Scribd
Upload
594 views6 pages

Introduction To ANOVA: Lamb Weight Gain Example From Text

The document discusses using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze fictitious data on lamb weight gain from three different diets. It provides the lamb weight data and explains that using multiple t-tests to compare the diets would increase chances for error. The document then introduces ANOVA as a hypothesis testing procedure to compare group means while controlling for error rate. It defines key ANOVA concepts and equations and shows example ANOVA output analyzing the lamb weight data. Finally, it notes assumptions of ANOVA and discusses follow up multiple comparisons if ANOVA finds significant differences between group means.

Uploaded by

ganguly_ajay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
594 views6 pages

Introduction To ANOVA: Lamb Weight Gain Example From Text

The document discusses using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze fictitious data on lamb weight gain from three different diets. It provides the lamb weight data and explains that using multiple t-tests to compare the diets would increase chances for error. The document then introduces ANOVA as a hypothesis testing procedure to compare group means while controlling for error rate. It defines key ANOVA concepts and equations and shows example ANOVA output analyzing the lamb weight data. Finally, it notes assumptions of ANOVA and discusses follow up multiple comparisons if ANOVA finds significant differences between group means.

Uploaded by

ganguly_ajay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Diet 3 Diet 2 Diet 1

22.5
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5
5.0
D
a
t
a
I ndi vi dual Val ue Pl ot of Di et 1, Di et 2, Di et 3
IntroductiontoANOVA

LambWeightGainExamplefromText
Thefollowingtablecontainsfictitiousdataontheweightgainoflambsonthreedifferentdiets
overa2weekperiod.
WeightGain(lbs.)
Diet1 Diet2 Diet3
8 9 15
16 16 10
9 21 17
11 6
18

Whatisaquestionofinterest?

Howdoweanalyzethisdata?Wehaveindependentsamplessowhynotuseindependent
samplesttests?Answer:Usingthetdistributiontomakemorethanonecomparisonofa
pairofindependentsamplesdrivesupthechanceforerror.
Recall:TheTypeIerrorrate(theprobabilityofgoingwiththealternativewhenweshouldnt)
ofattestisthesignificancelevel,.
Thelambweightdataiscomprisedofthreeindependentsamples.Howmanypairwise
comparisonscanwemake?

Then,wecanmakeaTypeIErrorinanyorallofthesecomparisons.Letslookatwhat
happenstotheprobabilityofatleastoneTypeIErrorwhenmakingmultiplecomparisons:

Moreonwhattodoaboutthiserrorrateproblemlaterfornow,weintroducetheANOVA.
Intiouuction to AN0vA Page 2

Aonewayanalysisofvariance,orjustANOVA,thatwellbelearningisahypothesistesting
procedurethatusesthefollowinghypotheses:

H
O
:

H
A
:

Thetermonewayreferstothefactthatthereisonlyonevariabledefiningthegroups(in
ourexamplethisisDiet).

Notation:
I=numberofgroups
idenotesthei
th
groupandjdenotesthej
th
observation
y
ij
=y
12
denotesthe2
nd
observationinthefirstgroup
n
i=
samplesizeforthei
th
group
y

=samplemeanforthei
th
group
n.= n

I
=1
(thetotalsamplesizeacrossallgroups)
y=

i]
n
i
]=1
I
i=1
n.
(samplemeancombiningdataacrossallgroups)

SumofSquares(SS),DegreesofFreedom(df),andMeanSquares(MS)

SS(within)= (y
]
- y

)
2
n
i
]=1
I
=1
= (n

- 1)
I
=1
s

2
MS(within)=
SS(within)
uf(within)

df(within)=n
.
I

SS(between)= (y

- y)
2
n
i
]=1
I
=1
= n

(y

- y)
2 I
=1
MS(between)=
SS(between)
uf(between)

df(between)=I1

SS(total)= (y
]
- y)
2
n
i
]=1
I
=1
MS(total)=
SS(total)
uf(total)

df(total)=n
.
1

Intio

Con

Not
ofS

The
the
vari

The
The

Ifth
vari
evid
not

The
num
(wit
pict

Pva
qua

ouuction to A
nsiderthed
icethatth
S(within)a

analysiso
observatio
ation)and
Ftestfor
teststatis
hedataind
abilitywith
denceagai
belargert
Fdistribut
merator(be
thin).Wes
urefromW
aluesforth
ntitiestha
AN0vA
deviationf
eleftside
andSS(bet
(
n
i
]=1
I
=1
ofvariance
onsfromth
thevariat
ANOVA
sticforthe
dicateslarg
hingroups
nstH
O
(ift
thanthen
tionhasde
etween)an
sayF
s
~F(
Wikipediai
heFtestin
twillbeca
fromanob
y
]
isattheh
ween).It
(y
]
- y)
2
SS(total
iscentere
heirgrand
tionbetwe
ANOVAis
gedifferen
saroundgr
hegroupm
aturalvari
egreesoff
ndtheden
1
,
2
).The
illustrates
nANOVAa
alculatedf
bservation
]
- y = (y
eartofSS(
actuallyw
=
I
=1
l)=SS(w
daroundt
meaninto
eengroups
F
s
=
H
H
cesingrou
roupmean
meansare
ationofth
freedomfo
nominator
following
afewFpd
retailarea
oryou.
totheove
y
]
- y

) +
(total),and
orksout(w
(y
]
-
n
i
]=1
within)+
thisideaof
oitstwopi
s(treatmen
HS(bctwcc
HS(witbin
upmeansc
ns,F
s
willb
thesame,
hedatawit
orthe
dfs.
a
erallmean
+ (y

- y)
dtheright
withabito
y

)
2
+
I
=1
SS(betw
fbreaking
ieces:thev
ntvariation
cn)
n)

compared
belarge.B
,thevariab
thineachg
writtenin
sidehasth
ofmath)th
(y
n
i
]=1
1
ween)
downthe
variationw
n).
toeachot
Bigvalueso
bilitybetw
group).
thefollow
heanalogo
hat

- y)
2

totalvaria
withingrou
therrelativ
ofF
s
indica
weenthem
Page S
wingway:
ouspieces
ationof
ups(error
vetothe
te
should
S
Intiouuction to AN0vA Page 4

SoftwarepackagesperformingtheFtestforANOVAreturnsomethingcalledanANOVA
table.ThefollowingistheANOVAoutputfromMinitab16forthelambweightdata.Notice
wherethenumbersinthetablecomefrom.
One-way ANOVA: Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3

Source DF SS MS F P
Factor 2 36.0 18.0 0.77 0.491
Error 9 210.0 23.3
Total 11 246.0

S = 4.830 R-Sq = 14.63% R-Sq(adj) = 0.00%


Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev --------+---------+---------+---------+-
Diet 1 3 11.000 4.359 (---------------*--------------)
Diet 2 5 15.000 4.950 (------------*-----------)
Diet 3 4 12.000 4.967 (-------------*-------------)
--------+---------+---------+---------+-
8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0

Pooled StDev = 4.830

AndtheANOVAoutputfromStatCrunch
Analysis of Variance results:
Data stored in separate columns.
Column means


ANOVA table

Column n Mean Std. Error


Diet 1 3 11 2.5166116
Diet 2 5 15 2.2135944
Diet 3 4 12 2.4832773
Source df SS MS F-Stat P-value
Treatments 2 36 18 0.7714286 0.4907
Error 9 210 23.333334
Total 11 246
Intiouuction to AN0vA Page S

ConductanANOVAforthelambdata.

Intiouuction to AN0vA Page 6

AfewfinalnotesontheonewayANOVA:
Itassumesacommonstandarddeviationforthepopulations.
NoticethatMS(within)=MS(error)=MSE=
(n
i
-1)
I
i=1
s
i
2
n.-1
isapooled(weightedoraverage)
varianceforthegroups.WeviewthisMS(error)asanestimateofthepopulationcommon
varianceacrossthetreatments.Then,theestimateofthecommonpopulationstandard
deviationis

Andthisisoftenreferredtoas
Wechecktheassumptionthatthevariationisthesameforallgroupsbeforecarryingoutan
ANOVA,possiblybylookingatsidebysideboxplots(amongotherways).
Thereareotherassumptions(andmethodsofcheckingthem)wewilldiscussintheRegression
/Correlationlecturenotes.
So,whatdowedoiftheANOVAFtestrejectsH
O
andweconcludethereisatleastone
populationmeanthatisdifferent?Then,wecanturntothemethodsunderablanketof
topicscalledmultiplecomparisonswherewemakepairwisecomparisonstodetermine
whichtreatmentsaresignificantlylarger(orsmaller)thantheothers.Healthystudyisgivento
thissetoftheories,ascarefulattentionmustbepaidtotheerrorrates.Section11.9ofyour
textgivesanintroductiontothistopic.

You might also like