MATH 31A (Butler)

Practice for Final (B)

Try to answer the following questions without the use of book, notes or calculator;
but you can use the equation sheet posted on the course website. Time yourself and
try to nish the questions in less than three hours.
1. Show that
_
/4
0
tan x dx +
_
1
0
arctan x dx =

4
. (Hint: interpret each integral as
an area and show how the areas piece together.)
First we note that we can change the dummy variables inside the integral.
In particular, we are trying to nd
_
/4
0
tan y dy +
_
1
0
arctan x dx.
But since x = tan y if and only if y = arctan x (for x and y in this range),
then these two integrals both involve the same curve. In particular, these
integrals correspond to the respective areas shown below.
1

4
y=arctan x
or x=tan y

1
0
arctanxdx

/4
0
tany dy
Since the two areas piece together to form a rectangle with dimensions 1 and

4
then the combined area is the area of the rectangle which is

4
.
2. A particle moves along the curve implicitly dened by xy
4
yx
4
= x y
2
. When
the particle passes through the point (1, 1) its x coordinate is changing 1/4 units per
second. How fast is the y coordinate changing?
We have x = 1, y = 1 and
dx
dt
=
1
4
and we are looking for
dy
dt
. This is
a related rates problem and so we take the derivative of both sides of the
implicitly dened function with respect to t. So we have
dx
dt
y
4
+ x4y
3
dy
dt

dy
dt
x
4
y4x
3
dx
dt
=
dx
dt
2y
dy
dt
.
Substituting what we know we have
1
4
1
4
+ 141
3
dy
dt

dy
dt
1
4
141
3

1
4
=
1
4
21
dy
dt
,
which rearranges to
(4 1 + 2)
dy
dt
=
1
4

1
4
+ 1 or 5
dy
dt
= 1 or
dy
dt
=
1
5
units
sec
.
3. The night before the nal you have decided to do one last study session. But
before you begin you decide that you want to make the best use of your time. You
know that there is a diminishing return to the amount of time you study (i.e., you get
more out of your rst hour of study than you will your second; and more out of your
second hour than you will your third). At the same time you know that the longer
you study the less sleep you will have and the harder it will be to concentrate on the
test (which will make problems about optimizing your study session even harder!).
After thinking about it for a few minutes you decide if H is the number of hours that
you study that night then you anticipate your score on the nal will be
115
50
H + 1
8H,
more or less. How many hours should you study to maximize your score, and what
should your anticipated score on the nal be?
This is clearly an optimization problem since we are trying to maximize our
score. So in this case we will take the derivative and set it equal to 0 (note
that clearly we must have H 0 since we cannot go back and study less in
the past). So taking the derivative of our anticipated score we have
d
dH
_
115
50
H + 1
8H
_
=
50
(H + 1)
2
8.
For H 0 this is never undened so our only critical point will be when the
derivative is 0, which happens when
50
(H + 1)
2
= 8 or (H + 1)
2
=
50
8
=
25
4
or H + 1 =
5
2
so H =
3
2
hrs.
We only found one critical point and so that must be the right answer (unless
somehow studying this length of time is the way to minimize our score!) But
to double check by taking the second derivative we get 100/(H +1)
3
which
is clearly negative at H = 3/2 so that by the second derivative test this is a
maximum.
So we should study for H = 3/2 hours, or an hour and a half, and our
anticipated score on the nal will be
115
50
(3/2) + 1
8
3
2
= 115
50
5/2
12 = 115 20 12 = 83.
Now if we can only get the graders to give us that score we would be happy!
4. Use the following information to get an estimate for g(f(2.1)).
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1 3 0 2
f

(x) 1 2 3 0
g(x) 3 0 1 2
g

(x) 1 3 2 2
It seems reasonable to thing that g(f(2.1)) should be close to g(f(2)). So let
us nd the tangent line to h(x) = g(f(x)) at x = 2 and evaluate it at x = 2.1
to get our approximation. To do this we note that h

(x) = g

(f(x))f

(x) and
so
h(2) = g(f(2)) = g(0) = 3, and
h

(2) = g

(f(2))f

(2) = g

(0)f

(2) = 13 = 3.
So we have that the tangent line to h(x) at x = 2 is
y = 3 + 3(x 2) = 3x 3.
Therefore plugging in x = 2.1 we have
g(f(2.1)) = h(2.1) 32.1 3 = 3.3.
5. (a) Find
_
_
sec + tan
_
2
d.
We rst work on rewriting the integral. Expanding we have
_
_
sec + tan
_
2
d =
_
_
sec
2
+ 2 sec tan + tan
2

_
d.
The sec
2
term and the 2 sec tan term are both easy to integrate, but
we dont have a way to integrate the tan
2
term. But that is no problem
because we can substitute sec
2
1 for tan
2
. And so we have
_
_
sec
2
+ 2 sec tan + tan
2

_
d
=
_
_
sec
2
+ 2 sec tan + (sec
2
1)
_
d
=
_
_
2 sec
2
+ 2 sec tan 1
_
d = 2 tan + 2 sec + C.
(b) Find
_
x

x
2
+ 1 + x
dx.
To start let us multiply top and bottom by the conjugate of the bottom (this
will help to simplify the denominator). So we have
_
x

x
2
+ 1 + x
dx =
_
x

x
2
+ 1 + x

x
2
+ 1 x

x
2
+ 1 x
dx
=
_
x

x
2
+ 1 x
2
(x
2
+ 1) x
2
dx =
_
_
x

x
2
+ 1 x
2
_
dx
=
_
x

x
2
+ 1 dx
_
x
2
dx =
_
x

x
2
+ 1
. .
u = x
2
+ 1
du = 2dx
dx
1
3
x
3
+ C
=
_
u
1/2

1
2
du
1
3
x
3
+ C =
1
2

2
3
u
3/2

1
3
x
3
+ C
=
1
3
(x
2
+ 1)
3/2

1
3
x
3
+ C.
We also needed to use substitution in the middle. Note that in this case we
broke the integral up over addition before we did the substitution. This was
because the same substitution would have gotten us into more trouble had
we tried to apply it to the integral of x
2
, besides which the integral of x
2
is
easy enough to do by itself!
6. Suppose that y

(t) = 2sin(t) and that y(0) = 2 and y(2) = 5. What is y

(1)?
Let us try and construct y

(t). We know that

y

(t) =
_
y

(t) dt + C =
_
_
2 sin(t)
_
dt + C = 2t +
1

cos(t) + C.
Now if we know the constant C we would be done, but we dont have any
information about y

to use to determine C, what we do have is information

about y so let us now turn to nding y. So we similarly have
y(t) =
_
y

(t) dt + D =
_
_
2t +
1

cos(t) + C
_
dt + D
= t
2
+
1

2
sin(t) + Ct + D.
(Note that D is a constant but it is arbitrary and can be dierent from C,
hence we used a dierent letter to denote this dierent constant.) Now we
do have information about y, in particular we can use the two known values
of y to solve for the two constants C and D. So we have
2 = y(0) = D,
5 = y(2) = 4 + 2C + D.
From these we see that D = 2 and then 2C = 3 or C =
3
2
. Therefore we
have
y

(1) = 2 +
1

cos + C = 2
1

+
3
2
=
7
2

1

.
(Note: this problem is similar in spirit to problems in dierential equations
where we know what the function is on the boundary and we try to gure
out what the function is doing on the interior given that it satises some
relationship with its derivatives. This turns out to be important for physics
and many other problems.)
7. Let H(x) =
_
x+2
x
2
h(t) dt where h(t) is the function dened piecewise by
h(t) =
_

_
4 2t if t 2,
_
4 (t 4)
2
if 2 t 5,

3 if t 5.
A graph of this function is shown on the
right. Find the following values.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
(a) H(2) =
Using the area of a triangle, the area of one fourth of a circle, and basic
properties of the integral we have
H(2) =
_
0
4
h(t) dt =
_
4
0
h(t) dt =
_
1
2
24 +
1
4
2
2
_
= 4 .
(b) H(0) =
Using the area formula for a triangle, we have
H(0) =
_
2
0
h(t) dt =
1
2
24 = 4.
(c) H

(1) =
By the FTC we have that H

(x) = h(x + 2)1 h(x

2
)2x, so we have
H

(1) = h(3) 2h(1) =

3 22 =

3 4.
(d) H(2) =
Using basic properties of integration we have
H(2) =
_
4
4
h(t) dt = 0.
(e) H(3) =
Using the area formula for a rectangle, we have
H(3) =
_
5
9
h(t) dt =
_
9
5
h(t) dt = 4

3.
8. What is the average area of circles where the radii of the circles can range from 1
to 4?
The area of a circle with radius r is r
2
. Therefore to nd the average area
of circles with radii between 1 and 4 is the same as nding the average of r
2
with 1 r 4 which is
Average =
1
4 1
_
4
1
r
2
dr =

3

1
3
x
3

r=4
r=1
=

9
_
4
3
1
3
_
=

9
(64 1) = 7.
9. Let h(x) be a function such that
_
2
0
h(x) dx = 1,
_
3
0
h(x) dx = 2,
_
4
0
h(x) dx = 6,
_
5
1
h(x) dx = 5, and
_
5
2
h(x) dx = 7.
Find
_
3
1
h(x) dx.
Our basic approach is to combine these integrals for which we have a value
in various ways to get information about the integral we are interested in.
One approach is as follows:
_
5
0
h(x) dx =
_
2
0
h(x) dx +
_
5
2
h(x) dx = 1 + 7 = 8.
Using this we have
_
1
0
h(x) dx =
_
5
0
h(x) dx
_
5
1
h(x) dx = 8 5 = 3,
So nally we have
_
3
1
h(x) dx =
_
3
0
h(x) dx
_
1
0
h(x) dx = 2 3 = 1.
(Note that we did not need to use all of the information given to us.)
10. A torus (or as Homer Simpson would say mmmmm, donut) can be formed by
spinning a circle around the x-axis. Find the volume of the torus found by spinning
the circle of radius 1 centered at (0, 2) around the x-axis.
(Hint: the curve describing the top of the circle is y = 2 +

1 x
2
while the curve
describing the bottom of the circle is y = 2

1 x
2
.)
This is nding a solid of revolution, for which we have nice formulas for. In
particular we have
Volume =
_
1
1
_
_
2 +

1 x
2
_
2

_
2

1 x
2
_
2
_
dx
=
_
1
1
_
_
4+4

1x
2
+(1x
2
)
_

_
44

1x
2
+(1x
2
)
_
_
dx
= 8
_
1
1

1 x
2
dx
= 8

2
= 4
2
.
(Or as Homer would say four square pies, mmmmm.) For the last step
we used that
_
1
1

1 x
2
dx is the area of half of a circle of radius 1, so has
value /2.