared to the uncertainties of mass, which is 0.05g. direction, meaning that the distance traveled is not equal for every Where, the value of VT2 is 0.0235 and the value of uncertainties *note: the uncertainties this problem by making ignored where we use parachute. We could fix of the velocity could be a track since the gradient of VT is 0.0225. The value of the gradient uncertainty is very the vernierwill be released on that track until it lands. The use of the parachute motion detector because the uncertainties from the vernier small compared to the uncertainty of mass could be caused by motion detector is too small. fall perpendicularly from the ground track is so the parachute will systematic or random error that will be discussed in the conclusion. From the both any further (see figure see Another resistance does the without going graph we can roughly 9). that air way to improve give an effect foris that it could be doneWhen the parachute reachno wind at experiment the falling parachute. in an area where there is the point The secondmuch people is theequal room. This could will willgenerated where the downward force is averagethe upward force be slower all and not table below inside the to velocity that also keep the for each parachute The last thing to improve the experiment is below. down theconstant. from the 3 trials. the ground. The hypothesis of this distance parachute from landing to The formula is in the box by Graph 4: Maximum & Minimum Gradient Terminal experiment the experiment more than graph we each parachute. conducting is correct, whereTerminal trial for can see as the surface Graph 2: from the 3 Velocity Sqd Velocity .vs. Mass area gets bigger .vs. Mass the velocity decreases. Since the (bigger mass) parachute with a bigger surface area= Average Velocity (higher mass) the parachute will reach that point faster than smaller parachute. Mass does also give an effect to the terminal velocity of a falling object. Example of finding average velocity (22cm): At terminal velocity, the downward force is equal to the upward force, so mg = bv or mg = cv2. In the equation, c and b are constant. So the terminal velocity is affected by the mass of the object. Aspect 2: Size of Parachute (cm) Terminal Velocity VT (m/s) In the box below is the counting ms-1 Terminal Velocity2 VT2 (m2/s2) of each of the average velocity for the 4 parachutes: ms-1 22experiment there are several1.027 1.055 28 0.882 0.778 In this 1.241 1.540 24 1.069 1.143 26 limitations. The first example is the Average velocity (22cm): height of the parachute released. Even thought the height of the parachute is the controlled variable, but, the point where the parachute is released there might be at different height in different trials. The difference might only be very small. However, it might effect the final measurements (terminal velocity). The:measurements might not be Average Velocity (24cm) accurate. Also, there is the possibility where not all parachute will fall perpendicularly to the ground. Therefore, the time taken for the parachute to fall will be longer. Also, the distance traveled is not equal with the other parachute even Average Velocity (26cm):

Average Velocity (28cm): = Minimum Gradient

= Maximum Gradient