Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Composite section
3.1 Introduction
Composite columns are available in many different types of cross-section a number of which are shown in figure below. Among these, the steel section encased in concrete perhaps represents the earliest type of composite crosssection. Initially, due to low grade, concrete was merely used as insulation to provide the steel sections fire resistance. But later research studies showed that by using better quality concrete, significant enhancements in the column strength were possible, enabling smaller steel sections to be used. Nowadays, owing to unattractive appearance and the need for temporary formwork for concrete casting, composite columns made of steel sections encased in concrete are less often used than concrete filled hollow sections. Moreover, by using steel tubes as permanent formwork, construction speed is increased.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
3.1 Introduction
Types of composite columns
3.1 Introduction
Because of the inherently high fire resistance of concrete filled columns, fire protection of steel is in many cases not necessary and the steel can be exposed to achieve attractive appearance. Since construction speed is an important advantage, reinforcement is usually not used. But when required, a convenient reinforcement method is to insert a second tube inside the main one. To eliminate temporary formwork while still using universal sections in composite columns, partial encasement may be used. In this type of column, concrete is cast between the flanges of the steel section. Since the steel web is protected from fire attack, fire resistance of this type of composite column is reasonably high.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
3.1 Introduction
If the applied load is particularly heavy, e.g. in the bottom storey of a tall building, composite columns can be made by encasing two or more universal steel sections together into concrete or by concrete filling tubes made of large welded plates.
The above mentioned composite cross-sections are all symmetrical. Sometimes, unsymmetrical cross-sections may become unavoidable. For example, building services ducts may be arranged within concrete of a composite cross-section or due to difficult access the steel section may have to be aligned towards one side in an encased composite cross-section.
3.1 Introduction
METHODS OF DESIGN FOR COLUMNS
Eurocode 4 presents two methods of design:
A general method valid for all types of columns, including those of non-symmetrical or non-uniform cross-section over the column length. This method take into account the second-order effects for buckling, the imperfections, the non-linear behaviour of materials etc. It requests important computational resources. A simplified method, used more often, for doublesymmetrical columns having uniform cross-section over the column length. This method uses the European buckling curves given in Eurocode 3.
3.1 Introduction
Eurocode 4 is applicable only to normal strength concrete having a cylinder strength of up to 50N/mm2. As columns are mainly designed to carry compressive load, it is sometimes more economical to use high strength concrete whose cylinder strength may be up to 100N/mm2. Although high strength concrete may be used to encase steel sections, high strength concrete failure is brittle so it is more likely that such concrete will be used to infill hollow steel sections to form composite columns. Some recent research studies suggest that Eurocode 4 may be easily modified to design high strength concrete filled columns.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Concrete filling rectangular hollow sections can significantly improve the local buckling strength of steel. This is because the buckling pattern of an unfilled rectangular tube consists of both inwards and outwards buckles along the tube length. With concrete filling, the inwards buckles are unable to form, forcing a higher buckling mode. In contrast, the buckling half wavelength for an unfilled circular steel tube is small and consists predominantly of a single circumferential outwards buckle. Here, the concrete filling does not enhance the buckling strength of steel.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
N pl , Rd Aa f y / a Ac f ck / c As f sk / s
Notations used in the above formula are:
A cross-sectional area, f design strength of material; subscripts a, c and s refer to steel, concrete and reinforcement respectively; factor for concrete which is: = 1.0 for concrete filled steel sections with protected concrete, = 0.85 for concrete encased sections (to allow for concrete deterioration due to environmental exposure and splitting).
Obs: As it could be seen, in case of concrete strength is used a factor of 0.85 to allow for concrete deterioration due to environmental exposure and splitting. For concrete filled steel sections where concrete is protected, its cylinder strength can be fully developed and the constant 0.85 may be omitted.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
where:
in which where e is eccentricity, D outer diameter of the steel section and column slenderness.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
where:
N pl , R N cr
Npl,R represents the Npl,Rd defined above, but computed by taking the partial safety factors a, c and s taken equal to 1. Ncr elastic critical load (Eulers load), computed by:
(EI)e is the effective flexural rigidity of the composite crosssection and Le the column effective length.
This factor of 1.35 in combination with a factor of 0.8 used in equation of effective flexural rigidity is used to account for the effect of cracking in concrete so that design calculations may be carried out on an un-cracked section.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Creep and shrinkage induce secondary bending moments in a composite column by magnifying the lateral deflection due to initial imperfection. Depending on the column slenderness and eccentricity, the effects of creep and shrinkage may be small enough to be neglected. Therefore, when using the above equation, the following ranges of application should be observed:
The development of second order bending moments depends mainly on the column slenderness, the more slender a column, the higher the second order bending moment. Thus, the effect of creep and shrinkage is more pronounced in more slender columns. In short columns, the effect of creep and shrinkage is small and may be neglected. Eurocode 4 has set some limits on column slenderness below which the effect of concrete creep and shrinkage does not have to be considered.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
The composite cross-section squash load and Euler buckling load are upper bounds on column strength. Under realistic conditions, various imperfections will generate second order bending moment and the column design strength will be lower. For composite column design, either the steel or concrete based approach may be used. Eurocode 4 takes the steel column design approach and the strength of a composite column is calculated using:
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
where is the column strength reduction factor and is a function of the column slenderness . The relationship between the column strength reduction factor and the column slenderness is given by a column buckling curve. Figure below shows three column buckling curves used in Eurocode 4. The selection of a column buckling curve depends on the column crosssection type and its axis of buckling. Based on calibration against test results, column buckling curve a may be used for concrete filled steel sections and column buckling curves b and c used for concrete encased steel sections bending about the major and minor axis of the steel section.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
where the column strength reduction factor with regard to the plastic centroid (pl) is related to that with regard to the elastic centroid (el) according to: where is given by:
Where the column slenderness and strength reduction factor with regard to the elastic centroid (el) are calculated in the same way as for a symmetrical cross-section.
The figure above offers the general procedure for evaluating the NM interaction diagram of a composite cross-section as follows:
Set the concrete strain at the furthest compression fibre to its crushing strain. Assume an arbitrary position for the neutral axis (NA). Assuming the strain distribution in the composite cross-section is linear, strains in the composite cross-section are now determined (figure b).
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Evaluate the stress distribution of the composite cross-section according to its strain distribution and stressstrain relationships of the constituent materials. It is assumed that concrete does not have any tension resistance. The stress distributions are now obtained as in figures c and d. The axial load is obtained by integration of stress over the whole composite cross-section. The bending moment is obtained by taking moments about the plastic centroid of the cross-section. This determines one point in the NM interaction diagram. Changing positions of the neutral axis, other points in the NM diagram are obtained.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures
Obs: The above described general approach is time consuming and is best carried out by computers. To simplify calculations, the concrete stress distribution may be approximated by a uniform stress block with a reduced depth of compression as shown in figure c.
Adrian Ciutina, Advanced Design of Steel and Concrete Composite Structures