International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 4 Number 12 (2009) pp.

25052526 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer.htm

Exery Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

1

T. Hari Prasad, 2K. Poli Reddy and 3D. Raghu Rami Reddy
1

Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engg. and Technology, Chittoor, India E-mail: [email protected] 2 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brilliant Insttute of Technology, Hyderabad, India 3 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Vidyaniketan College of Engineering, Tirupati, India

Abstract Thermodynamic processes in refrigeration systems release large amount of heat to the environment. Heat transfer between the system and the surroundings environment takes place at a finite temperature difference, which is a major source of irreversibility for the cycle. Irreversibility causes the system performance to degrade. The Losses in the cycle need to evaluate considering individual thermodynamic process that make up the cycle. First law analysis is still the most commonly used method in the analysis of thermal systems. The first law is only concerned with the conservation of energy, and it gives no information on how, where, and how much the system performance is degraded. Exergy analysis is powerful tool in design, optimization and performance evaluation of energy systems. The principle and methodologies of exergy analysis are well established. An exergy analysis is usually aimed to determine the maximum performance of the system and identify the sites of energy destruction. Exergy analysis of complex systems can be performed by analyzing the components of the systems separately. Identifying the main sites of exergy destruction shows the direction for potential improvements. In the present work, a computational model based on the exergy analysis is presented for the investigation of exergy losses, the second law efficiency and the second law efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle. It is found that the evaporating and condensing temperatures having strong effects on the exergy losses in the

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evaporator and condenser, on the second law efficiency and COP of the cycle but little effects on the exergy losses in the compressor and the expansion valve.It is also found that degree of sub cooling and Degree of super heating have strong effects on exergy losses, second law efficiency and COP of the cycle. Keywords: Exergy, Refrigeration, Second law of efficiency, refrigeration cycle and evaporator

Introduction
Thermodynamic processes in refrigeration systems release large amount of heat to the environment. Heat transfer between the system and the surroundings environment takes place at a finite temperature difference, which is a major source of irreversibility for the cycle. Irreversibility causes the system performance to degrade. The Losses in the cycle need to evaluate considering individual thermodynamic process that make up the cycle. First law analysis is still the most commonly used method in the analysis of thermal systems. The first law is only concerned with the conservation of energy, and it gives no information on how, where, and how much the system performance is degraded. Exergy analysis is powerful tool in design, optimization and performance evaluation of energy systems. The principle and methodologies of exergy analysis are well established. An exergy analysis is usually aimed to determine the maximum performance of the system and identify the sites of energy destruction. Exergy analysis of complex systems can be performed by analyzing the components of the systems separately. Identifying the main sites of exergy destruction shows the direction for potential improvements. An important of Exergy analysis for the systems that consume work such as refrigeration, liquefaction of gasses and distillation of water is finding the minimum work required for a certain desired results The present trend of resource depletion and environmental destruction raise the question of exergy use in the society. The persistent avoidance of using the exergy concept in the society has tragic consequences. Exergy analysis is needed if we are serious in our efforts of a more equitable distribution of resources in the world and of our concern for the future generations. The Exergy of a system is the maximum useful work that can be extracted from that system until it reaches equilibrium with its environment. Exergy can be destroyed by irreversibilities of a process. An examination of thermodynamic principles reveals that the current focus on energy conservation, as a strategy, is at best incomplete and at worst wholly incorrect. As it is converted from one form to another, energy is neither lost nor destroyed. It does, however, "lose a certain quality which can be described as its ability to do work." Since it is the ability of energy to do work which gives energy its value to society, we should strive to conserve available work (exergy), not energy. An exergy analysis or 2nd Law analysis is a very powerful way of optimizing complex thermodynamic systems. In vapour compression refrigeration cycle an

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exergy analysis can be used to identify which components of the system are responsible for irreversibility or lost work and developments can then be directed at those components.

Literature Survey
There have been several studies on the exergy analysis of refrigeration and heat pump systems [8-15]. Leidenfrost[15] investigated performance of a refrigeration cycle using R-12 as the refrigerant based on the exergy analysis. Akau and Schoenhals [8] studied a heat pump system experimentally that uses water as the heat source and heat sink. Kaygusuz and Ayhan [12] presented the experimental results of the exergy analysis of a solar assisted heat pump system. They investigated the effects of various parameters on the system performance. Torres-Reyes et al. [13,14] also studied a solar assisted heat pump experimently and optimized the system using exergy analysis. Chen et al. [11] studied the optimization of multistage endoreversible combined refrigeration. Kanoglu [6] presented a methodology for the exergy analysis of multistage cascade refrigeration cycle and obtained the minimum work relation for the liquefaction of natural gasses. The conventional view expressed by Strobridge [16] that the exergetic efficiency of the actual refrigeration cycle does not depend on the refrigeration temperature was questioned by Bejan [8]. He showed that the exergetic efficiencies decrease as the refrigeration temperature increases. He offered two simple models to explain this trend. In his models, thermodynamic imperfections are explained largely by heat transfer irrversibilities. Clausius [19] in 1851 stated that real processes are irreversible and the irreversibility I, is given by: I = To S Gibbs [19] in 1876 introduced the term available energy for the useful part of the energy. However, the term remained unused. In the 1889 Guoy [19] stated that even though every body possesses energy all the energy is not useful. He also developed an expression for the useful part of energy of a closed system in terms of the internal energy. He referred it as energy suitable for use. Stodola studied flow processes and derived an expression for the free technical energy i.e., the energy that can be converted to work in terms of enthalpy. On the basis of the work of Clausius, Guoy and Stodola, the Guoy-Stodola Law was enunciated. It states as follows: Irreversibility of processes influence the work produced by heat engines. The loss of work (Wloss) due to irreversibility of processes is equal to the product of the temperature of the environment, TO, and the sum of the increases of entropy of all the bodies participating in the process, Thus, Wloss = To S This method explains why the efficiency of a heat engine is low and suggests that the performance can be improved only by reducing irreversibility. As against this the

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heat balance method just gives information about the consumption of an engine without going into causes. The Guoy-Stodola law [19] was hardly used up to 1938. Only a few investigators in France and Keenan in USA did some work in this direction. The maximum work that can be obtained from a system was named by Keenan as Availability. Keenan also developed availability chart and carried out availability analysis for some systems. Bosnajakovic [19] developed the method considerably around 1938. He based the thermodynamic calculations on the irreversibility of processes and found out the degree of perfection of processes. He carried out entropy balance and thus found out component wise-losses indicating the components that were responsible for considerable losses. He carried out workability balance also. He represented graphically both the workability and losses. Thus different terminology such as free technical energy, available energy, availability, workability, work producing ability, suitability for producing work, free mechanical energy have been used by different investigators while carrying out Second Law analysis. Rant [20,21] in 1955 proposed the name EXERGY. This term has now been accepted all over the Europe. The exergy analysis has been used considerably since 1950. Keenan, Hibbey, Rant, Brodynasky, Ishkin, Szargut, Baehar are some of the investigators who popularised the Exergy method by developing suitable charts. In 1824, the French engineer Sadi Carnot published [20,21] a relation between heat and work which later resulted in the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. J. Willard Gibbs was the first to express the general relation for work as early as 1873. Objectives The main Objectives of the present investigations are 1. To determine the exergy loss in each component of the vapour compression refrigeration system. 2. To determine the coefficient of performance of the vapour compression system. 3. To determine the second law efficiency of the vapour compression system 4. To analyze, evaluate and optimize the performance of the vapour compression system. Under different conditions of the vapour compression refrigeration system.

Exergy analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system (refrigerant-r12)

Analysis of vapour Compression System Heat transfer from a low-temperature medium to a high temperature one requires special devices called refrigerators. Refrigerators are cyclic devices. The most frequently used refrigeration cyclic is the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. A basic system is composed of a condenser, an evaporator, a compressor and an

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expansion valve plus auxiliary and connection components. A simple vapor compressor refrigeration system as shown in the Fig. 3.1

Figure 3.1: Simple vapour compression refrigeration system.

From the first law point of view, the measure of performance of the refrigeration cycle of is the coefficient of performance (COP). For a vapor compression cycle, COP is defined as the amount of cooling produced per unit work supplied. The COP of a reversible refrigeration cycle can be expressed as
COP = Qe Te = Wnet To Te

Where Qe, Wnet, Te, and To are the evaporator load, net work input, the evaporation temperature of refrigerant in the evaporator, and the surrounding ambient temperature respectively. For given refrigeration and ambient temperatures, a reversible refrigeration cycle will have the highest COP. Although, it is difficult to evaluate the performance of a refrigeration system based only on the COP value; it is appropriate to compare performance of actual refrigeration systems with the reversible ones for the same refrigeration and ambient temperatures. Work consumed by the actual cycle is always greater than that in the corresponding reversible one and the difference is the lost work, also called exergy loss, exergy destruction, or irreversibility. The lost work can be obtained by first calculating the entropy generation. The extropy generation is a measure of magnitude of the irreversibility for a process. Entropy generation for a steady-flow process is expressed as S gen =

out

m es e

in

m is i

Qi 0 Ti

The first two terms on the right-hand side are the sums of exergy outputs and inputs and the third term is the rate of entropy transferred through the portion of the control surface where the instantaneous absolute temperatures is Ti. The lost work can be determined from WL = TOSgen

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The second law of efficiency II, also called the exergy efficiency or the effectiveness, can be defined for a refrigeration cycle as the ratio of the minimum work requirement to the actual work input. That is,

II =

W rev W rev = W ac W rev + W L

Where Wrev and Wac are the work inputs to a reversible and an actual refrigeration cycle, respectively. The work input for a reversible refrigeration cycle is determined from
To Wrev = Qe 1 Te

Exergy analysis vapour compression system A reversible thermodynamic process can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings. That is, the system and the surroundings are returned to their initial states at the end of the reverse process. This is possible only if the net heat and net work process. All real processes are irreversible. Some factors causing irreversibility in a refrigeration cycle include friction and heat transfer across a finite temperature difference in the evaporator, compressor, condenser, and refrigerant lines, subcooling to ensure pure vapor at compressor inlet, superheating to ensure pure vapor at compressor inlet, pressure drops, and heat gains in refrigerant lines. The actual vaporcompression refrigeration cycle investigated is presented in Fig. 6.2 by a temperature entropy (T-s) diagram. The assumptions made in the analysis presented in this study are:

Figure 6.2: Temperature-entropy diagram of the regrigeration cycle.

i. ii. iii. iv.

Steady state, steady flow operation, Negligible pressure drops except in the evaporator and condenser, Adiabatic compressor and expansion device, Saturated states at the condenser and evaporator outlets.

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The lines a-b-c-d-a shows reversible refrigeration cycle and the lines 1-2-3-4-1 shows are the T s diagram for the actual refrigeration cycle in Fig. 2. The compression process for the actual cycle is irreversible. Compressor takes the refrigerant from the evaporator and compresses to the condenser through the line 1-2. The line 1-2s represents the isentropic compression process. In the ideal case, the refrigerant is assumed to leave the condenser as saturated liquid at state 3 at the compressor exit pressure. In the actual case, it is unavoidable to have some pressure drop in the condenser so that is exits the condenser at state 3, and then enters the expansion value. It leaves the expansion valve at state 4, and enters the evaporator. The cycle is completed as the refrigerant exits from the evaporator at state 1 instead of state 1 because of the pressure drop in the evaporator. Entropy generation and lost work can be calculated for an irreversible-adiabatic compression process can be obtained from: I in Compressor = TO(s2-s1) This lost work may be represented by the area b-b-m-n-b on T-s diagram. Heat is rejected from the refrigerant in the condenser to the surrounding cooling fluid. The lost work in the condenser can be obtained from I in condenser = qcon + To (s3-s2) Where, qcon is the amount of heat rejected from the refrigerant as it flows through the condenser, and it can be calculated from qcon = h2 h3 = h2 h3 It can also be expressed by the integration along the line 3 2.

2 qcon = Tds 3 '' P 2 =cons

In that case, according to the Eq. (8) and Fig. 2, area 2-3-3-p-r-s-b'-2 represents the lost work due to the heat transfer and circulating fluid friction in the condenser. The lost work produced in the expansion value is represented by the area t-s-r-u-t, and it can be obtained from: I in expansion valve = TO(s4 s3) The friction due to the flow of refrigerant in the evaporator and the heat transfer from the refrigerated space at a temperature of Tc are the sources for lost work, and it can be calculated from I in evaporator = To( s1 s 4) To
Qb Tc

2512 Ws is the isentropic compressor work, which is obtained from Ws = h2s h1

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Then, the actual work requirement of the refrigeration cycle becomes: Wac = Ws + I in compressor + I in condenser + I in expansion valve + I in evaporator Exergy Analysis of vapour compression test rig. Sample calculations: The required readings are taken with the usual test rig of the vapour compression refrigeration system using R-12 as the refrigerant. Inlet temperature of the evaporator = 263.6K Out let temperature of the compressor = 350.9K Out temperature of the condenser = 314.3K Inlet temperature of the compressor = 264.3K Temperature of the refrigerant space = 289.6K = Tref Ambient temperature = 302K=T0 From pressure and enthalpy chart for R-12 h11 = 349.28Kj/Kg S11 = 1.5648Kj/KgK S21 = 1.5454 Kj/KgK h21 = 369.49Kj/Kg h3 = h4 = 241.1 Kj/Kg S2 = 1.6293 Kj/KgK S3 = 1.138 Kj/KgK S4 = 1.156 Kj/KgK Carnot Cofficient of Performance = T evp / (T cond -T evp) = 5.158 Refrigerating effect = Q ref =h1 h4 = 108.18 Kj/Kg Actual work input = h2-h1=48.13Kj/kg Carnot work = Refrigerating work/ Carnot COP =20.97 Kj/Kg Exergetic Efficiency = Carnot Work / Actual Work = 43.5% Heat released by the condenser = Qr = h2 h3 = 156.3 Kj/Kg

Analysis of evaporator Loss of Exergy in Evaporator = Tref(S1-S4) Q ref = 10.208Kj/Kg % loss of exergy in the evaporator = 21.2% Analysis of compressor Loss of exergy in compressor = T0(S2-S1) = 19.479 Kj/kg % loss of exergy in the compressor = 40.485 Analysis of condenser Loss of exery in the condenser = Qr T0 (S2 S3 ) = 7.9245kj/kg % Loss of exery in the condenser = 16.47% Analysis of throttling process Loss of exergy in throttling = T0 (S4 S3) = 5.436 kj/kg % Loss of exergy in throttling = 11.29%

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Thus the compressor contributes the major exergy losses and the degraded COP is found to be 2.91

Results and Discussions

A vapour compression cycle using R-12 as the refrigerant is considered for the present analysis. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is taken to be 85%. The cold room and ambient air temperatures are assumed to be 00 C and 200C. Case1: The exit temperature of the evaporator is varied between - 200 C and -40 C while the condensing temperature is taken at constant at 300 C. Case2: The exit temperature of condenser is varied between 240 C and 400 C while the evaporator temperature is taken at constant -40 C. Case3: The degree of sub cooling is varied between 4 0 C and 16 0 C while the evaporator temperature is taken at constant -40 C. Case4: The degree of super heating is varied between 5 0 C and 25 0 C while the Condensing temperature is taken at constant at 300 C. Then the exergy loss in each component, the coefficient of performance and the second law efficiency is calculated by an iterative scheme. In the iterative scheme, the refrigerant temperatures at the exits of compressor and expansion valve are assumed first. All physical and thermal properties of the refrigerant at the assumed states are obtained. Effects of condenser, evaporating temperature, degree of sub cooling and degree of super heating on the exergy losses, second law efficiency and COP of a vapour compression refrigeration system are investigated by drawing the different graphs. Equation solver software developed in C language with built in thermodynamic functions is used to carry out the numerical calculations. Effect of evaporator temperature
Exergy loss in kJ/Kg

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 Evaporator Tem perature in o C com pressor expansion valav condenser evaporator

Evaporator Temperature in o C Figure 4.1.1: Exergy loss in each component Vs Evaporator temperature

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The graph plotted above between the exergy losses in various components Vs evaporator temperature reveals the fallowing points 1) Greater the exergy losses takes place in takes place in the evaporator and condenses and less in other components. 2) The exergy loss in the evaporator decreases with increase of evaporator temperature. 3) The exergy losses in the condenser increase with increase of temperature. 4) The trend of the exergy loss in the evaporator decreasing with the evaporator temperature can be explained by the fact that the average temperature difference b/n the evaporator and the cold room decrease with increasing evaporator temperature. 5) The higher the temperature differences the high the exergy loss in evaporator. 6) Exergy loss in condenser has to increase to make up the decrease in the percentage exergy loss in the evaporator. 7) Note that the increase in the exergy loss in the condenses is not as pronounced as the decrease in the exergy loss in the evaporator since exergy losses in other components also increases.
Total Exergy loss in kJ/Kg

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4

Evaporator Temperature in o C

TEL

Figure 4.1.2: Total Exergy loss Vs Evaporator temperature

The graph plotted above between the total exergy loss Vs Evaporator temperature reveals the fallowing points 1) Total exergy loss decreases with increase of evaporator temperature can be explained by the fact that decrease of exergy loss in evaporator is more compared with increase of exergy loss in other components with increase in evaporator temperature. 2) Therefore total exergy loss of the system decreases with increase of evaporator temperature.

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Second law Efficiency

0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 -20 -16 -12 -8 -4 Evaporator Temperature in o C seconnd law efficiency

Figure 4.1.3: Second Law Efficiency Vs Evaporator temperature

The graph plotted above between the second law efficiency Vs evaporator temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1) The second law efficiency decrease with increase of temperature. This can be explained by fact that if evaporator temperature increases, COP max increase causing minimum exergy intake to perform the given task. 2) As the minimum exergy intake to perform to perform the given task decreases, the second law efficiency also decreases.

Figure 4.1.4: COP Vs Evaporator temperature

The graph plotted above between COP Vs evaporator temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1) COP increases with increase of evaporator temperature because the refrigerating effect is increases and work required is decreases. 2) This can be explained by the fact that with increase of evaporator temperature, the refrigerating effect of the system increases and the work required is decreases, causing increase in COP.

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12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Compressor Condenser Expansion valve Evaporator

Exery loss in kj/kg

Exergy loss

Figure 4.1.5: Comparison of Exergy losses in different components

The graph plotted above shows the comparison of exergy loss in each component of the system. It reveals the fallowing points. 1. Under the design conditions (Evaporating temperature 40C and condensing temperature 300) a comparison of exergy loss during each process are shown. 2. The lost of work in the condenser appears to be much higher than that in the evaporator. 3. This can be explained by the fact that the refrigerant under goes almost an isothermal heat addition process during phase change in the evaporator with a relatively small temperature difference b/n the evaporator and cold space. 4. In condenser only part of the heat rejection takes place during phase change process larger temperature difference between the condenser and out side air.

Effect of condenser temperature

Exergy loss in kJ/Kg 10 8 6 4 2 0 24 28 32 36 40
Condenser Temperature in oC

Compressor

Condenser

Expansion valve

Evaporator

Figure 4.2.1: Exergy losses in each components Vs Condenser temperature

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The graph plotted above between the exergy losses in different components Vs Condenser temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1. The exergy loss in the condenser decreases and that in evaporator increases with the increase condenser temperature. 2. Exergy loss the other components also increase to make up for the decrease of exergy loss in the condenser.
Total Exergy loss in KJ/Kg

18 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17 16.8 16.6 16.4 16.2 16 24 28 32 36 40

Condenser Temperature in oC

TEL

Figure 7.2.2: Total Exergy Loss Vs Condenser temperature

The graph plotted between the total exergy losses of the system Vs the condenser temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1) Total exergy losses increase with increase of temperature. This can be explained by the fact that with increasing condensers temperature, exergy loss in the condenser decreases and in other components increases. 2) The decrease in exergy loss in condenser is less compared to the increase in other Components as a result total exergy loss increases.
0.22
Second law efficiency

0.21 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.17 24 28 32 36 40

Second law Efficiency

Condenser Temperature in oC

Figure 4.2.3: Second Law Efficiency Vs Condenser temperature

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The graph plotted above between Second law efficiency Vs Condenser Temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1) Second Law Efficiency decrease with increase of condenser temperature. This can be explained by the fact that total exergy loss increases with increase of condenser temperature. 2) As total Exergy losses increases, the second law efficiency decreases.

5 4.8
COP

4.6 4.4 4.2 4 24 28 32 36 40

COP

Condenser Temperature in oC Figure 4.2.4: COP Loss Vs Condenser temperature

The graph plotted above between COP Vs Condenser Temperature reveals the fallowing points. 1) COP decreasing with increase of condenser temperature because refrigerating effect is decreases. 2) This can be explained by the fact that the refrigerating effect decreases with increase of condenser temperature.
Exery loss in kJ/kg

10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 4.2.5: Comparison of Exergy losses in different components

de se Ex r pa ns io n va lv e Ev ap or at or
Exergy loss

pr es so C om

C on

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The graph plotted above shows the comparison of exergy loss in each component of the system. It reveals the fallowing points. 1) Under the design conditions (Evaporating temperature 40C and condensing temperature 240) a comparison of loss of exergy during each process are shown. 2) The loss of work in the condenser appears appear to be much higher than in the evaporator. 3) This can be explained by the fact that the refrigerant undergoes almost an isothermal heat addition process during the phase change in the evaporator with a relating small temperature differences between the evaporator and cold space. 4) In condenser, only part of heat rejection takes place during phase change process with large temperature difference. Effect of sub cooling

Exergy loss in kJ/Kg

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 4 8 12 16

Compressor Expansion valve

Condenser Evaporator

Degree of sub Cooling in oC

Figure 4.3.1: Exergy losses in each components Vs Degree of sub Cooling

The graph plotted between the exergy loss in each component Vs Degree of Sub cooling reveals the fallowing points. 1. Greater the exergy losses takes place in evaporator and condenser and loss in other components. 2. The exergy loss in the evaporator decreases with increase of degree of sub cooling. 3. The exergy loss in condenser increases with increase of degree of sub cooling.

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25 24.8 24.6 24.4 24.2 24 23.8 23.6 23.4 23.2 23 4 8 12 TEL 16
Total Exergy loss in kJ/Kg

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Degree of sub Cooling in oC Figure 4.3.2: Total Exergy losses Vs Degree of sub Cooling

The graph plotted above between the total exergy losses Vs Degree of Sub cooling reveals the fallowing points. 1) Total Exergy losses decreases with increase of Degree of sub-cooling. 2) This is due to the fact that exergy loss in the evaporator decreases, exergy loss in condenser increases, exergy loss in compressor increases and exergy loss in expansion valve decreases with increase of degree of sub cooling. 3) So the total exergy loss in the system will decrease with increase in degree of sub cooling.
0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 4 8 12 16

Second law efficiency

Second law Efficiency

Degree of sub Cooling in oC Figure 4.3.3: Second Law Efficiency Vs Degree of sub Cooling

The graph plotted above between Second Law Efficiency Vs Degree of Sub Cooling reveals the fallowing points. 1) Second law efficiency increases with increase of Degree of sub-cooling.

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2) This can be explained by the fact that total exergy losses decrease with increase in degree of sub cooling. 3) As the total exergy losses decreases, the second law efficiency increases.
5 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 4 8 12 16

COP

COP

Degree of sub Cooling in oC Figure 4.3.4: COP Vs Degree of sub Cooling

The graph plotted above between the COP Vs Degree of Sub cooling reveals the fallowing points. 1) COP increases with increase of Degree of sub cooling. 2) This can be explained by the fact that refrigerating effect increases with increase in degree of sub cooling 3) As refrigerating effect increases, the COP increases.
Exery loss in kj/kg 15 10 5 0
Co Co Ex Ev mp nd pan apo res ens sio rat so er n v or r alv e

Exergy loss

The graph plotted above shows the comparison of exergy loss in each component of the system. It reveals the fallowing points. 1) Under the design conditions (Evaporating temperature 200C, condensing temperature 300 and degree of sub cooling is 40) a comparison of exergy loss during each process are shown. 2) The lost of work in the evaporator much higher than that in the condenser, this can be exploring by the fact that the temperature difference between evaporator and cold space is relatively high.

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3) So the exergy loss in evaporator is more compared to the exergy loss in other components. Effect of super heating
Exergy loss in kJ/Kg

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 10 15 20 25

Condenser Evaporator

Expansion valve

Degree of superheating in oC Figure 4.4.1: Exergy Loss in each component Vs Degree of superheating

The graph plotted above between the exergy losses in each component Vs degree of superheating reveals the fallowing points. 1) Due to increase in degree of superheating, the decrease in exergy loss is high. 2) Since the exergy loss in compressor is very small compared to other components, so decrease in exergy loss in compressor is very small. This is the reason for not representing exergy loss in compressor on the graph. 3) Greater the exergy loss takes place in the evaporator and condenser. 4) Since the temperature difference between evaporator and cold space is relatively high, the exergy loss in the evaporator is more compared to the exergy loss in other components.
Total Exergy loss in KJ/Kg

21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 10 15 TEL 20 25

Degree of superheating in oC Figure 4.4.2: Total Exergy Loss Vs Degree of superheating in oC

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The graph plotted between the total exergy loss (TEL) Vs Degree of Superheating reveals the fallowing points. 1) TEL decreases with increase of degree of super heating. 2) This can be explained by the fact that the exergy loss evaporator increases and in other components it is decreasing. 3) The total exergy in the system decreases with increase of degree of superheating because the increase in exergy loss in evaporator is very much less compared to the decrease of exergy loss in other components.
0.25
Second law efficiency

0.24 Second law Efficiency 0.23

0.22 5 10 15 20 25

Degree of superheating in oC Figure 4.4.3: Second Law Efficiency Vs Degree of superheating in oC

The Graph plotted above between the Second Law Efficiency Vs Degree of Superheating reveals the fallowing points. 1) Second law efficiency decreases with increase of Degree of super heating. 2) This can be explained by the fact that, with increase of degree of super heating the total exergy loss decreases. So the second law efficiency increases.
8 7
COP

6 5 4 3 5 10 15 20 25
Degree of superheating in oC

COP

Figure 4.4.4: COP Vs Degree of superheating in oC

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The graph plotted above between COP Vs Degree of Superheating reveals the fallowing points. 1) COP increases with increase of Degree of super heating. 2) This can be explained by the fact that with increase of degree of superheating refrigerating effect increases and work required for compression decreases. 3) As result of it COP increases with increase in degree of superheating.
Exery loss in kj/kg 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Compressor Evaporator Condenser Expansion Vlave

Exergy loss

The graph plotted above shows the comparison of exergy loss in each component of the system. It reveals the fallowing points. 1) Under the design conditions (Evaporating temperature 150C, condensing temperature 300 and degree of superheating 50) a comparison of exergy loss during each process are shown. 2) The lost of work in the evaporator much higher than that in the condenser, this can be exploring by the fact that the temperature difference between evaporator and cold space is relatively high. 3) So the exergy loss in evaporator is more compared to the exergy loss in other components.

Conclusions
A computational model based on exergy analysis is presented for the investigation of the effects of the evaporating temperature, condensing temperature, degree of sub cooling and degree of super heating on the exergy losses, the second law efficiency and COP of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. It is found that the evaporating and condenser temperatures have strong effects on the exergy losses in the evaporator and condenser, second law efficiency and COP of the cycle but little effects on the other components of exergy losses. It is also found that degree of sub cooling and degree of superheating have strong effects on exergy loss in each component, second law efficiency and COP of the cycle. The second law efficiency decreases with increase of evaporator temperature. COP increases with increase of evaporator temperature

Exery Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Total exergy losses decreases with increases of evaporator temperature. The second law efficiency decreases with increase of condenser temperature. COP decreases with increase of condenser temperature Total exergy losses increases with increases of condenser temperature. The second law efficiency increases with increase in degree of sub cooling COP in creases with increase in degree of sub cooling Total exergy losses decreases with increase in degree of sub cooling.

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The second law efficiency decreases with increase in degree of super heating. COP in creases with increase in degree of super heating. Total exergy losses decreases with increase in degree of super heating. It this work, It can be concluded that the exergy losses are due to irreversibility of the process leading to the reduction of the useful effects of the process and the exergy analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system can locate the inefficient areas and point out the areas with great potential for the improvement. This exergy analysis is used to evaluate and optimize the performance of the vapour compression system. It is concluded that every irreversible phenomenon causes exergy losses leading to the reduction of the useful effects of the process or to an increased consumption of energy from whatever the source the energy was derived. Thus it is obvious that, the purpose of exergy analysis is to improve analysis of system by introducing ways of concurrently suggesting improvements to the analyzed system. One way in which Tribus justifies the method as fallows: it is much more important to be able to survey the set of possible systems approximately than to examine the wrong system exactly. It is better to be approximately right than precisely wrong.

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