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OSI Reference Model

OSI: Open System Interconnection . Developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974. There are seven layers in OSI reference Model .

process or role

OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Layer - 6 Layer - 5

Application Presentation Session Upper Layer or Software Layer Heart of OSI

Layer - 4
Layer - 3 Layer - 2

Transport
Network Data Link

Layer - 1

Physical

Lower Layer or Hardware Layer

Application Layer

Application Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Layer is responsible for providing Networking Services to the user. It is also known as Desktop Layer. Identification of Services is done using Port Numbers. Ports are Entry and Exit Points to the Layer Total No. Ports 0 65535 Reserved Ports 0 1023 Open Client Ports 1024 65535

Examples of Networking Services Service Port No.

HTTP FTP SMTP TELNET TFTP

80 21 25 23 69

Data flow from Application Layer

Application
80 21 25 53 67 69

Data

Presentation Session Transport

Network
Data Link Physical
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Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Presentation Layer is responsible for converting data into standard format. Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3 Following tasks are perform at Presentation layer : Encoding Decoding Encryption Decryption Compression Decompression

Data flow from Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Session Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Examples : RPC Remote Procedure Call SQL Structured Query Language NFS Network File System Session Layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating session. Session ID works at Session Layer.

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Data flow from Session Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Transport Network Data Link Physical

Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end connectivity. It is also known as the heart of OSI Layers. Following tasks are performed at the Transport Layer : -

Identifying Service
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing Segmentation

Sequencing & Reassembling

Identifying Service TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol

Connection Oriented
Acknowledgement Reliable

Connection Less
No Acknowledgement Unreliable

Slower
Port No. 6 e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP

Faster
Port No. 17 e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
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Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application Presentation Session

Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network Data Link Physical

Data flow from Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data TH Segment Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Network Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network Data Link Physical

Network Layer is responsible for providing best path for data to reach the destination. Logical Addressing works on this layer. Router is a Network Layer device.

It is divided into two parts

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Data flow from Network Layer

Application Presentation Session e.g. Router Transport

Data Data Data Segment Packet NH Segment

Network
Data Link Physical

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Datalink Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Datalink Layer is divided into two Sub Layers : LLC Logical Link Control It talks about Wan protocols e.g. PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay MAC Media Access Control It talks about Physical Address. It is a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal Number. It is also responsible for Error Detection Devices working on Data Link Layer are Switch, Bridge, NIC.
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Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport e.g. Switch

Data Data Data Segment Packet

Network
Data Link Physical

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Physical Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Physical Layer is responsible for electrical, mechanical and procedural checks. Data will be converted into Binary (i.e.) 0s & 1s. Data will be in the form of electrical pulses if it is Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic Cable. Devices working at Physical Layer are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.

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Data flow from Physical Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport

Data Data Data Segment Packet Frame Bits

Network
e.g. Hub Data Link Physical

Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A
Application
Data Data

B
Application

Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Data

Data

Presentation
Session TH Transport Network NH

Data

Data Segment Data TH Packet NH Segment Packet Packet DTFrameDH Bits

TH Data Segment
Packet NH Segment Packet DHFrameDT Bits

DH DT Data Link
Physical
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Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers Application Presentation

TCP/IP Layers

Application

Session
Transport Network Transport Internet Network Access
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Data Link
Physical

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