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The document provides definitions and explanations of various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations: data error, conversion error, numerical error, round off error, and truncation error. It also defines absolute error, relative error, and percentage error. Several questions are then presented related to finding roots of equations numerically using methods like bisection, regula falsi, and iteration. The questions are solved showing the step-by-step workings. Matrix operations like finding the adjoint and inverse are also explained, along with solving a question to find the rank of a matrix using row reduction.

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Vipul Desai
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597 views9 pages

BC0043 Solved

The document provides definitions and explanations of various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations: data error, conversion error, numerical error, round off error, and truncation error. It also defines absolute error, relative error, and percentage error. Several questions are then presented related to finding roots of equations numerically using methods like bisection, regula falsi, and iteration. The questions are solved showing the step-by-step workings. Matrix operations like finding the adjoint and inverse are also explained, along with solving a question to find the rank of a matrix using row reduction.

Uploaded by

Vipul Desai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BC0043- Computer Oriented Numerical methods

Question 1: 1. Explain the following terms in five sentences each


(i) Data error (ii) Conversion error (iii) Numerical error (iv) Round off error (v) Truncation error (vi) Significant digits Answer:

Absolute Errors: Definition Absolute error is the numerical difference between its true value of a quantity and its approximate value. If X is the true quantity and Xa is its approximate value then the absolute error Ea is given by : such that | X absolute error and is said to measure absolute accuracy. Relative Errors: Definition The relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value of the quantity and this is denoted by Er

the relative accurancy. Percentage Errors: Definition The percentage error Ep is given by 2

Observation: 1. The relative and percentage errors are independent of the units used while absolute error is expressed in terms of there units. 2. if number X is rounded to N decimal places, then Xis the absolute accuracy.

Question2:Find the real root of the equation x3 4x 9 = 0 using the


Bisectionmethod. Answer:

Question3 Find a real root of the equation x3 2x 5 = 0 by the method


of regula-falsi position, correct to three decimal places. Answer: Let f (x) = x3 2x 5 Then f (1) = 1 2 5 = 6 < 0 f (2) = 8 4 5 = 1 < 0 f (3) = 276 5 = 16 > 0 Hence a root lies between 2 and 3.

Take x1= 2, x2= 3, f (x1) = 1, f (x2) = 16, in the method of false position, we get

X3=x1-

=2-

==2+ I/17=2.0588

Now f(x3) = f(2.0588) = (2.0588)3 2 2.0588 5 = 0.3908 < 0.Since f(2.0588) < 0 we have that root lies between 2.0588 and 3.0.Replacex1by x3, and generate the next approximation using the formula,x4= x3 = 2.0588 = 2.0813.Repeating this process, the successive approximations are x5= 2.0862,x6= 2.0915, x7= 2.0934, x8= 2.0941, x9= 2.0943 etc.Hence the root x = 2.094 correct to three decimal places.

Question4: Find a real root of the transcendental equation cosx 3x + 1 = 0, correct to four decimal places using the method of iteration. Answer: Let f(x) = cos x 3x + 1.
Now f(0) = cos 0 0 + 1 = 2 > 0 and f+ 1 < 0. Therefore a root lies between 0 and f . Rewriting the given equation cos x 3x + 1 = 0 as (i)

(x) = (1 + cos x) (say)

Differentiate with respect to c on both sides we get:

x1 x2 x3 x4 x5

0)

= = = = =

(1+ cos 0) = 0.6667 (1+ cos 0.6667) = 0.5953 (1+ cos 0.5953) = 0.6093 (1+ cos 0.6093) = 0.6067 (1+ cos 0.6067) = 0.6072

1)

2)

3)

4)

x6 5) = (1+ cos 0.6072) = 0.6071 x7 6) = (1+ cos 0.6071) = 0.6071 Hence we take the solution as x = 0.6071 correct to 4 decimal place

Question5: 5. Compute the adjoint as well as the inverse of the matrix A=1 2 3
ele
a11 = 1

min = 9 16 = 7

cof (1)1+1 (7) = 7

134 143

a12 = 2

= 3 4 = 1

(-1)1+2 (1) = 1

a13 = 3

=43=1

(1)1+3 1 = 1

a21 =1

= 6 12 = 6

(1)2+1 (6) = 6 (1)2+2 0 = 0

a22 = 3

=33=0

A23 = 4

=42=2

(1)2+3 (2) = 2

A31 = 1

= 8 9 = 1

(1)3+1 (1) = 1

A32 = =4

=43=1

(1)3+1 (1) = 1

a33 = 3

=32=1

(1)3+3 1 = 1.

The adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing each element of A by its co-factor in A.

A-1 is, A1 = Observations: i) Inverse of a matrix is unique. ii) (AB)1 = B1 A1 iii) AA1 = A1A = I .

Question6: 6. Find the rank of the matrix


1345 2351 1232 using elementary row transformation Answer: The rank of A min {3, 4} = 3.

A=

Firstly we use the leading entry in the first row 1 to make the leading entries in second and third rows to zero.

The above matrix is in the echelon form having two non-zero rows. Hence the rank of A is 2.

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