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Chap 1 PDF

Microwaves are defined as electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. They exhibit both wave-like properties and properties of electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are used for applications such as mobile communications, satellite communications, radar systems, and microwave ovens. Their short wavelengths allow for practical transmission using waveguides, cavity resonators, and other distributed circuit elements rather than lumped components.

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81 views2 pages

Chap 1 PDF

Microwaves are defined as electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. They exhibit both wave-like properties and properties of electromagnetic radiation. Microwaves are used for applications such as mobile communications, satellite communications, radar systems, and microwave ovens. Their short wavelengths allow for practical transmission using waveguides, cavity resonators, and other distributed circuit elements rather than lumped components.

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ravinarsingoju
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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MICROWAVE SIGNAL 2012

CHAPTER 1
MICROWAVE SIGNALS

icrowaves are radio waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz . Table of ITU Radio Bands

Band Number 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Symbols VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF

Frequency Range 3 to 30 kHz 30 to 300 kHz 300 to 3000 kHz 3 to 30 MHz 30 to 300 MHz 300 to 3000 MHz 3 to 30 GHz 30 to 300 GHz 300 to 3000 GHz
TABLE 1

Wavelength Range 10 to 100 km 1 to 10 km 100 to 1000 m 10 to 100 m 1 to 10 m 10 to 100 cm 1 to 10 cm 1 to 10 mm 0.1 to 1 mm

Apparatus and techniques may be described qualitatively as "microwave" when the wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the dimensions of the equipment, so that lumped-element circuit theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from the discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors used with lower-frequency radio waves. Instead, distributed circuit elements and transmission-line theory are more useful methods for design and analysis. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines give way to waveguides and strip line , and lumpedelement tuned circuits are replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines. Effects of reflection, polarization, scattering, diffraction, and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation. The same equations of electromagnetic theory apply at all frequencies. Electromagnetic waves longer (lower frequency) than microwaves are called "radio waves". Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths may be called "millimeter waves", terahertz radiation or even T-rays. Definitions differ for millimeter wave band, which the IEEE defines as 110 GHz to 300 GHz. Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that it is in effect opaque, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges.

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MICROWAVE SIGNAL 2012

Microwave frequency bands Letter Designation L band S band C band X band Ku band K band Ka band Q band U band V band E band W band F band D band Frequency range 1 to 2 GHz 2 to 4 GHz 4 to 8 GHz 8 to 12 GHz 12 to 18 GHz 18 to 26.5 GHz 26.5 to 40 GHz 33 to 50 GHz 40 to 60 GHz 50 to 75 GHz 60 to 90 GHz 75 to 110 GHz 90 to 140 GHz 110 to 170 GHz
TABLE 2

L band is used for mobile communication , electronic navigation , satellite bacons etc. S band finds application microwave ovens , satellite communication etc C band can be used for radars , satellite communication etc. X band can be used for satellite communication , radar , laboratory purpose etc. Other higher frequency bands are used for secure military communication. All electromagnetic waves oscillate in a wave pattern; if you imagine it as a wavy line drawn on a piece of paper, the wavelength is the length of the part that repeats over and over. Short wavelengths create higher frequency waves, and long wavelengths create lower frequency waves. Although microwave signals are technically defined as radiation, they are not to be thought of as the same type of radiation that is dangerous to living creatures, such as the ionizing radiation caused by a nuclear weapon. Microwave signals simply "radiate" from their source. Besides telecommunication, microwave signals are used in many technologies that we use every day. For instance, regular television broadcast stations and wireless Internet connections utilize microwave signals. Likewise, low frequency microwave signals are present in the cables that provide cable TV and high speed Internet access.

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