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Freezing Point Depression

This experiment determined the freezing point of naphthalene and used freezing point depression to calculate the molecular weight of an unknown substance. Naphthalene's freezing point was found to be 79.7°C. When unknown #3 was added in two trials, the freezing points decreased to 76.2°C and 73.2°C, allowing the molality and molecular weight of the unknown to be calculated in each trial and averaged to 162.3 g/mol. However, the molecular weight did not match any known substances.

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592 views4 pages

Freezing Point Depression

This experiment determined the freezing point of naphthalene and used freezing point depression to calculate the molecular weight of an unknown substance. Naphthalene's freezing point was found to be 79.7°C. When unknown #3 was added in two trials, the freezing points decreased to 76.2°C and 73.2°C, allowing the molality and molecular weight of the unknown to be calculated in each trial and averaged to 162.3 g/mol. However, the molecular weight did not match any known substances.

Uploaded by

Josh Tingley
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Josh Tingley 1

General Chemistry II Lab 226-01 Dr. Zegar

Freezing Point Depression


Performed: February 8, 2012

Submitted: February 16, 2012

By Josh Tingley (Partner Cole Scott)

Josh Tingley 2 Purpose: In this experiment, the freezing point of naphthalene is found by melting the naphthalene then allowing it to cool into a solid. Also, unknowns were added in two different procedures, and then the molecular weight of the unknown is determined. Principles: This experiment dealt with colligative properties. A colligative property is a property that depends on the ratio of solute and solvent particles, not on the nature of the substance itself. This experiment focused on the property known as freezing-point depression. Equation 1: Change in temperature is equal to the temperature of the pure substance (T1) minus the temperature of the solution (T2). T = T1 T2 Equation 2: The freezing point depression (T) is equal to the freezing point depression constant (7.1CKg/mol for naphthalene) multiplied by the molality. T = Kf x m Equation 3: The molality of a substance is equal to the moles of the solute divided by the kilograms of the solvent. m = mol of solute/Kg of solvent Equation 4: Molecular weight is found by dividing grams by moles. Molecular weight = g/mol Procedure: First the temperature probe was set up to collect the sample information. A test tub was set up with 19.96 grams of naphthalene and clamped onto a ring stand above a 400mL beaker water bath. The temperature probe was then inserted and allowed to warm up before data collection. Once warm, the test tube was removed and data was collected. The melted naphthalene was stirred continuously to deter any rapid cooling. Once completed, the data was converted into a graph to visually determine the freezing point. In the latter two trials an unknown was added into the naphthalene. In this experiment 1.52g was added in the first trial and an additional 1.53g was added of unknown #3 in the second trial giving a total of 3.05g. The same procedure was then repeated for both of the trials giving the latter two graphs.

Josh Tingley 3 Results: In this experiment, the freezing point of naphthalene was determined, as shown in graph 1, as well as finding the freezing point mixed with an unknown solution in two trials, as shown in graphs 2 and 3 respectively. The table below shows the unknown code used followed by all calculations made to determine the molecular weight of the unknown and finally the average molecular weight.

Unknown Code Mass of Naphthalene Mass of the unknown solute Freezing point of NAP Freezing Point of the NAP unknown Mixture Freezing Point Depression Molality Moles of unknown solute Molecular weight of the Unknown solute Average Molecular Weight

Trial 1 #3 19.96g 1.52g 79.7C 76.2C 3.5C .49mol/Kg 9.8x10-3mol 155.1g/mol

Trial 2 #3 19.96g 3.05g 79.7C 73.2C 6.5C .92mol/Kg 1.8x10-2mol 169.4g/mol

162.3g/mol

To determine freezing point of naphthalene, extrapolated lines are drawn on graph 1, then the intersection of the two lines is considered the freezing point as shown on the graph. This method was used to determine freezing points of both trial 1 and trial 2 with unknowns. Calculations for Trial 1 with Unknown Using equation 1, the change in temperature was determined between the freezing point of naphthalene and the freezing point of the unknown mixture. T = 79.7C 76.2C T = 3.5C After change in temperature was found, equation 2 was used to find molality. 3.5C = 7.1C-kg/mole x m m = 3.5C/7.1C-kg/mol m = .49mol/kg Molality was then used to calculate moles of the unknown that was added using equation 3.

Josh Tingley 4 .49mol/kg = mol of solute/.01996kg mol = .01996kg x .49mol/kg mol = 9.8x10-3mol Once moles were determined equation 4 was used to finally determine the molecular weight of the unknown. Molecular weight = 1.52g/9.8x10-3mol Molecular weight = 155.1g/mol By following the same steps as in trial 1, molecular weight of trial 2 was found as shown in table 1. These two trials were then averaged to show and average molecular weight of 162.3g/mol.

Discussion In this experiment the freezing point of the naphthalene mixture was lower than that of the pure naphthalene. This happened because of the ratio of solute and solvent particles. The more of a solute that is put in, the lower the freezing point of a substance would be the type of the substance is not the effector. This defines colligative property and holds true in this experiment. By comparing graph 1 to graphs 2 and 3, it is visible that the more solute placed into the naphthalene, the lower the freezing point was. When studying the molecular weight, it was not close enough to determine what the unknown was. Error Analysis The lack of determination of the unknown could be caused by a slight loss of naphthalene between the trials due to the freezing of naphthalene on the temperature probe causing small amounts to be removed with the probe. It could also deviate slightly by determining the freezing points graphically.

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