SDH Basics
SDH Basics
SDH Basics
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ULH DWDM
ASON FTTH
PDH Hierarchy
Japan
1.6Gbit/s 400Mbit/s
North America
Europe
PDH Signals
140 Mbit/s
139,264 Kbit/s
Level 3 4x34
Level 2 4x8
Level 1 4x2
565
140
139264 kBit/s
Subscribers
34
34368 kBit/s
8448 kBit/s
2048 kBit/s
PDH - Limitations
Almost no standardised Network Management facilities Proprietary, non-standard systems have evolved Difficult to supply Bandwidth on Demand Cannot Add/Drop individual channels from higher orders without complete de multiplexing Leads to Multiplexer mountains
Advantages of SDH International standard NNI specifications, uniform two traditional digital hierarchy Based on direct synchronous multiplexing and flexible mapping Provide abundant built-in signal capacity for network Operation, Administration and Maintenance(OAM)
Definition of SDH
SDH stands for: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and is: An international standard for a high capacity optical telecommunications network A synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a more simple,economical, and flexible telecommunications network infrastructure
SDH Advantages
Network Management standardised. Enables central monitoring & control Simplified Multiplexing Can add and drop channels easily using software not hardware Bandwidth on demand semi-permanent circuits Open Systems Standardised interfaces Inter-working between different vendors equipment is possible for traffic, not management
Data Telephony
Data
STM-16
STM-4 STM-4
STM-1
Advantages of layered networks Grooming between layers - efficient use of the above layer Modular - easy to expand Easy to understand and maintain Supports introduction of new service nodes
RING
DOUBLE RING
STAR
Configurations
S/XMUX
S/XMUX
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER
ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER
XMUX ONLY
S/XMUX
DOUBLE REGENERATOR
Tributaries
MS
Tributary signal RS
MS
RS RS Tributary signal
TM
ADM
REG REG
TM
PATH
MS: multiplexer section REG: regenerator TM: terminal multiplexer RS: regenerator section
8000frame/s
MN bytes
N row
1 2
M column
2.1 NNI
NNI(Network Node Interface):The interface at a network node is used to interconnect with another network node. Location of NNI
NNI NNI NNI NNI
TR
SM SM
Line/ radio
DXC /EA
Line/ radio SM
SM
TR
TR
TR
TR
SM
SM
TR
DXC: Digital cross-connect equipment EA: External Access equipment SM: Synchronous Multiplexer TR: Tributary
SDH
OC-3/STS-3 OC-9/STS-9
(8046CH)
2.5G 10G
STM-16 (30720CH)
OC-48/STS-48
(32356CH) (129024CH)
Byte-interleaved multiplexing
STM-1 SIG A
BYTE
STM-1 SIG B STM-1 SIG C
INTERLEAVED
STM-4 (4STM-1)
MUX
STM-1 SIG D
8000 frame/s 9*270*N(bytes) 155.520Mbit/s 1 RSOH 3 4 5 AU PTR STM-N MSOH 9 9*N 261*N PAYLOAD Transport order
OH(overhead) : provide the functions required by the network to efficiently transport the information payload across the SDH network. OH category
SOH(section overhead)
MSOH (Multiplexer SOH)(row5 to 9) RSOH (Regenerator SOH)(row 1 to 3)
POH(path overhead)
A1
A1
A2 E1 D2 H2
A2
A2 J0/C1 F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 H3 H3
B2
B2
K1 D5 D8 D11
Z1
Z1
M1
Z2
Z2
E2
J0 F1 D3
3 4 5 6
K2 D6 D9 D12 M1 E2
7 8 9
Synchronisation status
STM-1 SOH
9bytes
A1 B1 D1 A1 B2 A1 A2 E1 D2 A2 A2 J0 F1 D3 K2 D6 D9 D12 M1 E2
RSOH
9 row
B2 D4 D7 D10 S1
AU PRT B2 K1 D5 D8 D11
MSOH
Detail in G.782
1.Framing: A1, A2
A1: 11110110 A2: 00101000
3.Spare: Z0
These bytes are reserved for future international standardization.
4.BIP-8: B1
B1 is allocated for regenerator section error monitoring. This function shall be a Bit Interleaved Parity 8 (BIP-8) code using even parity. The BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the previous STM-N frame after scrambling and is placed in byte B1 of the current frame before scrambling.
6.User channel: F1
This byte is reserved for user purposes (eg. to provide temporary data/voice channel connection for special maintenance purposes)
10.MS-RDI: K2 (b6-b8)
The Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication (MS-RDI) is used to return an indication to the transmit end that the received end has detected an incoming section defect or is receiving MS-AIS. MS-RDI is generated by inserting a "110" code in positions 6, 7 and 8 of the K2 byte before scrambling.
3.1 Basic multiplexing unit 3.2 Multiplexing Structure 3.3 Mapping 3.4 Aligning - Pointers 3.5 Multiplexing
STMN
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
139264kbit/s
3 3
AU-3 VC-3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
7
C-3 TUG2
7
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping
TU-2
C-2 C-12
3 4
TU12 TU11
C-11
1544kbit/s
Container ( C-n) Virtual Container (VC-n) Tributary Unit and Tributary Unit Group (TU and TUG) Administrative Unit and Administrative Unit Group (AU and AUG)
A container is the information structure which forms the network synchronous information payload for a Virtual Container. Type of C-n (for PDH rate hierarchy) C-11,C-12,C-2,C-3,C-4
C-n
A Virtual Container is the information structure used to support path layer connections in the SDH. VC-n=C-n+VC-n POH Types of Virtual Containers Lower order VC-n (n=1, 2, 3) Higher order VC-n (n=3, 4)
= =
Service/ PDH Container
Virtual Container
A Tributary Unit is an information structure which provides adaptation between the lower order path layer and the higher order path layer. TU-n=VC-n+TU-n PTR
Justification bit
C12
2Mbit/s
POH
TU12
TU-Pointer TU
VC12
C-1 C1 2Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
VC12
One or more Tributary Units, occupying fixed, defined positions in a higher order VC-n payload is termed a Tributary Unit Group (TUG). A TUG-2 consists of a homogeneous assembly of identical TU-1s or a TU-2. A TUG-3 consists of a homogeneous assembly of TUG-2s or a TU-3.
An Administrative Unit is the information structure which provides adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer. AU-n=VC-n+AU-n PTR; n=3,4 AU-n PTR: indicates the offset of the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start.
One or more Administrative Units occupying fixed, defined positions in an STM payload are termed an Administrative Unit Group (AUG). An AUG consists of a homogeneous assembly of AU-3s or an AU-4.
STMN
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
139264kbit/s
3 3
AU-3 VC-3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
7
C-3 44736kbit/s 34368kbit/s 6312kbit/s 2048kbit/s
7
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping
TUG2
TU-2
C-2 C-12
3
TU12
4
TU11 C-11 1544kbit/s
63TU-12
PTR + VC-12
POH + C-12
2M
TUG2
21TUG-2
TUG2
TUG2
TU-12
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
PTR +
TUG2
AU-4
AU- PTR +
TUG-3
STM-N N STM-1 SOH AU-4 PTR VC-4 POH TUG-3, 2 3 7, 3 TU-12 PTR VC-12 POH C-12 Voice/data
multiplexing
aligning
mapping
3.3 Mapping Mapping:A procedure by which tributaries are adapted into Virtual Containers at the boundary of an SDH network.
Justification bits POH
= =
Service/ PDH Container
Virtual Container
SDH Hierarchy
STM-64 x4 x64 STM-16 x16 x4 STM-4 x4 STM-1 AUG x3 AU-3 AU-4 VC-4 x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
E3: 34.368Mb/s DS3: 44.736Mb/s
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
9039.872Mb/s
x16
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
2259.968Mb/s
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
564.992Mb/s
C-4
E4: 139.264Mb/s
C-3
Synchronous Transport Module Administrative Unit Group: One or more AU(s) Administrative Unit: VC + pointers Virtual Container: payload + path overhead
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
DS2:6.312 Mb/s
C-12
E1: 2.048Mb/s
C-11
DS1:1.544Mb/s
3 1
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
C-3 Payload
G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
C-3 Payload
Vx
TUG-3
TUG-2/VC12 Muxed
V C 1 2
One 139 264 kbit/s signal can be mapped into a VC-4 of an STM-1 frame . VC-4 = C-4 + VC-4 POH The VC-4 consists of a 9-byte (1 column) Path Overhead (POH) plus a 9 row by 260 column payload structure . This payload can be used to carry one 139 264 kbit/s signal.
1*13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
12bytes
20*13bytes = 260bytes
C-4/125s
I
W X Y Y Y X Y Y Y X Y Y Y X Y Y Y X Y Z W X Y Z I I I I I I I I C R R R R R O O R R R R R R R R I I I I I I S R I: O: R: C: S: Information bit Overhead bit Fixed stuff bit Justification control bit Justification opportunity bit
1 byte 13 bytes J1
VC-4
AU-4 PTR
B3 C2 G1
SOH
F2 H4 F3 K3
N1 20 blocks of 13 bytes
T1518350-95
1.Path trace:J1
J1 is used to transmit repetitively a Path Access Point Identifier so that a path receiving terminal can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter.
2.Path BIP-8:B3
B3 is allocated for a path error monitoring function.
3.Signal label:C2
One byte is allocated to indicate the composition or the maintenance status of the VC-4/VC-3.
4.Path status:G1
G1is allocated to convey the path status and performance back to a VC4/VC-3 trail termination source as detected by a trail termination sink.
6.Position indicator:H4
This byte provides a generalized position indicator for payloads and can be payload specific (e.g. H4 can be used as a multi frame position indicator for the VC-2/VC-1).
9.Spare: K3 (b5-b8)
These bits are allocated for future use. These bits have no defined value. The receiver is required to ignore their content.
1.V5 byte
The byte V5 provides the functions of error checking, signal label and path status of the VC-2/VC-1 paths.
2.Path Trace: J2
Byte J2 is used to transmit repetitively a Low Order Path Access Point Identifier so that a path receiving terminal can verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter.
5.Reserved: K4 (b5-b7)
Bit 5 to 7 of K4 are reserved for an optional use. If this option is not used, these bits shall be set to "000" or "111".
6.Spare: K4 (b8)
This bit is allocated for future use.
SDH aligning: A procedure by which the frame offset information is incorporated into the Tributary Unit or the Administrative Unit when adapting to the frame reference of the supporting layer. pointer: An indicator whose value defines the frame offset of a Virtual Container with respect to the frame reference of the transport entity on which it is supported.
The AU-n pointer provides a method of allowing flexible and dynamic alignment of the VC-n within the AU-n frame. The TU-n pointer provides a method of allowing flexible and dynamic alignment of VC-n within the TU-n frame, independent of the actual content of the VC-n. Dynamic alignment means that the VC-n is allowed to "float" within the AU-n frame. Thus, the pointer is able to accommodate differences, not only in the phases of the VC-n and the SOH, but also in the frame rates.
If there is a frequency offset between the frame rate of the AUG and that of the VC-n, then the pointer value will be incremented or decremented as needed, accompanied by a corresponding positive or negative justification byte or bytes. Consecutive pointer operations must be separated by at least three frames (i.e. every fourth frame) in which the pointer value remains constant.
3.5 Multiplexing SDH multiplexing: A procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted into a higher order path or the multiple higher order path layer signals are adapted into a multiplex section.
1 J1 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 POH
85
C-3
VC-3
Floating phase
H1
H2
H3
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AU-4
Fixed phase
AUG
Fixed Stuff
86 column
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
TU-11
TU-12
TU-2
TUG-2
12
3 4
12
3 4 (1)
12
3 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 12 3 3 3 3 (2)
TUG-3
(3) 123 45
(7) 123 67
80
123
45
123 67
45
67
45
67
86
1 2 3 456 78 9
Fixed Stuff
x63 2 Mbit/s
VC-12
x16 x3
VC-4 VC-3
STM-N
+POH
+POH
+POH
+SOH
Summary An introduction to SDH NNI and the SDH frame structure The formats for mapping and multiplexing PDH into an STM-N frame
Protection
Equipment Protection and Service Protection Protection and Restoration Linear and ring protection MSP and MSP-ring 2-Fiber and 4-Fiber Path Protection and Multiplex Section Protection
Tributaries
TM
STM-16
TM
Tributaries
STM-16
Tributaries
TM
ADM
TM
MSP 1+1
MSP 1+1
TM
Tributaries
TM
Tributaries
Working
Protected Traffic
Working Protected Traffic Low priority Traffic (optional) Protection Protected Traffic Low priority Traffic (optional)
Working Protect Traffic Low priority Traffic (interrupted) Protection Protect Traffic Low priority Traffic (interrupted)
Tributaries
Tributaries
ADM
ADM
STM-16 ADM
STM-16
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
ADM
ADM
STM-16 ADM
STM-16
Tributaries
Tributaries
ADM
TM
ADM
ADM
TM
ADM
Summary
Describe the historical evolution of time synchronization List main synchronization requirements Describe the network element synchronization modes
Review Questions
In general, why is synchronization needed? How is synchronization achieved in PDH networks? How is synchronization achieved in SDH networks?
Synchronization
If synchronization not guaranteed, considerable degradation in network function, and even total failure of the network can be the result. All network element should be synchronized with a central clock. Central clock is generated by a high precision primary reference clock (PRC) unit conforming to ITU-T Rec.G811 This specifies an accuracy of 110-11 This clock signal should be distributed through the entire network A hierarchical structure is used. (SSU, SEC) Synchronization signal paths can be same as those used for SDH communications.
Synchronization
PRC G.811
Synchronization The clock signal is regenerated in the SSUs and SECs with the aid of phase locked loops. If the clock supply fails, the affected NE switches over to a clock source with the same or lower quality, or if this is not possible, it switches to HO mode. Clock islands should be avoided, this is prevented by signaling the NEs with the aid of synchronization status messages (SSM, part of S1 byte).
GFP Introduction
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) All optical network client signals must be mapped in some way to an underlying optical transport payload container in order to transport the client through the network. Typically, past mapping methods have been either fixed mappings or very narrow in scope
For example, Packet On SONET (POS), maps only IP packets over PPP in HDLC like framing.
GFP is more efficient and effective; its two modes can accommodate many different client signals GFP ensures interoperability when connecting different manufacturers equipment
The entire client packet is dropped into a GFP frame Data Client signals such as Ethernet, PPP and DVB are queued waiting to be mapped Some codes can be removed to minimize the transmission size The encapsulation processes described above increase latency, making GFPF inappropriate for time-sensitive protocols
GFP-T client signals are mapped into fixed-length GFP frames and transmitted immediately without waiting for the entire client data packet to be received. ALL the client characters, without exception, are transported to the far end. GFP-T is very good for time sensitive use .This is because it is not necessary to process client frames or to wait for arrival of the complete frame.
Features of VC:
Independent transmission of VC SDH network Multi-path transmission of VC Flexible bandwidth allocation Independent path protection of each virtual container
Multi-vendor
C4
C4
C4
C4
LCAS
Thank you!
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