The ABC's of P' Type Motors
The ABC's of P' Type Motors
200 -SYN- 97
SYNCHRONIZER
INTRODUCTION
2
The objective of this handbook is to provide a thorough and concise source of information concerning p type motors manufactured at Electric Machinery (EM). A p type motor is a motor specifically designed to support and accommodate the proper form of p type protection, so it can safely operate in a given hazardous gas environment. P type protection was developed to prevent the ingress of a potentially explosive atmosphere into the enclosure of an electric motor or generator. The primary objective for implementing this type of protection was to create a machine that can be operated in a potentially hazardous gas environment and satisfy the applicable international standards; specifically, IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) or EN (Euronorm) Standards. Once these standards are met, EM can have the motor tested and certified by an Authorized Test Institution if desired by the customer. Although this handbook focuses on international standards, comparisons are made between both international and national standards. After extensive research and development, several design modifications and additions were required in order to implement p type protection. Some of these changes included special electrical and mechanical control equipment, enclosure design, and shaft seals. Electric Machinery has manufactured, tested and sold a wide range of electric motor designs equipped with p type protection that have met the certification requirements to ensure safe operation in the field. The horsepower rating of these machines can range from 500 hp - 25,000 hp, for induction motors, and 500 hp - 60,000 hp, for synchronous motors, with speed ratings of 200 rpm - 3600 rpm.
Cover photo: 'P' type induction motor rated 2950 HP, 6000 V, 880 RPM, 8 Pole, 60 Hz, 3-phase; Compressor application; Zone 1 hazardous area Third Edition Copyright August 1997
section page 1.0 What is P Type Motor Protection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.0 Characteristics of P Type Motor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Ex p Protection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Pressurization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Leakage Compensation (LC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 Continuous Circulation (CC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Purge Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 Purge Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5 Ex p Motor Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5.1 Classification of CCF Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.0 LCA and LCF Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3.1 LCA System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.1 Sequence of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.1.1 Purge Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.1.2 Pressurization Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.2 Control Unit (CU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.3 Protection Unit (PU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.4 Air Control Unit (ACU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.5 Purge Air Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2 LCF System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.1 Sequence of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2.2 Component Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.0 Testing for P Type Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1 Test Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2 Over-pressure Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3 Purge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.3.1 Test Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.3.2 Test Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.4 Running Pressure Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5 Temperature Rise Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5.1 Heat Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5.2 Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5.3 Temperature Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5.3.1 External . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.5.3.2 Internal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.0 Enclosure Designs for P Type Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.1 TEFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.2 TEAAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.3 TEWAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.0 Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.1 International Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.1.1 Zone 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.1.2 Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.1.3 Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.2 National Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.3 Comparison of IEC and NEC Requirements for P Type Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 A. Temperature Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 B. Classification of Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 C. Methods of Explosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 D. Degree of Protection (IP Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 E. Degree of Cooling (IC Code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 F. Comparisons of Standards Between Major Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 G. Authorized Test Institutions in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
CONTENTS
3
PROTECTION
P type protection is a recognized protection concept for rotating electric machines operating in a potentially explosive environment, where the risk of a fire or an explosion is prominent with flammable gas present in the vicinity of an electric motor. Furthermore, totally enclosed motors shall have no external surface with an operating temperature in excess of the ignition temperature of the flammable gas (see Appendix A). P type protection prevents any flammable gas from entering the enclosure by purging and pressurizing the motor enclosure. IEC refers to this type of protection as Ex p.
outlet valve
air leakage
EL APECTR PA IC RA AL TU S
apparatus enclosure
Figure 2.1 Typical model of a p type electrical apparatus. The pressurization technique that will be used to achieve the desired protection is determined from the answers to these questions. For the motors and generators manufactured at Dresser-Rand/Electric Machinery Division, no flammable gas is released within a machine enclosure, and no people need to open or enter an enclosure while a machine is operating. Therefore, pressurization is best achieved by using either the leakage compensation (LC) or the continuous circulation (CC) technique. When one of these two techniques is combined with a specific purge method, it will create an Ex p protection system. The following sub sections will describe and compare the two pressurization techniques and the different purge methods.
CHARACTERISTICS
5
CHARACTERISTICS
In some applications, the fan air purge method may be the optimal choice. The fan or blower may be located in either the hazardous area or safe area. However, the preferred method is to install the fan in the safe area because the fan requires an approved motor to operate in the hazardous area, and the ducting from the safe area to the fan must be air-tight. In either case, large amounts of clean air will be needed to create an over pressure and to compensate for any leakage in both the motor enclosure and the ducting between the fan and the motor. 2.4 Purge Medium In p type motor protection, an abundant supply of purge medium is needed to fill the entire motor enclosure and to either compensate for any leakage (LC technique), or continuously circulate through the enclosure (CC technique). Therefore, air is the economically preferred purge medium when employing either the compressed air or fan air purge method. The purge method using an inert gas (nitrogen, C02, argon, or helium) as the purge medium is not usually considered for electric motor applications, because of the additional cost of inert gas. The following list includes some basic requirements that the user must observe, if either the compressed air or fan air purge method is used: 1. The purge medium must be uncontaminated by any flammable gas or vapor. Thus, the suction inlet of the air compressor or fan must be outside the hazardous area, and all ducting or pipe-work must be under pressure. 2. The purge medium must be clean, dry, and primarily free of dust and other debris to prevent any contamination of the electric motor. 3. The inlet temperature of the purge medium should be less than 40C and 5C greater than the ambient temperature to avoid condensation. If the air temperature should exceed 40C, it may provoke a reduction in the permissible winding temperature rise (see Appendix A). 4. There must be enough purge medium to allow for leakage compensation and purging without depriving the non-hazardous area of clean air.
2.5 Ex p Motor Protection Systems An Ex p system is created by combining a pressurization technique and a purge method. The notation used to identify specific Ex p systems may be easily determined from Table 2.1. Pressurization Leakage Technique Compensation Purge (LC) Method Compressed Air (A) LCA Inert Gas (G) LCG Fan or Blower (F) LCF Table 2.1 Ex p Systems The notation consists of three letters; the first two signify the pressurization technique, and the last letter represents the type of purge method used by the system. In p type motor applications, the LCA, LCF and CCF systems are the most commonly used Ex p systems. The LCF and CCF systems are primarily used when the LCA system is unable to maintain a positive pressure with compressed air. This typically occurs on large-frame motors, where leakage is typically greater. The next section will investigate some general characteristics of a CCF System, while Section 3.0 provides a detailed description of LCA and LCF Systems. 2.5.1 Classification of CCF Motors CCF motorselectric motors using a CCF protection systemmay be classified by their ability to provide effective motor cooling. Basically, CCF motors can be divided into two categories: 1. CCF motors that require the addition of a heat exchanger to cool the motor. 2. CCF motors that force a larger amount of clean air through the enclosure to both cool and pressurize the motor. The following chart may help visualize this classification of CCF motors:
CCF completely removes the heat in the motor enclosure by adding a heat exchanger (water or air) completely removes the heat in the motor enclosure by forcing a larger volume of air through the enclosure at EM, this type of motor is known as a TEFV motor
IEC
NEC
IEC
NEC
It is important to recognize that at D-R/EM, the second CCF motor is referred to as a totally enclosed forced ventilated (TEFV) motor. Depending on the reference source, the terminology used to identify this type of motor may vary. The term used by D-R/EMtotally enclosed forced ventilatedis defined by NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association). Whereas in the United Kingdom, for example, this motor is commonly referred to as pressure ventilated according to the British Standard Code of Practice (EN60 034-6). The design of a TEFV motor provides such an effective method of cooling that this type of motor is frequently used in safe environments, as well as those containing a potentially hazardous gas. For a more detailed description of TEFV motors, refer to Section 5.0, Enclosure Designs for P Type Motors. The previous chart indicates that both types of CCF motors are able to satisfy the requirements established by either the IEC/EN or the NEC/NFPA for pressurized enclosures. A description and comparison of the IEC/EN and NEC/NFPA requirements is outlined in Section 6.0, Applicable Standards. There are some important decisions to be made when selecting a CCF motor. In order for a TEFV motor to force large amounts of clean air through the enclosure, both larger ducting and fan(s) are needed to move a sufficient amount of clean air to the motor from a safe area. This should produce a positive pressure and remove the heat in the motor enclosure. Otherwise, if the CCF motor can be protected with a smaller fan and ducting system, the addition of a heat exchanger may be required to provide the necessary degree of cooling. The user must provide the fan(s) and ducting. It is the responsibility of the user to duct air to and from a safe area. However, the ducting at the outlet may be replaced by employing a spark arrestor. The fan(s) must be sized correctly to provide the appropriate level of positive pressure in both the motor and the ducting.
Some advantages of using a CCF or TEFV motor include: Motor enclosures are typically easier to design and manufacture Less control equipment is required TEFV motors provide motor cooling and p type protectionwith the same system
As discussed in Section 2.0, Ex p systems can be distinguished or classified by two primary features the pressurization technique and the purge method. This section will focus on the two commonly used leakage compensation systems LCA and LCF. 3.1 LCA System The LCA protection system utilizes the leakage compensation technique with compressed air as the purge method. As illustrated in Figure 3.1, the LCA system is comprised of the following components: Air Control Unit (ACU) Protection Unit (PU) Control Unit (CU)
The LCA System is capable of protecting an electric motor located in either Zone 1 or 2 (Class I, Division 1 or 2). See Appendix B for the classification of hazardous areas. Advantages of LCA 1. If the motor site is equipped with compressed air, an LCA system is simple to install since only small bore piping is needed instead of the large ducting required by the CCF system. 2. In most situations, there is a reduction in operating costs because the leakage compensation (LC) technique minimizes the consumption of compressed air.
Zone 1 or 2
protection unit
purge timer flow switch relief valve
8. After the purge time has elapsed, the Purge Boost Valve and the Relief Valve are closed, and the Flow Switch is opened. 3.1.1.2 Pressurization Sequence 1. After the purge sequence is completed, the over-pressure is maintained by the Leakage Compensation Valve-LCV (see Figure. 3.1) in the ACU. The LCV is set to allow enough air into the motor enclosure to compensate for air leakage and maintain an over-pressure of at least 0.5 mbar (0.2 inches of water). 2. The motor can now be energized.
Electric Motor
purge boost valve
power inputs
air flow
X
Enclosure Pressurized Above Minimum and Below Maximum Pressure
Purge Proved
Power On to Enclosure
Denotes Option
Alarm Only
3. The PU monitors the air pressure inside the motor enclosure and sends a signal to the CU if the pressure drops too low or increases too high. The CU has an alarm and/or trip feature to warn users if the pressure inside the motor enclosure is too low or too high. 3.1.2 Control Unit (CU) The control unit, CU, provides the electrical power and control for the air control and protection unit. The CU houses the following components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Machine starting interlock Intrinsically safe interface unit (BRM) Purge timer Delay before trip timer (Zone 2 only) System status indication contacts
The control unit monitors the signals received from the protection unit by the BRM (Barrier Replacement Module). Connections are provided for the user to indicate remote system status. Through testing, a certifying authority will determine purge time, flow rates and pressure switch set points. This information will be stamped on the nameplate of the motor. The purge timer will be set and sealed by D-R/EM or the manufacturer of the LCA System prior to installation at the motor site. The certificate holder, D-R/EM, is authorized to set and seal the purge timer only on motors which are an exact duplicate of one tested and certified. The purge timer may only be reset and resealed after consultation with D-R/EM.
If a pressure failure occurs, it is the responsibility of the user to choose the appropriate action. It should reflect the zone of use and the local Code of Practice. The CU provides three types of pressure failure action that may be selected by the user; they are as follows: 1. Alarm and trip of motor (zero delay) 2. Alarm and delayed trip of motor (6 minutes to 25 hours) 3. Alarm only (infinite delay)
atmosphere through a spark arrestor designed to prevent the discharge of arcs, sparks and incandescent particles from the motor. Light emitting diodes may be fitted on the protection unit to indicate the pressure status of the system. 3.1.4 Air Control Unit (ACU) The air control unit, ACU, regulates the air flow during the pressurization and purging sequences. The ACU incorporates: 1. Filter unit and drain 2. Supply regulating valve and pressure gauge 3. Leakage Compensation Valve (LCV) and regulator 4. Intrinsically safe purge solenoid valve 5. Purge Boost Valve The Leakage Compensation Valve (see Figure 3.1) maintains the machine pressure at the desired level, while compensating for any leakage that may occur. The Purge Solenoid Valve will open during purging, or if the internal pressure during operation falls below the required minimum. The Purge Solenoid Valve will then pass a control signal to the Purge Boost Valve (see Figure 3.1) which opens to allow a full flow of purge air into the motor enclosure. The Purge Solenoid Valve and the Purge Boost Valve may be integrated into a single device. 3.1.5 Purge Air Supply Consumption of compressed air is an important consideration when implementing an LCA System for the following reasons: The user must provide compressed air with a sufficient amount of supply pressure to the inlet of the ACU. The ACU must be sized correctly to support the maximum total flow rate of air through the motor for a given supply pressure. The user and the Air Control Unit must be able to accommodate the required amount of compressed air during purge and pressurization cycles of a p type motor. However, the consumption of compressed air is directly dependent upon the enclosure design.
The output interlock should be used to prohibit any power to the machine before purging has been completed and to ensure that the machine is not energized. The control unit may be installed in either the hazardous or safe area. The unit in the hazardous area must be placed in a flameproof enclosure with Ex d explosion protection as defined by the IEC (see Appendix C). The enclosure in the safe area only needs to be weatherproof, with IEC ingress protection, IP65 (see Appendix D). Both control units contain the automatic sequence controller and the power interlock. 3.1.3 Protection Unit (PU) The protection unit, PU, for an LCA System (see Figure 3.1) monitors the pressure and purge flow at the outlet. The PU monitors the pressure by means of low and high pressure switches wired to produce a signal when the pressure is acceptable. A patented Relief Valve opens if the pressure exceeds the maximum pressure setting (typically 20% less than the high pressure switch), and to allow the purged gases to escape during the purging process. A calibrated Flow Switch on the Relief Valve generates a signal when the purge flow rate exceeds the minimum. The purged gases escape into the
Non-Classified Area
Zone 1 or 2
Compressed Air (Aprox. 45 psi) supplied by user
Purge Monitor
Purge Flow Solenoid Valve Switch Low Pressure Switch
Control Unit
purge timer
Outlet Valve
Orifice Plate
Electric Motor
Power Inputs
3.2 LCF System The LCF System uses the same pressurization technique as the LCA Systemleakage compensation, but employs fan air instead of compressed air as the purge method. As
Fan
10
Figure 3.3 Typical arrangement of a 'p' type motor using an LCF System.
X
Enclosure Pressurized
Purge Proved
Purge Complete
Power On to Enclusure
Denotes Option
Alarm Only
described in Section 2.5, an LCF System is typically applied to large motors where the purge and leakage rates are high. As a result, fan air is more feasible and economical than compressed air. As shown in Figure 3.3, the LCF includes the following components: Control Unit (CU) Purge Monitor (PM) Air Outlet Assembly (AOA) 3.2.1 Sequence of Operation The flow chart shown in Figure 3.4 outlines the sequence of operation for an LCF System.
3.2.2 Component Description The Control Unit in an LCF System is basically the same component found in an LCA System. It provides the electrical power and control for the Purge Monitor. The Control Unit provides the machine starting interlock, intrinsically-safe interface control, purge timer, user adjustable trip delay timer, and system status indication contacts. Likewise, the Control Unit may be located in either the hazardous area or the safe area. The Air Outlet Assembly (AOA) replaces the Protection Unit used in the LCA System. It monitors the internal pressure and measures the flow via the Orifice Plate at the outlet. The PM controls the pressure by means of low pressure switch.
11
PURGE TEST
In order for a motor to be recognized as a p type motor, it requires certification from an authorized testing institution. They will conduct the following tests: Over-pressure test Purge test Running pressure test Temperature rise test
Once a p type motor design has been certified, other duplicate or similar designs can acquire the same certification without an institution performing the above tests. 4.1 Test Preparation For effective explosion protection, enclosure air-leakage must be minimized. Therefore, all enclosure sections, covers and terminal boxes (main & auxiliary) shall be completely assembled and tightened down prior to testing. Likewise, all cables or terminal leads running through enclosure-holes shall be threaded through cable glands, and any unused enclosure-holes must be plugged to prevent air leakage. Furthermore, measures are taken to minimize the air-leakage along shaft openings and enclosure seams by applying specially designed seals and gaskets. For a p type motor employing an LCA System, all original purge piping must be fitted on the machine. If the p type motor uses a CCF or LCF System, all original inlet and outlet ducting must be assembled and connected to the enclosure. Since it is the responsibility of the user to provide the ducting, EM typically does not perform p type tests on CCF and LCF motors. Therefore, the proceeding test descriptions will apply to a p type motor using an LCA System.
12
Test Gas
PRESSURE GAUGE
1 2 3 4 5 6
REGULATOR
OXYGEN ANALYZER
Figure 4.1 Connection diagram of typical purge test. 4.3.2 Test Criteria 1. The test gas should be non-hazardous, nontoxic and have a molecular weight similar to that of the known hazardous gas; otherwise, tests will be performed over a range of specified gases. This may also be required if the particular hazardous gas is chemically unknown or is a mixture of several hazardous gases. For most purge tests, helium and argon are typically used in the lighter-than-air and the heavier-than-air tests, respectively. 2. The enclosure is full of test gas when the concentration at all points is at least 70% (i.e. the oxygen level is below 6.3%). 3. The purge is complete when, at every point, the oxygen level returns to normal. This indicates the gas concentration inside the motor enclosure is reduced to 1% for the helium (lighter-than-air) test, and 2% for the argon (heavier-than-air) test.
4.3 Purge Test The purge sequence is initiated after the motor enclosure is filled with an inert gas. Since the purge gas is simply air, purge performance can be determined by the oxygen level inside the enclosure. The time it takes to expel the inert gas and return the oxygen content within the enclosure to a near normal condition is recorded. This is the purge time of the motor. 4.3.1 Test Method The gas inside the motor enclosure is measured by the following method. First, small sample tubes are placed inside the enclosure, so the ends of the tubes are located at points where pockets of gas may be expected. Through properly sealed holes, these tubes are extended out of the enclosure and connected to a sample tube manifold. An oxygen analyzer is used to determine the quantity of oxygen at each test point (see Figure 4.1).
13
TESTING
4.4 Running Pressure Test In addition to the static over-pressure tests, a running pressure test is also conducted at the rated speed of the motor. This test is performed to ensure that the minimum level of over-pressure is still maintained, because it is not uncommon for the internal pressure to rapidly change from one point to another. In fact, a negative pressure may exist at a certain point within the enclosure; typically, the area behind a fan or blower. See Figure 4.2. However, this negative pressure is acceptable as long as the pressure differential from the fan to the enclosure is such that the pressure changes from a negative to a positive pressure 0.5 mbar minimum. See Figure 4.3. The motor, whether static or at rated speed, must always have an internal pressure greater than ambient by 0.5 mbar. Since internal pressures may vary during running conditions, the maximum and minimum over-pressure points (i.e. the Low Pressure and High Pressure Switch points on the PU) shall be determined during this stage of testing. 4.5 Temperature Rise Tests As recommended by IEC 79-2: Clause 5: Temperature Limits, temperature rise tests shall be conducted to verifyto the Certifying Authority that a p type machine will not produce temperatures exceeding the desired temperature classification, T-Rating (see Appendix A). 4.5.1 Heat Run A heat run test shall be conducted to simulate full-load conditions so maximum operating temperatures can be determined.
Heat run test methods include: Three method (IEEE 115 6.2.4 Method 4) Zero power factor (IEEE 115 6.2.3 Method 3) Forward short circuit Application of load machine During all heat run tests, surface temperatures on all auxiliary terminal boxes and enclosures must be recorded. 4.5.2 Shutdown Upon heat run completion, the shutdown cycle shall be initiated and all space heaters must be turned on. The machine shall be stopped as quickly as possible after the shutdown cycle has begun. Shutdown readings shall be recorded as soon as the machine is stopped. For synchronous machines, these temperature measurements include: Stator winding and core surface Field winding Cage/end-ring assembly Surface of space heaters Diode wheel and rectifier assembly (if applicable) For induction machines, these measurements include: Stator windings and core surface Rotor surface temperature Cage temperature Surface of space heaters 4.5.3 Temperature Limits If a temperature reading, during or after a heat run, exceeds the temperature classification of the motor, the resulting action shall depend on the location of the reading; specifically, internal or external to the motor enclosure. 4.5.3.1 External According to IEC standards, an electric apparatus cannot have an ignition source in direct contact with a hazardous gas environment. Therefore, the enclosure surface or auxiliary devices of a motor shall have no external surface temperature exceeding the allowable T-Rating. 4.5.3.2 Internal If, during or after a heat run, a temperature reading within the enclosure exceeds the machines T-Rating, the temperature should be monitored and the time recorded for it to fall below the TRating once the motor has been shutdown. Since the hot spot is located within the pressurized motor enclosure, a warning plate shall be mounted onto all access covers stating the minimum amount of time before access into the enclosure can occur after the motor has been shutdown.
After Fan
C
Before Fan
Cooler
14
PROTECTION UNIT
E WATER-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER D PURGE PIPING A TEWAC ENCLOSURE AIR CONTROL UNIT
EXCITER B
SHAFT
ROTOR
SHAFT
Figure 4.3 P Type Synchronous Motor 2600 HP, 333rpm, 18 pole, 50Hz, 3; Reciprocating Compressor application; Zone 2 hazardous area.
15
ENCLOSURES
The enclosure design of a p type motor shall facilitate two important functionsan effective degree of:
In general, all the motors designed and manufactured at Electric Machinery Division are furnished with a NEMA approved enclosure which inherently provides a degree of ingress protection and cooling. The degree of cooling of an enclosure, according to IEC Publication 34-6: Rotating Electric Machinery: Part 6: Methods of Cooling Rotating Machines, should be classified under the International Cooling (IC) Code. Refer to Appendix E for further information. As shown in Table 5.1, an equivalent IC Code corresponds to all NEMA enclosures. In addition, the enclosure of a p type motor shall be selected with a degree of ingress protection that complies with the construction requirements suggested in IEC 79-2: Clause 4: Constructional Requirements. The enclosure should have a degree of protection of at least IP4X. As depicted in Table 5.1, NEMA TEFV, TEAAC, and TEWAC enclosures are recommended for p type motor applications, but only TEAAC and TEWAC enclosures are applicable for those p type motors employing a LCA or LCF System. NEMA OPEN DP DPG WPI WPII TEFV* TEWAC** TEAAC** ENCLOSURE DESIGNATION Open Guard Drip-proof Drip-proof, Guarded Weather Protected, Type I
IC Code complete IC 0A1 IC 0A1 IC 0A1 IC 0A1 IC 0A1 IC 3A7 IC 8A1W7 IC 6A1A6
Weather Protected, Type II Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air Cooled
+ IP Code is the guaranteed minimum degree of ingress protection * TEFV provides p type protection via continuous circulation using a fan ** acceptable NEMA enclosures for p type motors equipped with a LCA System
16
5.2 TEAAC - Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air Cooled As shown in Figure 5.2 a totally enclosed air-toair cooled machine is a totally enclosed machine, which is cooled by circulating the internal air through a heat exchanger which, in turn, is cooled by circulating external air. The machine is equipped with an air-to-air heat exchanger for cooling the internal air, and fans for circulating the internal and external air. The fans may or may not utilize the rotor shaft, and the fan or fans circulating the external air must be external to the enclosing part or parts. The TEAAC motor enclosure shown in Figure 5.2 is equipped with an auxiliary motor driven fan to circulate the external air. 5.3 TEWAC - Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled As shown in Figure 5.3 totally enclosed waterto-air cooled machine is a totally enclosed machine which is cooled by circulating air which, in turn, is cooled by circulating water. The motor enclosure is equipped with a watercooled heat exchanger for cooling the internal air, and a fan or fans, which may be attached to the rotor shaft or separate, for circulating the internal air. A p type induction motor is shown in Figure 5.4. In this TEWAC enclosure design, appropriate modifications have been made to include a LCA system.
17
STANDARDS
In order to operate rotating electric machinery in a hazardous environment, standards have been established by organizations and countries throughout the world. The standards commonly recognized are those established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The IEC was founded in 1906 to help coordinate and unify national electrotechnical standards. In the United States, the National Electric Code (NEC) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) have developed guidelines for p type protection. A comparison table of the standards followed by other major countries is shown in Appendix F. The following sections will describe the application of the primary international and national standards for a given hazardous gas/vapor location. International standards classify hazardous gas areas into zones. In the United States, the NEC classifies hazardous locations into classes, where hazardous gas/vapor areas are defined as a Class I area. To describe the frequency of a particular hazardous area, each class is subdivided into divisions. For a gas and vapor classification (i.e. Class I), a comparison between the applicable international and national standards is shown in Table 6.1. IEC/CENELEC or IEC/EN Zone 0 May exist continuously under normal operating conditions May exist periodically under normal operating conditions May exist under abnormal or accidental conditions
NEC/NFPA Class I Div.1 May exist continuously or periodically under normal operating conditions
Zone 1 Zone 2
Class I Div.2
Table 6.1 Gas and vapor classification. Item Minimum operating over-pressure Minimum purging Maximum external surface temperature Marking IEC 79-2/EN50016 0.5 mbar (0.2 of inches H2O) 5 x volume ignition temperature Minimum press Minimum flow Internal volume Minimum purging volume NEC/NFPA(496) 0.1 inches H2O (0.25 mbar) 10 x volume 80% of ignition temperature Minimum purging time
18
Table 6.2 Comparison of IEC/EN and NEC/NFPA requirements for p type motors [6].
6.1.1 Zone 0 (Class I, Division 1) According to IEC recommendation,10 the operation of rotating-electric machines is prohibited in Zone 0 hazardous areas. Therefore, D-R/EM does not manufacture p type motors for use in Zone 0 hazardous areas. 6.1.2 Zone 1 (Class I, Division 1) In Europe, an electric motor in a Zone 1 area may be totally enclosed and pressurized to keep the flammable gases out. In this zone, D-R/EM can build a p type machine according to IEC Publication 79-2: Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Part 2: Electrical Apparatus-Type of Protection P or EN50 016. These types of machines usually require certification from a certifying authority, such as Sira Certification Services (SCS) or British Approval Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEFA). Additional authorized test houses in Europe are listed in Appendix G. An increased safety (type e) machine may operate in a Zone 1 hazardous area. However, the UK Department of Energy recommends that type e machines with a voltage rating above 3kV should use p type protection.7 The standards outlined for a type e machine are IEC 79-7 and EN50 019. 6.1.3 Zone 2 (Class I, Division 2) In Europe, a type e and a non-incendive or non-sparking (type n) electric machine may operate in a Zone 2 region. Type n machines with a voltage rating above 11 kV should use p type protection as recommended by the UK Department of Energy. 7 The IEC 79-15 is the standard describing this type of protection. Currently, the equivalent EN standard is in draft form. National Standards Standards in the United States have been established by the National Electrical Code (NEC) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) to ensure the safe operation and installation of electrical equipment in hazardous areas. For a complete description of the motor and generator standards, refer to Articles 500-503 of the NEC-NFPA 70 4, and the NFPA 496 Standard: Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment.5 6.2
P Type Induction Motor with TEWAC enclosure. 6.3 Comparison of IEC and NEC Requirements for P Type Motors The motor manufacturer, D-R/EM, and the user must follow the requirements stated by the applicable standard to ensure safe motor operation. This section is focused on the requirements associated with the standards mentioned in Sections 6.1 and 6.2. A comparison of IEC/Euronorm and NEC/NFPA requirements for p type motors is illustrated in Table 6.2. These requirements are the basis for the p type motor test outlined in Section 4.0. After a motor successfully completes this testing, it can be officially certified a p type motor; thus assuring the user safe motor operation in the declared hazardous gas environment. Even though a p type motor has been tested and certified, the motor should be furnished with appropriate control equipment to ensure that the operating requirements of the applicable standard are achieved and maintained. For example, the protection system may need to operate automatically (a requirement of the CENELEC pressurization standard-EN50 016); hence, pressure switches or transducers are normally provided, interconnected with electrical, electronic or pneumatic controls. If the motor fails to operate according to the suggested requirements, some form of alarm or trip must be initiated.
19
APPENDICES
Appendices
IEC* Zone 10: A zone in which an explosive dust atmosphere is present continuously or for extended periods of time. Zone 11: A zone in which there is a likelihood that explosive atmospheres may occur for short periods due to unsettled dust layers. * The Europeans (CENELEC), to date, have not yet produced a standard for hazardous areas containing dust. National Classification The NEC or NFPA divides hazardous locations into classes, divisions and groups.4 ,5 NEC/NFPA CLASS Class I: Locations in which flammable gases or vapors may be present in the atmosphere in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. Locations where the presence of combustible dusts are in the air in sufficient quantities to ignite or explode.
A. Temperature Classification The Temperature Classification or T rating for electric machinery has been uniformly accepted throughout the world. The T ratings, shown in Table A.1 are used to represent the maximum operating temperatures on the surface of the equipment.8 This temperature should not exceed the ignition temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. These values are based on a 40C (104F) ambient temperature. A.1 Tables
Table A.1 Maximum Surface Temperature Classification
Class II:
* The temperature classification is further subdivided in North America see Table 500-3(b) of NFPA 70, NEC.
International Classification The IEC and CENELEC divide hazardous gas locations into zones.9 The IEC, unlike CENELEC, classifies hazardous dust locations. The selection of electrical equipment is based upon its applicability to a defined zone. IEC/CENELEC Zone 0: A zone in which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present or present for long periods. IEC recommends that rotating electric machines are not to be used in Zone 0 locations.10 Zone 1: A zone in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operation. Zone 2: A zone in which an explosive mixture is not likely to occur, and if it does it will only exist for a short time.
Class III: Locations in which easily ignitable fibers or particles are present but are not likely to be in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures.
20
DIVISION Division 1: The hazards are present continuously or periodically under normal operating conditions. Division 2: The hazards are only present during accidental or abnormal conditions. A comparison of hazardous area classifications are shown in Tables B.1 and B.2. GROUP IEC/CENELEC Since there are several types of gases and vapors used in industry, the IEC/CENELEC will allocate a group based on the application of the gas.
Group I is reserved for mining and should not be considered for any application in other industries. Group II is divided into sub-groups A, B and C which is related to the spark ignition capability and flame transmission properties. It is important to note that this gas grouping is not related to temperature classification. NEC/NFPA The NEC/NFPA does not allocate a separate group for the mining industry. Groups A, B, C and D: gas and vapor groups within Class I Groups E, F and G: groups of dusts within Class II. There are no group(s) within Class III. A gas group comparison is shown in Table B.3.
B.1-3 Tables Table B.1 GAS & VAPOR CLASSIFICATION* IEC/CENELEC or IEC/EN May exist continuously under normal operating conditions NEC/NFPA May exist continuously or periodically under normal operating conditions
Zone 0
Class I Div.1
Zone 1
May exist periodically under normal operating conditions May exist under abnormal or accidental conditions Class I Div.2 May exist under abnormal or accidental conditions
Zone 2
Table B.2 DUST CLASSIFICATION IEC Zone 10 May be suspended in air Class III Div.1 Class II Div.2 NEC/NFPA May be suspended in air
Zone 11
* For type p motor applications, only the hazardous areas with flammable gases or vapors are considered, specifically, Zones 1 and 2, and Divisions 1 and 2 within Class I. Table B.3 HAZARDOUS GROUP DESIGNATION NEC/NFPA Ignition Ignition IEC Group Group Energy (J) Temp IIC A 19 305 IIC B 19 560 IIB C 85 425 IIA D 260 470 I D 280 595
Temp Class T2 T1 T2 T1 T1
APPENDICES
21
APPENDICES
Ignition Energy, Ignition Temperature and Temperature Classification were added to Table B.3 for clarification of the characteristic properties of these typical gases. The Ignition Energy of a flammable material is the electrical spark energy required to ignite the most easily ignitable mixture of the gas and air when measured on a standard test apparatus. This measurement provides a limit to the amount of energy which may be released by a sparking source located in the hazardous gas environment. The Ignition Temperature is the minimum temperature at which spontaneous ignition of a flammable gas will take place. It is a very important parameter as many functions in the process industry create heat (i.e. electrical, chemical). Thus, it is necessary to ensure that a process does not produce a sufficient amount of heat if a flammable mixture occurs. These figures must be treated with care as they are obtained by a specific test method and the C.1 Table EEx Suffix d ia or ib CENLEC Code EEx d EEx ia or EEx ib IEC/EN Flameproof Enclosure Intrinsically Safe NEC Explosionproof Enclosure Intrinsically Safe
actual ignition temperature will depend upon many factors such as the heat source geometry and size. It is interesting to note that hydrogen, compared to the other gases listed in Table B.3, is very sensitive to ignition energy (19 J), but relatively insensitive to ignition temperature (560C). This means that there is no simple relationship between the ignition temperature and the minimum spark ignition energy. Therefore, an electrical apparatus must be applicable to both the gas group and the temperature classification of a given hazardous gas environment. C. METHODS OF EXPLOSION PROTECTION Explosion protected equipment is designed with specific safety measures to prevent ignition of a surrounding flammable gas during normal operation. Explosion protection for electrical equipment can be ensured by various means. The table below shows the most commonly used methods of protection.
Description Designed to withstand an integral explosion and prevent the ignition of the surrounding atmosphere. System which is not capable of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air due to the limitation of electrical energy in the circuit. The entry of a surrounding atmosphere into the enclosure of electrical equipment is protected by maintaining a positive pressure inside the enclosure. Increased measures are taken to prevent the possibility of extra heat, arcs or sparks, igniting flammable gases. Electrical circuits that, under normal conditions, do not release sufficient energy to ignite the surrounding atmosphere. A type of protection in which parts that could ignite in an explosive atmosphere by either sparking or heating are enclosed in a compound in such a way that this explosive atmosphere can not be ignited. The arcing equipment is immersed in oil to isolate the contacts from the surrounding atmosphere.
Application IEC/EN* NEC Class I, Div. 1 Div. 2 Zone 0 Class I, Zone 1 Div. 1 Zone 2 Div. 2 Zone 10 Class II, Zone 11 Div. 1 Div. 2 Zone 1 Class I, Zone 2 Div. 1 Div. 2 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 2 Not yet recognized Class I, Div. 2 Class I, Div. 1 Div. 2 Zone 1 Zone 2
EEx p
Pressurized Apparatus
Purged or Pressurized
EEx e
n or N** m
N/A
EEx m
Zone 1 Zone 2
EEx o
Oil Immersed
Oil Immersed
Zone 2
Class I, Div. 2
* Hazardous dust areas (Zone 10 & 11) pertain to IEC only ** Reference to N (upper case) type protection is in accordance with British Standards
22
D. DEGREE OF PROTECTION (IP Code) Ingress Protection Code (IP), as stated by the IEC,11 describes the degree of protection that an enclosure provides. As shown in Table D.1, the first number of the IP designation describes the degree of protection against physical contact (i.e. fingers, tools, dust, etc.) with internal parts; the second number designates the Ingress Protection against liquids. Occasionally, a third number is included to represent protection against mechanical impact. Ingress Protection is most closely related to NEMA-type designations within the North American market. A comparison between NEMA and IP is shown in Table D.2.
E. DEGREE OF COOLING (IC CODE) E.1 Table ENCLOSURE COMPARISON BETWEEN IEC AND NEMA ENCLOSURE NEMA DESIGNATIONS IC CODE SIMPLIFIED OPEN Open Guard IC 0A1 IC 01 DP Drip-Proof IC 0A1 IC 01 DPG Drip-Proof, Guarded IC 0A1 IC 01 WPI Weather Protected, Type I IC 0A1 IC 01 WPII Weather Protected, Type II IC 0A1 IC 01 TEFV Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated IC 3A7 IC 37 TEWAC Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled IC 8A1W7 IC 81W TEAAC Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air Cooled IC 6A1A6 IC 616 According to IEC publication 34-612, the IEC notation for the method of cooling of a machine consists of the letters IC, followed by: a) a numeral, indicating the cooling circuit arrangement for both the primary and secondary circuits; b) then a letter, representing the coolant for each circuit, followed by a numeral indicating the method of movement of the coolant. The letter and numeral for the primary cooling circuit are placed first, before those for the secondary cooling circuit. The primary circuit is at a higher temperatureclose to the windings. The secondary circuit is at lower temperatureclose to the users side. The letter for each cooling circuit represents the type of coolant. For example, the letters A and W represent the coolants air and water, respectively. When the single coolant is air, or when in case of two coolants, either one or both are, these letter(s) A stating the coolant are omitted in the simplified designation. For the enclosures listed, their simplified designation is shown in the far right column of the above table. To better help explain the IEC notation, the notation used to represent a NEMA Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled (TEWAC) enclosure is demonstrated in an example on the next page. Note: Refer to reference 13 & 14 for additional comparisons of IEC and NEMA motor standards.
D.1 Table IEC INGRESS PROTECTION CODE (IP CODE) Protection Against Protection Against Contact & Solid Objects Liquids No. Description No. Description 0 No Protection 0 No Protection 1 Objects larger than 50mm 1 Water dripping 2 Objects larger than 12mm 2 Dripping water when tilted up to 15 3 Objects larger than 2.5mm 3 Spraying water 4 Objects larger than 1mm 4 Splashing water 5 Dust protected 5 Low pressure water 6 Totally protected against 6 Strong jets of water dust jets 7 Effects of immersion 8 Submersion D.2 Table COMPARISON OF THE DEGREE OF PROTECTION BETWEEN IEC AND NEMA NEMA ENCLOSURE DESIGNATIONS OPEN Open Guard DP Drip-proof DPG Drip-proof, Guarded WPI Weather Protected, Type I WPII Weather Protected, Type II TEFV Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated TEWAC Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled TEAAC Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air Cooled IP CODE IP 00 IP 12 IP 22 IPW 23 IPW 24 IP 44 IP 54 IP 54
APPENDICES
23
APPENDICES
An Example to Demonstrate the IC Code Complete notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I C Simplified notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I C 1. Code Letters (International Cooling) 2. Circuit Arrangement 3. Primary Circuit 3.1 Primary Coolant 3.2 Method of Movement of Primary Coolant 4. Secondary Circuit (if applicable) 4.1 Secondary Coolant 4.2 Method of Movement of Secondary Coolant 8 8 A 1 1 W W 7
Circuit Arrangement Numeral 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brief description Free circulation Inlet pipe or inlet duct circulated Outlet pipe or outlet duct circulated Inlet & outlet pipe or duct circulated Frame surface cooled Integral heat exchanger (using surrounding medium) Machine-mounted heat exchanger (using surrounding medium) Integral heat exchanger medium Numeral 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Method of Movement Brief description Free convection Self-circulation Reserved for future use Reserved for future use Reserved for future use Integral independent component Machine-mounted independent component Separate and independent component or coolant system pressure Relative displacement
Machine-mounted heat exchanger (using remote medium) Separate heat exchanger (using surrounding or remote medium)
24
F. Comparison of Standards between Major Countries COUNTRY Countries Worldwide STANDARD NUMBER or SOURCE OF STANDARD IEC 79-1 IEC 79-2 IEC 79-7 IEC 79-15 (Flameproof d type) (Pressurized p type) (Increased Safety e type) (Non-Sparking n type)
European Countries*
CENELECEN Standards: EN50 014 (General Requirements) EN50 016 (Pressurized) EN50 018 (Flameproof) EN50 019 (Increased Safety) British Standard Institution: BS5501-1 EN50 014 BS5501-3 EN50 016 BS5501-5 EN50 018 BS5501-6 EN50 019 UL698 UL844 NEC/NFPA 70 NFPA 496 (1973) (1978) (1993) (1993)
UK
USA
Germany
VDE 0171 EN Standards: EN50 014 EN50 019 Standards Association of Australia (SAA): AS 2380-4 (1994) EN50 016 Recommended Practice for Explosion-Protected Electrical Installations in General Industries
Australia Japan
* CENELEC members include: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
APPENDICES
25
APPENDICES
26
G. Authorized Test Institutions in Europe COUNTRY UK France Germany Belgium Italy Denmark Norway Sweden Finland Switzerland Spain Netherlands AUTHORIZED TEST HOUSE(S) BASEEFA (British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres) & Sira Certification Service INERIS & LCIE (Laboratoire Central des Industries Electriques) - formerly CERCHAR (Laboratoire de Centre dEtudes et Recherches des Charbonnages de France) PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) and DMT - formerly BVS (Berggewerkschaftliche Versuchsstreke) ISSeP - formerly INIEX (Institut National des Industries Extractives) CESI (Centro Electrotechnico Sperimentale Italiano) DEMKO (Danmarks Elektriske Materiellkontroll) NEMKO (Norges Elektriske Materiellkontroll) SP (Statens Provningsanstalt) VTT (Statens tekniske forskningscentral) SEV (Materialprufanstalt des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnische Vereins) AEE (Asciacon Electrotechnia Espanola) TNO
In general, all of these are certifying organizations. If the motor is certified by a nominated body to a CENELEC standard, the motor may bear the European Community Mark.
References
1. Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Part 2: Electric apparatus-type of protection p, IEC Publication 79-2, 1983. 2. Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Part 7: Construction and test of electrical apparatus, type of protection e, IEC Publication 79-7, 1987. 3. Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Part 15: Electrical apparatus with type of protection n, IEC Publication 79-15, 1987. 4. National Electric Code, ANSI/NFPA 70, 1993, Articles 500-503. 5. Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, ANSI/NFPA 496, 1993 edition. 6. Cummings, P. G., Comparison of IEC and NEMA/IEEE motor standards-Part II, IEEE PCI 82-12. 7. Electric Motors for Use in Hazardous Areas, Department of Energy Safety Notice Ped, London, 1990. 8. Electric Motors for Use in Hazardous Areas, Part 8: Classification of Maximum Surface Temperatures, IEC Publication 79-8, 1969. 9. Electric Motors for Use in Hazardous Areas, Part 10: Classification of Hazardous Areas, *IEC Publication 79-10, 1972. 10. Recommendation for the installation of electrical apparatus in hazardous areas (other than mines), IEC document 31 (Secretariat) 102, March 1976. 11. Degrees of protection provided by enclosure (IP Code), IEC 529, 1989. 12. Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 6: Methods of Cooling Rotating Machinery, IEC Publication 34-6, 1991. 13. Cummings, P. G., A Review of IEC Motor Standards, 1982 Motorcon Conference. 14. Cummings, P. G., Comparison of IEC and NEMA/IEEE Motor Standards-Part I, IEEE PCI 81-9.
REFERENCES
27
AUTHORS
Jim Casey Jim Casey is a Senior Design Electrical Engineer for Dresser-Rand/Electric Machinery Division. Jim specializes in slow speed synchronous and induction motor design. Jim obtained his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in December of 1985.
800 Central Avenue; Minneapolis, MN 55413 Business: (612) 978-8000 Fax: (612) 378-8054 w w w. e l e c t r i c m a c h i n e r y. c o m
200-SYN-97