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Prolog Examples

This document contains examples of using Prolog to: 1) Define simple facts and rules about people and their preferences 2) Define family relationships using facts and rules 3) Solve the Towers of Hanoi recursion problem by moving disks between pegs 4) Define and use list processing predicates including finding a list's length, summing elements, checking for membership, and reversing a list.

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Venkata Krishna
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307 views

Prolog Examples

This document contains examples of using Prolog to: 1) Define simple facts and rules about people and their preferences 2) Define family relationships using facts and rules 3) Solve the Towers of Hanoi recursion problem by moving disks between pegs 4) Define and use list processing predicates including finding a list's length, summing elements, checking for membership, and reversing a list.

Uploaded by

Venkata Krishna
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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--------------------------1. Here are some simple clauses. likes(mary,food). likes(mary,wine). likes(john,wine). likes(john,mary).

The following queries yield the specified answers. | ?- likes(mary,food). yes. | ?- likes(john,wine). yes. | ?- likes(john,food). no. How do you add the following facts? 1. John likes anything that Mary likes 2. John likes anyone who likes wine 3. John likes anyone who likes themselves ========================================================================== 2. Slightly more complicated family tree. James I | | +----------------+-----------------+ | | Charles I Elizabeth | | | | +----------+------------+ | | | | | Catherine Charles II James II Sophia | | | George I Here are the resultant clauses: ------------------------------male(james1). male(charles1). male(charles2). male(james2). male(george1). female(catherine). female(elizabeth). female(sophia). parent(charles1, james1). parent(elizabeth, james1).

parent(charles2, charles1). parent(catherine, charles1). parent(james2, charles1). parent(sophia, elizabeth). parent(george1, sophia). Here is how you would formulate the following queries: Was George I the parent of Charles I? Query: parent(charles1, george1). Who was Charles I's parent? Query: parent(charles1,X). Who were the children of Charles I? Query: parent(X,charles1). Now try expressing the following rules: M is the mother of X if she is a parent of X and is female F is the father of X if he is a parent of X and is male X is a sibling of Y if they both have the same parent. Furthermore add rules defining: "sister", "brother", "aunt", "uncle", "grandparent", "cousin" ==================================================================== 3. Recursion: Towers of Hanoi The 3-disk setup is like this: | | | xxx | | xxxxx | | xxxxxxx | | _________________________________ Here's a sample: % % % % % % % move(N,X,Y,Z) - move N disks from peg X to peg Y, with peg Z being the auxilliary peg Strategy: Base Case: One disc - To transfer a stack consisting of 1 disc from peg X to peg Y, simply move that disc from X to Y Recursive Case: To transfer n discs from X to Y, do the following: Transfer the first n-1 discs to some other peg X Move the last disc on X to Y Transfer the n-1 discs from X to peg Y move(1,X,Y,_) :write('Move top disk from '), write(X), write(' to '), write(Y),

nl. move(N,X,Y,Z) :N>1, M is N-1, move(M,X,Z,Y), move(1,X,Y,_), move(M,Z,Y,X). - note the use of "anonymous" variables _ Here is what happens when Prolog solves the case N=3. ?- move(3,left,right,center). Move top disk from left to right Move top disk from left to center Move top disk from right to center Move top disk from left to right Move top disk from center to left Move top disk from center to right Move top disk from left to right yes ==================================================================== 4. An example using lists: (a) length of a list size([],0). size([H|T],N) :- size(T,N1), N is N1+1. % or size([_|T],N) :- size(T,N1), N is N1+1. | ?- size([1,2,3,4],N). N = 4 yes | ?- size([bill,ted,ming,pascal,nat,ron],N). N = 6 yes | ?- size([a, [b, c, d], e, [f | g], h], N). N = 5 yes (b) summing elements of a list of numbers sumlist([],0). ssumlist([H|T],N) :- sumlist(T,N1), N is N1+H. (c) list membership member(X,[X|_]). member(X,[_|T]) :- member(X,T).

(d) reversing a list reverse(List, Reversed) :reverse(List, [], Reversed). reverse([], Reversed, Reversed). reverse([Head|Tail], SoFar, Reversed) :reverse(Tail, [Head|SoFar], Reversed). | ?- myreverse([a,b,c,d],X). X = [d,c,b,a]; no | ?- myreverse([a,b,c,d],[d,b,c,a]). no | ?- myreverse([a,b,c,d],[d,c,b,a]). yes - note difference between reverse/2 and reverse/3 - reverse/3 probably should be called reverseHelper or something else for clarity ========================================================= <- note semicolon (more solns?)

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