Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 171-182, 2009
Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 171-182, 2009
Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 171-182, 2009
9, 171182, 2009
COMPACT SHORTED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
FOR DUAL BAND OPERATION
A. Mishra, P. Singh, N. P. Yadav, and J. A. Ansari
Department of Electronics & Communication
University of Allahabad
Allahabad 211002, India
B. R. Vishvakarma
Department of Electronics Engineering
I. T. BHU
Varanasi 221005, India
AbstractIn the present paper notch loaded shorted microstrip patch
antenna has been analysed using cavity model. The proposed antenna
shows dual band operation which depends on notch dimensions as well
as shorting wall. The frequency ratio is found to be 1.5278 for the
notch loaded rectangular patch, while in notch loaded shorted patch,
the frequency ratio varies from 2.9764 to 2.725 for increasing value
of notch width and it is almost invariant with notch depth. Further
a slot loaded shorted patch antenna shows the dual frequency nature
with the frequency ratio 1.7. The theoretical results are compared with
IE3D simulation as well as reported experimental results.
1. INTRODUCTION
Compact microstrip antennas have received much attention due to
increasing application of small antennas for personal communication
equipments [15]. Shorted patch antennas have been reported to
overcome the size constraints for a variety of communication link.
Recently it has been demonstrated that loading the microstrip antenna
with shorting pin and shorted wall can reduce the patch size for a xed
operating frequency [69].
Various kind of microstrip antennas have been proposed to achieve
dual band operation such as redial slot [10], microstrip patch antenna
Corresponding author: A. Mishra (mishraanurag31@gmail.com).
172 Mishra et al.
with shaped slot [11]. One of the most popular techniques to obtain
the dual band frequency is reactive loading by introducing the slots
parallel to radiating edge of the patch [12] and cutting square slot in
the patch [13, 14]. Another type of reactive loading can be introduced
to get higher frequency by cutting a notch parallel to the rediating
edge of the patch [15].
In this paper, two antenna geometries are analysed for dual
band operation using the circuit theory concept. In rst geometry,
a notch with dimension (L
n
W
n
) is introduced along one of the
radiating edge and another radiating edge is shorted with shorting
wall, while in second geometry, a slot with dimension (L
s
W
s
) is
loaded in rectangular microstrip patch antenna with shorted wall.
Various antenna parameters are calculated as a function of frequency
for dierent values of notch and slot dimensions.
2.1. Analysis of Notch Loaded Shorted Patch Antenna
The geometry of proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 1.
A simple rectangular microstrip patch antenna can be analysed as
a parallel combination of R
1
, L
1
and C
1
as shown in Fig. 2, where R
1
,
L
1
and C
1
can be dened as [16].
C
1
=
e
o
LW
2h
cos
2
(x
o
/L) (1)
L
1
=
1
2
C
1
(2)
R
1
=
Q
r
C
1
(3)
L
n
W
n
L
W
h
S
X
Y
Z
shorting wall
feed point
Figure 1. Geometry of notch loaded
shorted patch antenna.
C
1
L
1
R
1
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit
of rectangular patch.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 2009 173
in which
L = length of the rectangular patch
W = width of the rectangular patch
x
o
= feed point location along length of the patch
h = thickness of the substrate material
and
Q
r
=
c
e
fh
where
c = velocity of light
f = design frequency
e
= eective permittivity of the medium which is given by [16]
e
=
r
+1
2
+
r
1
2
_
1 +
10h
W
_
1/2
where,
r
= relative permittivity of the substrate material.
The notch is introduced along one of the radiating side and other
side is shorted by the shorting wall. Due to the eect of notch, the
two current ows in the patch, one is the normal patch current and
resonates at the design frequency of the initial patch; however, the
other current ows around the notch consequently alters the resonance
frequency, as shown in Fig. 3.
Due to this discontinuity an additional series inductance (L) and
series capacitance (C) appear that modify the equivalent circuit of
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Current distributions of notch loaded shorted patch
antenna: (a) fr
1
= 2.731 GHz, (b) fr
2
= 8.01 GHz.
174 Mishra et al.
RMSA as shown in Fig. 4, in which series inductance (L) and series
capacitance (C) can be calculated as [17, 18].
L =
h
0
8
(L
n
/L)
2
and C = (
L
n
L
) C
S
where
0
= 4 10
7
H/m
L
n
= depth of the notch
C
s
= gap capacitance and is given by [19].
It may be noted that the two resonant circuits, one is the initial R L C
of the shorted patch shown in Fig. 5 and another one is after cutting
the notch, are coupled through mutual inductance (L
m
) and mutual
conductance (C
m
). Now the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna
can be given as shown in Fig. 6.
The input impedance of the notch loaded microstrip patch can be
calculated as
Z
T
= Z
notch
+
Z
short
Z
m
Z
short
+ Z
m
(4)
where Z
short
= input impedance of the shorted patch and can be given
as
Z
short
=
R
1
j
j + L
T
R
1
R
1
C
1
2
(5)
in which
L
T
=
L
S
+ L
1
L
1
L
S
where L
S
= Inductance due to shorting wall and dened as [16]
L
S
= 0.2h
_
log
2h
(S + t)
+ 0.2235
(S + t)
h
+ 0.5
_
C
C
L
1
1
R
1
L
Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of
patch due to eect of notch.
R
s
L
s
R L
C 1 1
1
Figure 5. Equivalent circuit of
shorted patch antenna.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 2009 175
where
S = length of the shorting wall
h = height of the substrate i.e., width of the shorting wall
t = thickness of the shorting wall
Z
notch
=
jR
1
L
2
jL
2
+ R
1
R
1
L
2
C
2
2
(6)
where
L
2
= L
1
+ L
C
2
=
C
1
C
C
1
+ C
and
Z
m
=
_
jL
m
+
1
jC
m
_
where L
m
and C
m
are the mutual inductance and mutual capacitance
between two resonant circuits and given as [20].
L
m
=
C
2
p
(L
1
+ L
2
) +
_
C
2
p
(L
1
+ L
2
)
2
+ 4C
2
p
(1 C
2
p
)L
1
L
2
2(1 C
2
p
)
(7)
C
m
=
(C
1
+ C
2
) +
_
(C
1
+ C
2
)
2
4C
1
C
2
(1 C
2
p
)
2
(8)
where C
p
=
1
Q
1
Q
2
and Q
1
and Q
2
are quality factors of the two
resonant circuits.
Z
notch
C
m
L
m
Z
shorted
Figure 6. Equivalent cir-
cuit of coupled notch loaded
shorted patch antenna.
Y
W
L
L
S
W
S
S
X
Z
shorting wall
feed point
Figure 7. Geometry of slot loaded
shorted patch antenna.
176 Mishra et al.
2.2. Analysis of Slot Loaded Shorted Patch Antenna
The geometry of slot loaded shorted patch antenna is shown in Fig. 7.
The slot on the patch can be analysed by using the duality
relationship between the dipole and slot [21]. The corresponding
current distribution for the slot loaded shorted patch is shown in Fig. 8.
The input impedance of a single slot parallel to the radiating edge
can be given as [22].
Z
S
= j30
_ _
e
jkr
1
r
1
+
e
jkr
1
r
2
2 cos kh
e
jkr
0
r
0
_
sink(h |z|)dz (9)
where k = 2/, = wavelength in the medium, h =
thickness of the substrate
r
1
=
_
y
2
+ (h + z)
2
1/2
r
2
=
_
y
2
+ (h z)
2
1/2
r
0
=
_
y
2
+ z
2
1/2
Equation (9) can be given as
Z
S
= R
slot
+ jX
S
(10)
where R
S
is the real part of the Eq. (10) and equivalent to radiation
resistance of the slot and imaginary parts X
S
is input reactance of the
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Current distributions of slot loaded shorted patch antenna:
(a) fr
1
= 2.4 GHz, (b) fr
2
= 4.1 GHz.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 2009 177
slot and can be given as [22]
X
S
= 30
_
[2S
i
(kL
slot
) + cos(kL
slot
)][2S
i
(kL
slot
) S
i
(2kL
slot
)
sin(kL
slot
)]
_
2C
i
(kL
slot
) C
i
(2kL
slot
) C
i
_
2kW
2
S
L
slot
___
(11)
where S
i
and C
i
are sin and cosine integrals and k =
2
.
In the present analysis only the capacitive reactance X
S
is
considered and the value of R
S
is very small and can be neglected.
Another side of the radiating edge of the patch is shorted with shorting
wall which adds an inductance parallel to the patch. The equivalent
circuit of the slot loaded shorted patch microstrip patch antenna is
shown in Fig. 9.
The total input impedance of the circuit can be calculated using
Fig. 9 as
Z
T
=
jL
S
Z
P
Z
slot
Z
P
+ Z
slot
+ jL
S
(12)
where Z
P
= Input impedance of the RMSA and can be dened as
Z
P
=
1
1/R
1
+ 1/jL
1
+ jC
1
(13)
Now using Equations (4) and (12) one can calculate the various
antenna parameters for both the proposed antennas, such as reection
coecient, VSWR and return loss.
3. DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1. Design specications for the notch loaded shorted patch
antenna.
Substrate material used Foam
Relative permittivity of the substrate (
r
) 1.07
Thickness of the dielectric substrate (h) 3 mm
Length of the patch (L) 25 mm
Width of the patch (W) 38 mm
Depth of the notch (L
n
) 6.5 mm
Width of the notch (W
n
) 13 mm
Length of the shorting wall (S) 38 mm
Feed location (x
0
, y
o
) (4.32 mm, 0)
178 Mishra et al.
Table 2. Design specications for the slot loaded shorted patch
antenna.
Substrate material used Foam
Relative permittivity of the substrate (
r
) 1.07
Thickness of the dielectric substrate (h) 3 mm
Length of the patch (L) 25 mm
Width of the patch (W) 38 mm
Length of the slot (L
s
) 36 mm
Width of the slot (W
s
) 1 mm
Length of the shorting wall (S) 38 mm
Feed location (x
0
, y
o
) (6 mm, 0)
R
s
L
s
R C L 1
jX
1 1
Figure 9. Equivalent circuit of
slot loaded shorted patch.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Frequency (GHz)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
Figure 10. Comparative plot
of return loss with frequency for
notch loaded patch.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Figure 10 shows the variation of return loss with frequency for notch
loaded patch antenna along with simulated results using IE3D [23].
From the gure it is observed that the antenna shows dual
frequency behaviour with frequency ratio 1.5278 (simulated, 1.4544).
However, when the patch is shorted with shorting wall, the frequency
ratio increases up to 2.9764 as shown in Fig. 11.
From Fig. 12, it is observed that the lower resonance frequency
remains almost constant while the upper resonant frequency increases
with increasing value of notch depth (L
n
) for a given value of notch
width (W
n
= 13 mm).
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 9, 2009 179
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (GHz)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
Figure 11. Variation of return
loss with frequency for notch
loaded shorted patch along with
simulated results (L
n
= 6.5 mm,
W
n
= 13 mm).
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (GHz)
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
Figure 12. Variation of return
loss with frequency for dierent
value of notch depth L
n
(W
n
=
13 mm).
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (GHz)
W =13mm
n
W =15mm
n
W =17mm
n
Figure 13. Variation of return
loss with frequency for dierent
value of notch width W
n
(L
n
=
6.5 mm).
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Notch depth (mm)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
i
o
Theoretical
Simulated[23]
Figure 14. Variation of fre-
quency ratio with dierent notch
depth (W
n
= 13 mm).
Figure 13 shows the variation of return loss with frequency for
dierent value of notch width for a given value of notch depth (L
n
=
6.5 mm) and shorting wall length (S = 38 mm). It is observed that
both the upper and lower resonance frequencies depend inversely on
notch width for a given value of notch depth but a large shift in upper
resonance frequency is observed as compared to the variation of lower
resonance frequency.
180 Mishra et al.
13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.85
2.9
2.95
3
Theoretical
Simulated[23]
Notch depth (mm)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
i
o
Figure 15. Variation of fre-
quency ratio with dierent notch
width (L
n
= 6.5 mm).
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x 10
9
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
R
e
t
u
r
n
l
o
s
s
(
d
B
)
Frequency (GHz)
Theoretical
Simulated[23]
Experimental[24]
Figure 16. Comparative graph
of return loss with frequency for
slot loaded shorted patch (L
slot
=
36 mm, W
s
= 1 mm).
The variation of frequency ratio (f
2
/f
1
) with notch depth is given
in Fig. 14 along with simulated results. It is found that there is a small
increase in the frequency ratio (f
2
/f
1
) for a given value of notch width
(W
n
), while the variation of frequency ratio decrease sharply with the
notch width of the antenna as shown in Fig. 15.
Figure 16 shows the theoretical return loss along with simulated
and experimental results [24] for the slot loaded shorted patch. The
theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with the
simulated and experimental results. Slight deviation in resonance
frequency is due to some approximations in the proposed theory.
5. CONCLUSION
From the analysis, it is concluded that the frequency ratio of the
antenna is very sensitive with notch and slot dimensions. The
frequency ratio depends inversely on the notch width while it is almost
invariant with notch depth. Thus one can optimize both the resonance
frequencies for various scientic and industrial applications.
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