Abhidharmakosa Study Materials

Chapter V: Anusaya (Defilements)

Contents Overview, Functions & Abandoning of the Defilements 6, 7, 10 & 98 Defilements (Table) Analysis of Categories of Defilements (Table) Further Teachings on the Defilements The Nine Perfect Knowledges 63 64 65 66 67

Basic outline of Chapter V Karika K1-11 K12-18 K19-24 K25-27 K28-32 K32-33 K34 K35-40 K41-50 K51-54 K55-58 K59 K60-63 K64-70 Anusayas: 6, 7, 10 and 98. Analysis of Universal Anusayas Further Analysis of Anusayas Doctrine of Sarvastiva Further Analysis of the Anusayas On the Order of the Anusayas Arising of Klesas Anusayas and Sasravas, Floods & Yokes Anusayas and Connections, Wrappings, Upaklesas & Bonds Abandonment and Dhatu of the Anusayas How the Anusayas, etc. are Associated with the Sensations The hindrances Destruction of the Anusayas Analysis of the Perfect Knowledges

Abhidharmakosa Chapter V: Anusaya Latent Defilements

Overview: The path to liberation, and to some extent, enlightenment itself, is defined in terms of the elimination of the defilements (anusaya). The knowledge of the destruction of outflows is one of the most significant features of the fully awakened ones. The defilements are the afflictions of the mind and freedom from the defilements is freedom from suffering. The decisive elimination of the defilements is based on discerning the dharmas (dharma-pravicara) including a thorough investigation into the nature, extent and functioning of the defilements (how they function, what they are, what is their object, how are they abandoned, etc.). [Note: for definitions of the klesa & upaklesa, also see 75 Dharmas in Ch II Study Materials.] Anusaya: from anu - sleep, lie down. Main meanings for Sarvastivada: to adhere and grow concordantly [with the object], anu connotes the tenacity of the defilement and si is not as latency but subtlety. An anusaya is that which has or does anusayana, i.e., the function of growing or intensifying in accord with an impure object. 4 meanings in Kosa: 1. subtle; 2. following along/adhering; 3. Grow in accord with the object & caitta; 4. binding with (K39) IMAGE: Like a bird flying in the sky, thinking it can cross an ocean, and a fish swimming in the water, following its shadow until it eventually the bird falls to its demise. It is very difficult to become free from the defilements. Kosa Ch V: We said that the world, in all its variety, arises from action (iv.1).Now it is by reason of the anusayas or latent defilements, that actions accumulate: in the absence of the anusayas, actions are not capable of producing a new existence. K1a: The roots of existence, that is, of rebirth or of action, are the anuayas. When a klesa or defilement enters into action, it accomplishes ten operations: 1. it makes solid [or firm] its root, its praptithe possession that a certain person already had of the klesa (ii.36,38a) preventing it from being broken; 2. it places itself in a series (that is, it continues to reproduce itself [establishing a series]); 3. it accommodates its field, rendering the person (asrava, ii.5, 6,44d) fit for the arising [or abiding] of the klesa [and also makes one inapt to change]; 4. it engenders its offspring, that is, the upaklesas (v.46): hatred engenders anger, etc. [engenders a poisonous emanation, see upaklesas in 2nd table below]; 5. it leads to action [leads to karma-bhava, induces the karma for new existence]; 6. it aggregates its causes, namely, incorrect judgment [gathers up its own requisites, repeatedly giving rise to improper mental application]; 7. it causes one to be mistaken [deluded] with regard to the object of consciousness [harms proper understanding]; 8. it bends the mental series towards the object or towards rebirth (iii.30) [conducts the stream of consciousness, induces consciousness on the objects of rebirth]; 9. it brings about a falling away of good [opposes the virtues, makes one go astray]; and 10. it becomes a bond (bandhana, v.45d) and prevents surmounting of the sphere of existence to which it belongs. Further, the defilements can generate all forms of suffering. The Defilements Adhere and Grow (K39): One defilement causes the whole citta-caitta complex to be defiled by way of influence and contamination. For this reason, the Sarvastivada teach that the defilements adhere and grow. The defilement and the aggregate of mind and mental factors (citta-caitta) mutually support and deepen each other. The citta-caittas become defiled and the defilement becomes more intense. The defilement also adheres and grows in relation to its object, unless the object is pure (anasrava, outflow-free): the 3rd and 4th noble truths of nirvana and the path. Such pure objects do not support the growth of the defilements but are opposed to them. Modes and Categories of Abandonment of the Defilements (K4-5) When a defilement can be abandoned simply by the insight into the Four Noble Truths, it is darsana-heya, susceptible of being abandoned by the path of seeing (or vision: darsana). Otherwise, the defilements are susceptible of being abandoned by seeing and cultivation (bhavana-heya). See Table 1. The 5 views and doubt, being cognitive in nature, are solely abandoned by the path of seeing (darsana-marga). The other 4 defilements, attachment, anger, pride and ignorance, are cognitive and affective in nature and thus are not abandoned by insight alone. Cultivation, that is, repeated practice and realization of insight, and deepening of meditation, is required. The Sarvastivada distinguishes 5 categories of abandonables: 1. by seeing the 1st noble truth of suffering (dukkha-satya) [completely abandons view of self & view of extremes] nd 2. by seeing the 2 noble truth of origin (samudaya-satya) [universal defilements are abandoned by seeing 1st & 2nd truths] 3. by seeing the 3rd noble truth of extinction (nirodha-satya) [ignorance, false views (mithya-drsti) & doubt abandonable by 4. by seeing the 4th noble truth of the path (marga-satya) seeing the 3rd & 4th truths have pure (anasrava) objects.] 5. through cultivation (bhavana) [these 4 anusaya have 9 grades: weak-weak to strong-strong] Further, the Sarvastivada distinguishes defilements in terms of the 3 spheres: 1. Kamadhatu (desire-realm), 2. Rupadhatu (fine-material-realm), and 3. Arupyadhatu (non-material-realm). Taking into account the 5 categories of abandonables, the 3 spheres, the 10 anusayas are elaborated into a list of 98 defilements see Table 1, 6, 7, 10 & 98 Defilements. Abandonment (prahana), at certain stages, is basically synonymous with: disjunction (visamyoga), cessation (nirodha), truth (satya), complete knowledge (parijna), fruit of the spiritual life (sramanya-phala).

Table 1: 6, 7, 10 & 98 Defilements Kosa Ch V, K1-10 Klesa: defilement, impurity 98 anusaya: they perturb, vex & afflict Path of seeing/vision (darsana) is 15 moments (see Ch VI). 10 anusaya/klesa Anusaya: binding, fine, subtle, Path of cultivation (bhavana) may last a lifetime or more, defilements latent, adhere, growing with repeated cultivation developing insight (mainly meditation) D# =# in the list of 75 dharmas. [on the unskillful roots (akusala-mula: 1., 2. & 4. below): root here means cause - all unskillful mental states spring from these three roots, because of these 3 roots, the 10 courses 6 7 of unwholesome action are generated. Ignorance/delusion is always present in an anusaya/klesa anusaya/klesa unwholesome state. Greed & anger may or may not be and they cannot co-exist (their modes defilements defilements of activity are opposed).] (u=universal defilement) 1. kamaraga 1. raga attachment, greed, associated with pleasure & satisfaction (refers to attachment to 1. raga - sensual greed objects, synonym: lobha (covetousness). one of the 3 unskillful/evil roots) attachment, greed (D55) 2. bhavaraga, [greed, anger, pride & ignorance are both cognitive & affective in nature, not abandoned by - existence- insight alone. intrinsically more tenacious and resilient than the cognitive defilements (5.-10. below), persistent effort/repeated cultivation (bhavana) is required to abandon them.] greed 2. pratigha anger, hostility, associated with displeasure & dissatisfaction (intending to harm 2. pratigha 3. pratigha anger (D56) anger, hostility beings, only exists in kamadhatu, synonym: dvesa (hate), one of the 3 unskillful roots) 3. mana pride, conceit, arrogance (7 types: ordinary pride, extraordinary pride, extreme 3. mana 4. mana pride, conceit pride, exaggerated pride, pride of inferiority, wrong pride, ignorant pride (see K10).) pride (D57) 4. avidya ignorance (non-cognizance/non-knowledge of the four noble truths, error, non4. avidya 5. avidya ignorance clarity, synonym: moha (delusion), one of the 3 unskillful/evil roots. ignorance is the root ignorance cause for all defilements, including greed and hatred, in 12-fold dependent-co-arising, (D33) ignorance (the 1st limb) is the collective name for all the defilements of the past existence giving rise to present karmic formations. Sarvastivadins teach that ignorance is not merely the absence of cognizance, but a distinct force (a dharma, real/efficacious).) 6. drsti views 5. satkayadrsti a belief in self, view of self & what pertains to self (false view that the 5. drsti - views five skandhas of grasping constituting the person is the real self. It is the view of Self superimposed on the skandhas. Only abandoned by seeing dukkha as the five skandhas of clinging are primarily an expression or result of this truth. Undefiled-neutral (in contrast to ignorance).) 6. mithyadrsti false views, view of negation (false view denying causal efficacy, 4 NT etc. main significance: it is responsible for the cutting off of the roots of good.) (D18: 7. antagrahadrsti a belief in extremes, view of eternity & annihilation (grasping self as subsumed eternal or subject to complete annihilation. 2 extremes (anta). this view presupposes satkayaunder mati, drsti. 5. & 7. are not classified as unskillful but as veiled-non-defined, found in all 3 spheres. views are These views are based on satkayadrsti, they too are only abandoned by seeing suffering.) defiled 8. drstiparamarsa esteeming views, holding as high that which is low (attachment to understanding or esteeming of one's own views as being true and superior and in particular, obstinate (prajna).) attachment to the 3 views above (5., 6., & 7.).) 9. silavrataparamarsa esteeming morality & ascetic practices, holding as cause & path that which is not cause & path (attachment to religious vows and observances by those who undertake them as a means for purification and liberation. Like satkayadrsti & antagrahadrsti above, abandoned by seeing the truth of suffering, but also, as it mistakes asceticism as the path of purification, it also arises with regard to the path and hence is subsumable under seeing the truth of the path (marga-satya) as well.) 10. vicikitsa doubt, understanding two thesis, one doubts [which is true]. (Cognitive in 6. vicikitsa 7. vicikitsa nature, like the 5 views: these 6 are abandoned completely through seeing the truths.) doubt (D58) doubt Total: 6 7 10 98=

in kamadhatu abandoned by: seeing extinction seeing suffering seeing origin

in rupadhatu abandoned by: seeing extinction seeing suffering seeing origin

in arupyadhatu abandoned by: seeing extinction x x x x x x 6 seeing suffering seeing origin

seeing path

seeing path

seeing path x x x x x x x 7

cultivation

cultivation

x x x u

x x x u

x x x

x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x u

x u x u

x u

x x

x x

x u x u

x u

x x u u 10 7

x 7

x 8 4

x 9

x 6

x 6

x 7 3

x 9

x 6

cultivation x 3

10 defilements Secondary defilements (upaklesa ) Table 2: Analysis of Categories of Defilements 9 fetters () 5 hindrances 3 Cankers, 4 floods (ogha, 4 clingings (anusaya 10 envelopments, (samyojana) (nivarana 6 filth of outflows (upadana, ) / ) [3 bonds () / klesa ) wrappings defilement (klesa) (asrava) 4 yokes (yoga ) (bandhana)] (paryavasthana ) mala ) 1. Raga 1. disrespect 1. cheating 1. lust 1. sensual Attachment, (ahrikya D39) (maya D48) (anunaya) desire greed (D55) 5. dissipation 3. drunkeness of [=1. bond of (kamacgreed (raga- chanda) (auddhatya D38) pride (mada D49) bandhana)] 4. avarice 4a. restless(matsarya D47) ness/ 9. avarice 10. hypocrisy dissipation (matsarya) (mraksa D46) (auddhatya) 2. Pratigha 3. envy, jealousy 5. enmity 2. hostility 2. malice Anger, (irsya D44) (upahana D42) (pratigha) (vyapada) hostility (D56) 6. hostility [=2. bond of hatred(dvesa(vihimsa D50) bandhana)] 8.envy(irsya) 3. Mana 3. pride Pride (D57) (mana) 4. Avidya 7. torpor 3. canker of 4. flood of 4. ignorance 3. torporIgnorance (styana D37) ignorance ignorance (avidya) languor (D33) 8. languor (avidya(avidhaugha) & [=3. bond of (styanadelusion (middha D52) asrava) (as 4. yoke of middha) (moha2. absence of fear it is the ignorance bandhana)] (anapatrapya D40) root) (avidydyoga) 10. hypocrisy (5+5+5 =15) (5+5+5=15) (mraksa D46) 2. crookedness 3. flood of views 5. views 5. Satkayadrsti Belief (sathya D43) (drstyogha) & (drsti) in self (D18) 3. yoke of views Various terms are used (drstiyoga) 6. Mithyadrsti to denote defilements, False views views constitute a characterizing their 7. Antagrahaseparate flood and 2. clinging to views different functionalities drsti Belief a separate yoke by in extremes reason of their (drstyupadana) and scope of operation, (36-6=30) 4. esteeming evil 8. Drstiand each unfolding- with acuteness paramarsa (pradasa D45) (views of the 3 its own distinct logic. Esteeming dhatus: views 6. irrational 12+12+12=36) 3. clinging to adherence 9. Silavrata[the numbers in paramarsa morality & (paramarsa) these columns refer Esteeming ascetic to the distribution practices (silamorality & of 108 defilements: vratopadana) ascetic 98 anusaya + 10 practices (6) paryavasthana.] 10. Vicikitsa 6. regret [included in floods [included in 7. doubt 4b. regret Doubt (D58) (kaukrtya D51) & yokes of sense- clingings 1. & (vicikitsa) (kaukrtya) 9. anger pleasure & 4. above] 5. doubt (krodha D41) existence above] (vicikitsa) The anusayas Upaklesas are distinct dharmas derived These categories encompass all the defilements. Not all-encompassing. are atomic, for from the anusayas as delineated above. 1. By means of the anusayas, the mental series Samyojana: Binding. Also they are subtle; There are varying opinions regarding flows into the objects; the anusayas are thus see next page (K41-45). they adhere & hypocrisy (proceeding from raga, avidya, asravas or cankerous influences (strong current) Bandhana : Lust creates are nourished or both) (K46-50). 2. When they are very violent, the anusayas are anusayana: it grows in by objects & Paryavasthanas (wrappings) envelop called oghas; in fact they carry away, as in a flood, agreeable sensation; hatred associated one's psychophysical series, like a prison. those who are bound to them in disagreeable; & all 3 in mental factors; 75 Dharmas: anusayas & upaklesas: 3. When they do not enter into activity with an indifference (K45). they continual- Mahaklesa (3 of the 6): 33,37,38 (missing extreme violence, the anusayas are called yogas, Nivaranas only function in ly bind, 34.pramada 35.kausidya 36.asraddhya) because they yoke (attach) one to the very many Kamadhatu & are purely reappearing Maha-akusala (2 of 2): 39,40 sufferings of transmigration unskillful (akusala). They despite efforts Paritta-klesa (10 of 10): 41-50 4. The anusayas are called upadanas, because, are obstacles to the noble to block them Aniyata (6 of 8): 51,52,55-58 (missing: through their action, one clings (seizes) to things of path, detachment and the (K39). 53.vitarka 54.vicara) the senses, etc. (forceful, burning) (K35-40). roots of skillfulness (K59). 2. flood of existence (bhavaugha) & 2. yoke of existence (bhavayoga) defilements of 2 higher dhatus (31-17+31-17=28) the defilements of Kamadhatu (except the ignorances) & the 10 wrapping (36-5+10=41) Rupadhatu & Arupyadhatu (except the ignorances) (31-5+31-5 = 52) 1. flood of sense-pleasure (kamaugha) & 1. yoke (kamayoga) defilements of Kamadhatu (36-5-12+10=29) 1. Canker of sense-pleasure (kamasrava) consists of [views are not a separate canker as they are not favorable to installation whereas asravas seat themselvews] 2. Canker of existence (bhavasrava) consists of the defilements of 1. clinging to sense-pleasure defilements of Kamadhatu & 10 wrappings (kamopadana) (36-12+10=34) [includes ignorance because it does not grasp] 4. clinging to a belief in a self defilements of 2 higher dhatus (atmavadopa-dana) (31-12+31-12=38)

The Basic Method of the Abandonment of a defilement is complete knowledge of its object. The defilements are not themselves destroyed, but through understanding the object the defilement no longer gives rise to any fault in relation to the object. Through complete knowledge of the object, the acquisition produced by the defilements cannot continue. One is defiled by a defilement when it arises in oneself and comes to be connected with ones series by a conascent acquisition (prapti). When the defilement and the acquisition both cease (become past) one continues to be defiled on account of ones ongoing connection with the defilement, which though past is still existent (sarvastiva), effected by the homogeneous (nisyanda) series of acquisition perpetuated by the original acquisition. When one abandons the defilement, one has severed the linkage of the acquisition. As long as the defilements are not abandoned, the intrinsic natures of past and future defilements continue to exist as realities. In the path of seeing, it is not that the path operates on the defilement as the two are opposed in nature. Rather, the path of seeing knows the object which then causes the defilements bearing on the object to be abandoned. The defilement does not cease to exist, but its acquisition ceases and with that, its afflictive potential. (Dhammajoti) Abandonment is done once and for all there is no partial or repeated abandoning. However, the acquisition of disjunction (visamyoga) from the defilement can be repeated, becoming firmer & deeper (K63). Universal (sarvatraga ) Defilements (K12-18): The universal defilements can arise and function in relation to all objects of their sphere (dhatu) and also serve as the cause for the production of further defilements (similar and dissimilar). There are 11 universal defilements (7+4): 7 = under the defilements abandoned by seeing the truth of suffering in Kamadhatu: ignorance, the 5 views & doubt 4 = under seeing the truth of origin in Kamadhatu: ignorance, false views, esteeming views & doubt In Table 1, these are marked with a u. Of these 11 universal defilements, 9 (by excluding the view of self & view of extremes) also serve as universal defilements in relation to the higher spheres (Rupadhatu & Arupyadhatu). Latent and Manifested Forms of the Defilements (K1): Vasubandhu supports the view that the anusayas are latent tendencies of defilements: What is called anusaya is the klesa itself in a state of sleep, whereas the paryavasthana is the klesa in an awakened state. The sleeping klesa is the non-manifested klesa, in the state of being a seed; the awakened klesa is the manifested klesa, the klesa in action. And by seed one should understand a certain capacity to produce the klesa, a power belonging to the person engendered by the previous klesa. The anusaya are then strictly speaking only abandoned at vajrapama-samadhi (the final samadhi before becoming an arhat or Buddha). The manifest defilements (paryavasthana) can be gradually suppressed without abandoning the anusaya at earlier stages of practice. The Vaibhasikas argue against the view of anusaya as latent defilements, interpreting anusaya rather as subtle and tenacious. Defilements arise from 3 Causes (K34): The anusaya (1) is cause; the dharmas are its object (2); and incorrect judgment (3) is its immediate preparation: three distinct forces: 1) On account of a cause (hetu-balena): anusayas in ones samtana (series) have not been abandoned or known so the defilements can arise when the corresponding conditions assemble. 2) On account of the object (visaya-balena): external stimuli conducive to defilements enter ones field. 3) On account of preparatory effort (prayoga-balena): This refers to improper mental application (ayoniso-manaskara, Pruden: erroneous judgement). Defilements can arise without the 2nd cause (object) if the 1st (not abandoned) and 3rd (improper mental application) are active. The 2nd (object) cannot make a defilement arise if there is proper mental application (the opposite of the 3 rd cause). Other Classifications of the Defilements: Table 2, Analysis of Categories of Defilements, relates a number of classifycations of the defilements from the Sutra teachings to the Sarvastivada Abhidharma elaborations of the anusayas. Notes: 108 Defilements: A total of 108 defilements is arrived at by adding the 98 anusayas (Table 1) to the 10 envelopments (paryavasthana, Table 2). The paryavasthanas and klesa-malas are derived from the anusayas (see Table 2) but come to constitute distinct forces. The outflows (sasrava), floods (ogha), yokes (yoga) and clingings (upadana) are alternate ways of classifying these 108 defilements. Table 2 includes the basic math, e.g. for the canker (outflow) of sense-pleasure, starting with the defilements of Kamadhatu (36), subtract the 5 ignorances of Kamadhatu (as they are part of the canker/outflow of ignorance) and add the 10 paryavasthanas = 41. With-outflow (sasrava) is a key term. All conditioned dharmas are subsumable as being either with or without outflows. This is the first major distinction among the dharmas discussed in the Kosa (Ch I, K4-5). In addition to the etymology in Table 2 (by the asravas, the mental series flows into objects), Kosa offers two alternate explanations: 1. they keep beings in 3 realms, causing beings to flow around (asravanti) the realms (from the highest heaven, Bhavagra, to the lowest hell, Avici); 2. they incessantly discharge inexhaustible impurities through the six wound-like entrances of beings (6 sense-faculties). Fetters, Connections (samyojanas): The list of 9 fetters in Table 2 includes just two of the 10 paryavasthanas: envy and avarice, as they are completely bad and independent [of ignorance] (K42). Further, there is a teaching of 2 sets of 5 fetters: 1) Five are inferior. Two (sensual-desire & malice (vyapada)) cause on not to get out of Kmadhtu; three (self-view, esteeming morality & ascetic practices & doubt) cause one to return there (K43). These five pertain to Kamadhatu. 2) Five are superior, namely two lusts, those which arise from Rpahdhtu and from rpadhtu, namely dissipation (restlessness), pride and ignorance. These five pertain to the higher spheres. Bonds (bandhana), associated with the 3 sensations, emphasize how defilements bind beings to the 3 spheres of existence.

K29-31: How many anusayas attach themselves (anuserate) to each object? We would never finish were we to examine this problem in detail. The Vaibhasikas give a summary exposition of this. In general one can say that there are sixteen types of dharmas, objects to which the anusayas attach themselves: for each sphere there are five categories (categories to be abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering, etc.); plus the pure dharmas. The consciousnesses are of the same sixteen types. When we know which dharmas are the objects of which consciousness, we are then able to calculate how many anusayas attach themselves to these dharmas. [K29] In all, these dharmas are the object of five consciousnesses. The three consciousnesses of Kamadhatu are abandoned through the Seeing of Suffering, through the Seeing of Arising, and through Meditation (abhyasa = bhavana). One consciousness of Rupadhatu is abandoned through Meditation. The following table presents the analysis of K29-31:
are the object of the following consciousnesses: Seeing Suffering Seeing Arising Seeing Extinction Seeing Path Meditation Seeing Suffering Seeing Arising Seeing Extinction Seeing Path Meditation Seeing Suffering Seeing Arising Seeing Extinction Seeing Path Meditation
abandoned by:

Dharmas abandoned through Seeing Suffering & Arising, & through Meditation in

Dharmas abandoned through the Seeing of Extinction and the Path in

Pure

Kamadhatu

Kamadhatu X X

Rupadhatu Arupyadhatu X X X X

abandoned by:

Rupadhatu

X X X

X X X

Kamadhatu X X X X X X X X

Rupadhatu X X X X

Arupyadhatu X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X

abandoned by:

Arupyadhatu

X X X

X X X X X X 11

X X X X X X 11

X X X

Pure Total

X 5

X X 8

X X 10
Result:

X 6

X 6
Result of anagamya: X

X X 9

X X 9

X X X X 10

The 9 Perfect Knowledges (parij, ) (K64-70): 1. 2. The destruction of the klesas abandoned through 4. seeing (darsana) the truths of 5. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9. The destruction of the sasravas (cankerous influences) through cultivation (bhavana) pertaining to: Suffering & arising

Realm:

Result of Result of the Result of the dhyanas: Aryan path: worldly path: X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Path Suffering & arising Extinction Path Higher spheres (Rupa & Arupyadhatus)

Of the patiences

Extinction

Kamadhatu

X X X X X

Rupadhatu Arupyadhatu

Of the knowledges

Kamadhatu

X X X

Rupadhatu is distinguished from Arupyadhatu with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through Meditation; one does not establish this distinction with respect to the abandoning of the klesas abandoned through the Seeing of the Truths: the opposition is the same for these (anvayajnana, vii.2c-d), but not for those. Thus three are nine perfect knowledges. Note: the content of this analysis is moving into Ch VI; it may be helpful to see Ch VI first. The analysis of the Perfect Knowledges here can also be compared to the analysis of the Knowledges in Ch VII. It is not clear to me why this analysis is included at this point. Perhaps Vasubandhu saw it as a bridge from Ch V into Ch VI? See K64-70 for further analysis of the Perfect Knowledges.