USA: President Obama’s orders on

interrogations and CIA — historic decisions Amnesty International Group 48

Newsletter February 2009
(Jan 23rd, 2009) Amnesty International’s Secretary General Irene
Khan today said President Obama’s Executive Orders on interro- www.aipdx.org 503-227-1878
gations and the end of CIA’s secret detention programme is an
Next Meeting: Friday, February 13th
“historic decision” and “one of the major steps needed towards
First Unitarian Church
bringing the USA back in line with international human rights stan-
1011 SW 12th Ave
dards.”
7:00pm informal gathering 7:30 Meeting starts
“The importance of President Obama’s
executive orders should not be underesti-
mated,” said Irene Khan.
“It means that the USA no longer autho- Concert petition signature update
rizes individuals to be detained in secret
sites, and tortured by techniques such as
Los Lobos petition signature gathering was a relative success
waterboarding.”
and the show stupendamundo!. We obtained 157 signatures, but in
Amnesty International retains concerns
edition to working the queue into the Aladdin we were also for the
about some provisions of the Army Field
first time allowed to pass petitions in the aisles. This bodes well for
Manual, which the organization considers
future efforts when hopefully it will have more than just myself And
are not compatible with the international
we have two new a new trophies for our wall of fame. Los Lobos
prohibition for torture or other ill-treatment. Nevertheless, by mak-
was kind enough to autograph us a poster and their artist, George
ing the CIA and other non-military personnel subject to it enforces
Houston, did us a cool grafitiesqe “To Amnestia Groupo 48.”
greater protections for detainees than have existed to date and is a
Folksinger Tom Paxton, a long
major shift from the previous Administration’s authorization of tor-
time supporter of Amnesty Inter-
ture and other ill-treatment and flagrant disregard for the USA’s in-
national performed at the First
ternational obligations on the treatment of detainees.
Unitarian church a couple of
Other issues that will also need to be addressed include the
weeks ago and was kind enough
possibility of “short-term, transitory” detentions being conducted
to sign us a show poster, along
by the CIA or for it to use non-US controlled facilities for proxy de-
with our friends Kate Power and
tentions and interrogations.
Steve Einhorn. They are open to
“Today marks a landmark in the success of campaigning for
discussion on doing us a fund
human rights. After six years of abuse and suffering, action is be-
raiser, although this would re-
ing taken to correct the crimes committed by the US in its ‘war on
quire a large amount of start up capital.
terror’,” said Irene Khan.
Stan and I collected 91 signatures at the Amy Ray concert, which
“This must not be, however, the end of the story. All those re-
was good considering that was about how many people were in the
sponsible for approving and carrying out crimes such as torture,
audience. Amy has always been very on-message for Amnesty In-
disappearances and arbitrary detention must be brought to justice,
ternational issues. Will Ware
and an independent commission of inquiry into all aspects of the
USA’s detention and interrogation practices in the ‘war on terror’
must be established.”
AI Group 48 Contact Info

Legislative Update
Phone Guy
Legislative Coordinator
Marty Fromer
Dan Johnson,
I’m sure most of you have received the mass emails from AI re- 503-227-1878
503-310-4540
garding president Obama’s declarations. I want to add my 2c and [email protected]
[email protected]
say thanks to all of you who have participated in the actions to Concert & Event Tabling
China RAN
defend human rights and the rule of law in our contry over the past Will Ware
Joanne Lau,
503-227-5225
few years. Our focus is now on swift and just treatment and deci- 971-221-5450
ww_ware at yahoo.com
sions for those held at Guantanamo, and on transparency and in- [email protected]

vestigations into what went so wrong. It was pretty amazing to hear Treasurer Philippine/Indonesia RAN
so many things we’ve been asking for addressed so quickly. Janan Stoll, Max White,
503-282-8834 503-292-8168
I hope to create a report card this year of our elected official’s ac-
[email protected] [email protected]
tions in regard to human rights. Feel free to send me any ideas, or
data points that you think would be relevant. If you’re itching for Central Africa RAN Central American RAN
Christine Glenn, Terrie Rodello Marylou Noble
something to do right now, you can always write or call to encour- 503-452-8087 503-245-6923
age your Senators and Representatives to take advantage of the new [email protected] [email protected]
government to become leaders in advocating for human rights, and
maybe even ask them to reply to you with their priorities in the field.
OR State Death Penalty Coordinator Newsletter Editor / Designer
Terrie Rodello, Dan Webb
Thanks again, and I look forward to working with all interested 503-246-6836 (503) 253-3491
[email protected] [email protected]
members on new goals in a new year and, in many ways, a new era.

Dan Johnson, Legislative Coordinator

 Central America Regional Action Network
Protection law fails Mexican women Russian Federation: Implement
recommendations of Human Rights Council
30 January 2009
A law to protect women in Mexico has had no impact in the two (Feb 06,2009) The Russian authorities must accept and imple-
years since its inception, leaving the safety of many Mexican women ment the recommendations put forward by other states and
at risk. On the second anniversary of the passing of the General Law adopted today by the UN Human Rights Council with a view of im-
on Women’s Access to a Life Free From Violence, the majority of proving the country’s human rights situation, Amnesty Interna-
Mexico’s 32 states have failed to properly implement the legislation. tional said.
“There is a clear and deplorable lack of state-level commitment “If implemented, these recommendations would ensure a thriv-
to implement the General Law on Women’s Access to a Life Free ing civil society where the freedoms of expression, assembly and
From Violence,” said Kerrie Howard, Amnesty International’s association can be freely enjoyed and where there is accountabil-
Deputy Director for the Americas. “In practice, this lack of commit- ity for all acts of racism, torture or other ill-treatment and other hu-
ment means that the safety and lives of thousands of women are put man rights abuses” said Martin Macpherson, International Orga-
in jeopardy.” nizations Programme Director at Amnesty International..
Although the law came into ef- During the review of Russia’s human rights record on 4 Febru-
fect two years ago, two states have ary, a large number of states called for thorough investigations of
still not approved it – Guanajuato the recent murders of independent journalist Anastasia Baburova
and Oaxaca. Of the 30 states that and human rights lawyer Stanislav Markelov, and for the perpetra-
have passed the law, few have tors to be brought to justice. States raised the need to strengthen ini-
implemented some of its main re- tiatives to combat extremism and hate crimes, primarily aimed at
quirements: national and ethnic minorities. Serious concerns were also raised
• Only five have complied with about the situation of human rights in the North Caucasus, includ-
the obligation to establish imple- ing the commission of acts of torture, enforced disappearances and
mentation mechanisms – essential unlawful killings.
for the law to be put into practice. The recommendations contained in paragraph 85 of the report
• Only 20 have an agency coor- adopted in the Human Rights Council Working Group include:
dination mechanism for preventing • To accede to the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention
violence against women, as stipu- against Torture;
lated by the law. Those mechanisms • To take further
that are in existence have not published their progress with regard measures to ensure the
to eradicating violence against women, nor their strategies for security of journalists
achieving this. and human rights de-
• Only two new shelters for domestic violence victims are be- fenders and to bring and
ing built by state authorities – one in Durango and one in Sonora – perpetrators of crimes
despite the law’s clear stipulation that states must “promote the against them to justice;
creation of shelters for victims”. • To provide access
According to information received by Amnesty International, to Ingushetia and the
there are a total of 60 shelters for women victims of violence in North Caucasus for the
Mexico. This number is still completely inadequate in relation to UN Working Group on
the demand. Women’s organisations in states such as Chihuahua, enforced disappearances
Chiapas, Oaxaca, Morelos and Sonora have emphasised the high and the Special Rapporteurs on torture and on extra-judicial, sum-
level of violence against women and the administration’s lack of ef- mary or arbitrary executions;
fectiveness in preventing and punishing it. • To abolish the death penalty;
Amnesty International has called on the Mexican authorities to • To create an environment to promote the right to freedom of
create and implement criminal investigation protocols for use by assembly and to encourage citizens to freely express their views;
staff of the public prosecutor’s office, the police and experts when • To take measures to ensure the rights of ethnic minorities.
dealing with women filing complaints of abuse. These protocols “Now is the time to address these issues in a meaningful way”,
must include an obligation to provide sufficient protection to guar- Martin Macpherson said .
antee the safety of the woman and her family. “It is high time to make real the promises made by the Russian
“The federal government has, through INMUJERES, prioritised Federation to protect human rights.”
a harmonisation of state legislation with national and international Under the Universal Periodic Review, by which the Human
regulations. This is a necessary step but it is clear that progress in Rights Council reviews the human rights record of all UN member-
implementing measures to improve access to the justice and secu- states, Russia presented its report to and answered questions from
rity of the General Law has, for the vast majority of state govern- members and observer states of the Human Rights Council. Na-
ments, been limited or even non-existent,” said Kerrie Howard. “If tional and international human rights organizations, including
the basic requirements of the federal law are not fulfilled at state Amnesty International, submitted their own reports to the Coun-
level, the law will remain a dead letter. Women in Mexico deserve cil. The Council also had before it a compilation of UN information
much more than this, and each and every authority has the duty to about the human rights situation in Russia. After reviewing the
take all measures necessary to ensure that violence against women submitted information, during the inter-active dialogue, participat-
is tackled effectively.” ing states recommended measures to improve the human rights
Marylou Noble situation in the Russian Federation.
 China Regional Action Network

China: 17 Uighur detainees held at cultural and social rights. Amnesty International is concerned that
Guantánamo / Concerns: Indefinite detention the high levels of repression in the XUAR are narrowing the space
for any independent expression of Uighur ethnic, cultural or reli-
Seventeen ethnic Uighurs, in their seventh year of indefinite gious identity. Such expression, even when it takes the form of
military detention at the US Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay in peaceful criticism, dissent or dissatisfaction, is often branded by the
Cuba, remain there nearly four months after a federal judge ruled authorities constituting “separatist”, “terrorist” or “illegal reli-
that their continued detention was unlawful and ordered their re- gious” activities, leading to arbitrary detention, torture and other
lease into the USA. The order was stayed after the previous US serious human rights violations.
administration appealed to the US Court of Appeals that the rul-
ing represented an “extravagant” remedy and an “expansive view Take Action: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as pos-
of judicial authority”. The Court of Appeals has not yet issued its sible in English, Mandarin or your own language:
ruling. • welcoming President Obama’s commitment to close the
On January 22, 2009, two days after his inauguration, President Guantánamo detention facility, and urging that the stated aim of
Barack Obama signed an executive order committing his adminis- doing this “as soon as practicable” be interpreted and applied with
tration to closing the Guantánamo detention facility “as soon as all due urgency;
practicable” and no later than one year from the date of his order. • expressing concern that the Uighurs remain in indefinite de-
The executive order requires the Attorney General to coordinate an tention at Guantánamo nearly four months after US District Court
immediate “comprehensive agency review” of all the Guantánamo Judge Ricardo Urbina ordered their release into the USA;
detentions and decide what should happen to each of the detain- • suggesting that there is no need for the cases of the Uighurs
ees. The executive order does not address the issue of releasing to be included in the interagency review of detentions ordered by
detainees into the USA. Neither does it address the issue of detain- President Obama;
ees whose detention has been deemed unlawful by the courts and • welcoming the local community support in the USA that has
whose release has been ordered. been pledged to help the Uighurs adjust to life outside
On October 7, 2008, Judge Ricardo Urbina of the District Court Guantánamo;
for the District of Columbia ordered the government to release the • pointing out that moving to drop the appeal against Judge
17 Uighurs into the USA. The government had earlier conceded that Urbina’s order and releasing the Uighurs into the USA can only
the 17 are not “enemy combatants”, the label it had attached to them serve to send a positive signal to those governments whose assis-
for years in an attempt to justify their indefinite detention without tance the new administration will seek in taking released detain-
charge or trial. The majority of the Uighurs have been cleared for ees who cannot be returned to their home countries;
release since 2003. The USA has accepted that the Uighurs cannot • calling on the US government, in the name of humanitarian-
be returned to their native China because they would face a seri- ism and justice, to immediately release the Uighur detainees into
ous risk of torture or execution there. However, the previous admin- the USA, and to work to ensure fair, safe and lasting outcomes for
istration was unable to find a country willing to accept them in more these men.
than four years of trying. It said it had approached and re-ap-
proached nearly 100 countries. Addresses:
Judge Urbina noted that there were individuals and organiza-
tions ready and willing to support the Uighurs upon resettlement Eric H. Holder
in the USA “by providing housing, employment, money, education Attorney General
and other spiritual and social services”. US Department of Justice
President Obama’s executive order notes that “new diplomatic 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW,
efforts” may result in “an appropriate disposition of a substantial Washington, DC 20530-0001, USA
number” of the Guantánamo cases, and requires the Secretary of Fax: 1 202 307 6777
State to “expeditiously pursue and direct negotiations and diplo- Email: [email protected]
matic efforts with foreign governments”. Some other governments Salutation: Dear Attorney General
have indicated that they might be prepared to take released detain-
ees who cannot be returned to their home countries for fear of the Gregory B. Craig,
human rights violations they could face there. Counsel to the President
Amnesty International believes that the new administration The White House,
must play its part in what it will be asking other countries to do – 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW,
to take released detainees – and that for it to do so could only en- Washington, DC 20500
courage a positive response from other governments in this regard. Fax: 1 202 456 2461
The US administration should start by dropping the government’s Salutation: Dear Mr Craig
appeal against Judge Urbina’s order and releasing the Uighurs into
the US. Amnesty International can see no reason for the cases of the The Honorable Robert M. Gates
Uighurs to be included in the review ordered by President Obama. US Secretary of Defense
There is no reason that their release into the USA should be delayed 1000 Defense Pentagon,
any longer. Washington DC 20301
Uighurs are a mainly Muslim ethnic minority who are concen- Fax: 1 703 571 8951
trated primarily in XUAR. Since the 1980s, the Uighurs have been Salutation: Dear Secretary of Defense
the target of systematic and extensive human rights violations. This
includes arbitrary detention and imprisonment, incommunicado
detention, and serious restrictions on religious freedom as well as
 Central Africa Regional Action Network

Chad: End impunity for human rights

violations Sample Letter:

Amnesty International is concerned that more than 10 months Idriss Deby Itno
after unlawful killings and other human rights abuses occurred President de la Republique
during and after the February 2008 attack on N’Djamena, the Presidence de la Republique
Chadian authorities have not brought those responsible to justice. BP 74
Amnesty International wants the Government of Chad to initiate N’Djamena, Chad
criminal proceedings against members of the Chadian security
forces who have committed human rights violations. We are con- COPIES TO:
cerned that the state of emergency declared after the attack is be-
ing used by the government to target peaceful government critics Ambassador Mahamat Adam Bechir
and other human rights defenders. Embassy of the Republic of Chad
2002 R St. NW
Background Washington DC 20009
Fax: 1 202 265 1937
Since 2006, scores of people in Chad arrested by the security
forces have been the victims of torture, home demolition, and en- Dear Mr. President,
forced disappearance at the hands of the agence nationale de
securite, and members of other government security forces. In April Subject: End Impunity for Attacks on Human Rights Defend-
2006, after an assault by armed groups on N’Djamena, at least 13 ers, Journalists and Opposition Leaders
high-ranking army officers were arrested, and they have not been A member of Amnesty International, I am deeply concerned
heard from since. On November 30, 2007, eight people were ar- about human rights abuses against human rights defenders, jour-
rested in the eastern town of Gueréda and their whereabouts remain nalists, and opposition leaders occurring in Chad. They are the tar-
unknown. gets of extrajudicial execution, excessive use of lethal force, unlaw-
On February 2-3, 2008, intense fighting between the Chadian ful arrest and detention, and enforced “disappearances” by mem-
army and a coalition of three armed political groups raged in vari- bers of Chadian security forces and other government officials.
ous parts of the Chadian capital N’Djamena. Serious human rights I urge you to immediately take the following actions:
violations and violations of international humanitarian law were • Investigate allegations of threats or attacks against human
committed during the fighting. Most of the violations were commit- rights defenders, journalists and members of the opposition to bring
ted after February 3 when the government regained the control of those responsible to justice.
the city. They comprised extrajudicial executions, enforced “disap- • Ensure the safety of human rights defenders and journalists
pearances”, arbitrary arrests, unlawful detentions, and torture (in- and publically acknowledge their work to enable them to work
cluding rape) of detainees. A clampdown on human rights defend- without fear for their safety.
ers and journalists perceived by the authorities as sympathetic to • Prevent Chadian security forces and government agents from
opposition groups was imposed. Tens of thousands were left home- harassing, threatening and attacking human rights defenders, jour-
less and jobless after the government started its March 2008 cam- nalists, and opposition members.
paign to demolish houses and small businesses in and around the The Government of Chad has signed important international
city centre of N’Djamena. Children from the affected families human rights treaties that recognize and guarantee human rights,
stopped going to school. such as the right to life and the freedom of expression and associa-
On February 3, 2008, Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh, leader of a tion. Those rights are also enshrined in the constitution of Chad.
coalition of political opposition groups, was arrested at his home Therefore, the Chadian government is obliged to investigate any
in N’Djamena by members of the Chadian security forces. He has allegations of threats or attacks against human rights defenders,
not been seen since and is feared dead. journalists and members of the opposition in order to bring those
responsible to justice.
Action Request: Please write polite letters to the President of I look forward to your prompt attention to the important
Chad and send a copy to the Chad Ambassador in the US. In your matters.
letters,
• Express concerns about extrajudicial execution, excessive use Regards,
of lethal force and attacks against human rights defenders and jour-
nalists by members of Chadian security forces and other Govern- The recent Amnesty report ‘Chad: Double Misfortune: Deepen-
ment officials. ing human rights crisis in Chad’ can be found at the website
• Raise concern about the fact that suspected perpetrators en-
joy impunity http://www.amnestyusa.org/
• Raise concern about the lack of redress for victims of human document.php?id=ENGAFR200072008&lang=e
rights violations.
• Highlight the Chadian government’s obligations under inter- Terrie Rodello
national human rights law. AIUSA Central Africa RAN Coordinator
 Central Africa Regional Action Network

Urge US Government to Help End War in DRC

Sample Letter:
In testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that two of the Obama (Please edit so letter is in your own words.)
Administration’s foreign policy objectives in Africa are to stop the
war in Congo and to help Africa conserve their natural resources. The Honorable Hillary Clinton
These are important statements. However, these statements must Secretary of State
translate to action. Amnesty International members must urge the U.S. Department of State
United States Government to influence the conflict in the United 2201 C Street NW
Nations and the governments of Democratic Republic of Congo Washington, DC 20520
(DRC) and Rwanda to end the long conflict in the DRC.
Dear Secretary Clinton,
Background:
A member of Amnesty International, I was pleased to learn that
Recent developments demonstrate the need for specific steps by the foreign policy objectives of the Obama Administration in Africa
the US Government to help end the conflict in the DRC: include stopping the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
· On December 12, 2008, the UN Group of Experts monitoring helping African nations to conserve their natural resources and reap
a United Nations arms embargo on the Democratic Republic of fair benefits from them. Since the fighting in DRC has been financed
Congo issued a report that found evidence that mineral resources in large part by the proceeds from illegal exploitation of the
are a key source of funding for Congolese armed groups. country’s mineral resources, these two objectives are closely linked.
· Laurent Nkunda, the former leader of the National Congress Amnesty International is particularly concerned that non-com-
for the Defense of the People (CNDP) armed group in the DRC, was batants, especially women, children and the elderly, suffer most of
arrested on January 22 and is detained in Rwanda. the casualties in the Congo fighting. Rape has been a weapon of war,
· The governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of used by all sides in the conflict.
Congo joined forces in the east- In recent days, the dramatic reversal of alliances has led Rwanda
ern DRC to disband the Demo- to withdraw its backing from General Nkunda, while the govern-
cratic Liberation Forces of ment of DRC joins Rwanda to fight its former allies, the FDLR. This
Rwanda (FDLR). During these could be a major step toward peace in DRC and in the region. At
operations, hundreds of civil- the same time, there is a danger that the campaign against the FDLR
ians have been reportedly could produce large numbers of rapes, murders, and displacement
killed. Many hundreds, includ- of civilians.
ing children, have been ab- Therefore, I am writing to ask that the United States Govern-
ducted, and scores of villages ment use its influence with the United Nations and the Govern-
looted and burned. Around ments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo to:
100,000 civilians are believed · Ensure the urgently needed reinforcement of the UN peace-
to have fled the violence. Civil- keeping mission (MONUC), while holding MONUC to its mandate
ians, especially women, children and the elderly, continue to suf- of protecting civilians.
fer most of the casualties in the Congo fighting. Rape continues to · Take concrete steps to protect women and other civilians in
be a weapon of war used by all sides in the conflict. the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and to end impunity of
· The UN Security Council passed resolutions to strengthen those who commit acts of sexual violence or other war crimes.
the UN peacekeeping forces (MONUC) in the DRC and its mandate · Establish tight controls over the illegal exportation of Congo-
to protect civilians. But UN-member countries have not committed lese minerals and their exchange for arms.
the resources needed to strengthen the forces required to protect I look forward to learning what actions you undertake on these
civilians. three interlinked concerns.
Thank you for your attention.
Action Request: Please write a polite letter to Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton with a copy to the DRC Ambassador to the US ask- Copies to:
ing her to urge the United Nation and the governments of the Demo-
cratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda to end the violence in the Ambassador Faida Mitifu
region. In your letter, please urge the US Government to: Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
· Ensure the urgently needed reinforcement of the UN peace- 1726 M St. NW Suite 601
keeping mission (MONUC) and expansion of its mandate to pro- Washington, DC 20036
tect civilians. Fax: 202 234 2609
· Take concrete steps to protect women and other civilians in
the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and to end impunity of The recent Amnesty International report ‘Armed groups and gov-
those who commit acts of sexual violence or other war crimes. ernment forces continue to abuse women and children in North
Kivu’ is at the site:
· Establish tight controls over the illegal exportation of Congo- http://www.amnestyusa.org
lese minerals and their exchange for arms. document.php?id=ENGUSA20081015001&lang=e

Terrie Rodello
AIUSA Central Africa RAN Coordinator (page five)
Amnesty International Calls for Investigation of Civilian Deaths As Allegations Point to
Shooting Incident by African Union Peace Operation
(New York, Feb 5th, 2009) — Amnesty International today called investigation should also establish whether all feasible precautions
for an immediate, independent and impartial investigation into al- were taken to spare civilian deaths and injuries. Soldiers alleged
legations that AMISOM, the African Union peace support opera- to have opened fire should be suspended from duty pending the
tion in Somalia, opened fire indiscrimi- results of the investigation and anyone
nately in the capital of Mogadishu, killing found responsible for violations of interna-
civilians on Monday, (February 2). tional humanitarian law should be brought
An AMISOM spokesperson denied that to justice.
troops opened fire on civilians, saying that “It is crucial that an effective public in-
three civilians were killed and one of their vestigation is conducted into accusations
soldiers injured by an explosion on the that AMISOM troops unlawfully killed ci-
Maka Al-Mukarama road that targeted one vilians. This would send a message to the
of their vehicles. Somali population that AMISOM is willing
But Amnesty International has received to uphold standards of international hu-
several reports that AMISOM soldiers fired manitarian law, in a situation where all par-
indiscriminately in response to the explo- ties to the conflict have unlawfully killed
sion, killing at least 10 civilians on board or civilians with impunity,” said Michelle
boarding buses on that road, and injuring at Kagari, deputy director of Amnesty
least a dozen others. Reports indicate that at International’s Africa program.
least 10 bodies with gunshot wounds were transported to the Amnesty International has repeatedly condemned attacks on
Medina hospital in the capital. AMISOM later stated that civilians civilians by all parties to the conflict in Somalia. Armed groups
killed in the incident were victims of both the explosion and gun- fighting the Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces
fire fired by armed opposition groups. have used explosive devices in civilian-populated areas and
The human rights organization said an investigation is needed launched attacks from civilian areas, while TFG forces, militias and
to establish the number and identity of the civilians killed and in- their allies have carried out indiscriminate attacks as well as di-
jured in the incident, the nature of their injuries and the sources of rectly targeted civilians in response to attacks by armed groups.
the gunfire. If it reveals that AMISOM soldiers did open fire, the

Amnesty International USA

Group 48
Portland, Oregon USA

Amnesty International Group 48 Newsletter February 2009