Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.

2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

GRADE 7 MATH TEACHING GUIDE

Lesson 2.2: Complement of a Set Time: 1.5 hours Pre-requisite Concepts: sets, universal set, empty set, union and intersection of sets, cardinality of sets, Venn diagrams About the Lesson: The complement of a set is an important concept. There will be times when one needs to consider the elements not found in a particular set A. You must know that this is when you need the complement of a set. Objectives: In this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Describe and define the complement of a set; 2. Find the complement of a given set; 3. Use Venn diagrams to represent the complement of a set. NOTE TO THE TEACHER Review the concept of universal set before introducing this lesson. Emphasize to the students that there are situations when it is more helpful to consider the elements found in the universal set that are not part of set A. Lesson Proper: I. Problem In a population of 8000 students, 2100 are Freshmen, 2000 are Sophomores, 2050 are Juniors and the remaining 1850 are either in their fourth or fifth year in university. A student is selected from the 8000 students and it is not a Sophomore, how many possible choices are there? Discussion Definition: The complement of a set A, written as A, is the set of all elements found in the universal set, U, that are not found in set A. The cardinality n (A) is given by n (A) = n (U) n (A) .

AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

U A A

Examples: 1. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. Then the elements of A are the elements from U that are not found in A. Therefore, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 2. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 5}. Then, A = {1, 3, 5} B = {2, 3, 4} A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U 3. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 7, 8}. Then, A = {5, 6, 7, 8} B = {1, 2, 5, 6} A B = {5, 6} 4. Let U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 5, 7, 9}. Then, A B = {5, 7, 9} (A B) = {1, 3} 5. Let U be the set of whole numbers. If A = {x | x is a whole number and x > 10}, then A = {x | x is a whole number and 0 x 10}.

AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

The opening problem asks for how many possible choices there are for a student that was selected and known to be a nonSophomore. Let U be the set of all students and n (U) = 8000. Let A be the set of all Sophomores then n (A) = 2000. The set A consists of all students in U that are not Sophomores and n (A) = n (U) n (A) = 6000. Therefore, there are 6000 possible choices for that selected student. NOTE TO THE TEACHER: Pay attention to how students identify the elements of the complement of a set. Teach them that a way to check is to take the union of a set and its complement. The union is the universal set U. That is, A A = U. Recall to them as well that n (A A) = n (A) + n (A) n (A A) = n (A) + n (A) = n (U) since A A = and therefore, n (A A) = 0. In the activity below, use Venn diagrams to show how the different sets relate to each other so that it is easier to identify unions and intersections of sets and complements of sets or complements or unions and intersections of sets. Watch as well the language that you use. In particular, (A B) is read as the complement of the union of A and B whereas A B is read as the union of the complement of A and the complement of B. II. Activity Shown in the table are names of students of a high school class by sets according to the definition of each set. A B C D Like Singing Like Dancing Like Acting Dont Like Any Jasper Charmaine Jacky Billy Faith Leby Jasper Ethan Jacky Joel Ben Camille Miguel Jezryl Joel Tina Joel

After the survey has been completed, find the following sets. a. U = b. A B = c. A C = d. (B D) =
AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D. 3

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

e. A f. A g. (B

B= D = C) =

The easier way to find the elements of the indicated sets is to use a Venn diagram showing the relationships of U, sets A, B, C, and D. Set D does not share any members with A, B, and C. However, these three sets share some members. The Venn diagram below is the correct picture: U Leby A Faith Joel Jacky Jasper Ben C Billy Ethan Camille Tina

Charmaine Jezryl

Miguel

Now, it is easier to identify the elements of the required sets. a. U = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky, Jasper, Jezryl, Joel, Leby, Miguel, Tina} b. A B = {Faith, Miguel, Joel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben, Billy, Ethan, Camille, Tina}

AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

c. A d. (B e. A f. A g. (B

C = {Jasper, Jacky, Joel, Ben, Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Billy, Ethan, Camille, Tina} D) = {Faith, Miguel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben} B = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl} D = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Ben} C) = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky, Jasper, Jezryl, Leby, Miguel, Tina}

NOTE TO THE TEACHER Below are the answers to the exercises. Encourage discussions among students. Take note of the language they use. It is important that students say the words or phrases correctly. Whenever appropriate, use Venn diagrams. III. Exercises 1. True or False. If your answer is false, give the correct answer. Let U = the set of the months of the year Y = {January, June, July} U X March May July October Z September November December June January August Y

X = {March, May, June, July, October} Z = {September, October, November, December} April

February

AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

a. Z = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August} True b. X Y = {June, July} False. X Y = {February, April, August, September, November, December} c. X d. (Y Z = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, November, December} True Z) = {February, March, April, May} False. (Y Z) = {February, March, April, May, August}.

NOTE TO THE TEACHER The next exercise is a great opportunity for you to develop students reasoning skills. If the complement of A, the complement of B and the complement of C all contain the element a then a is outside all three sets but within U. If B and C both contain b but A does not, then A contains b. This kind of reasoning must be clear to students.

2. Place the elements in their respective sets in the diagram below based on the following elements assigned to each set: U B A i b h f c g a d j

e C

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} A = {a, c, d, e, g, j} B = {a, b, d, e, h, i} C = {a, b, c, f, h, i, j}

AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D. 6

Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET

TEACHING GUIDE

NOTE TO THE TEACHER: In Exercise 3, there are many possible answers. Ask students to show all their work. This is a good opportunity for them to argue and justify their answers. Engage them in meaningful discussions. Encourage them to explain their work. Help them decide which diagrams are correct. 3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between sets U, X, Y, and Z, given the following information. U, the universal set contains set X, set Y, and set Z. XYZ=U Z is the complement of X. Y includes some elements of X and the set Z U X

Z NOTE TO THE TEACHER End with a good summary. Summary In this lesson, you learned about the complement of a given set. You learned how to describe and define the complement of a set, and how it relates to the universal set, U and the given set.
AUTHORS: Gina Guerra and Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D. 7