,-l *a.'-J.

, : , Y ) , t" { > * ; i " H G

;)/j.tt

,*--:,

-L

gloPes

of

tob;l;ty

e2

,|

. \ , - ^
t q-.r
J-r-f

-.j3

$or.

-/- rl

^
J,..1

;r"ti.'t

( sl'P's) :;r,Jt
-ylr

;.p

,'p\,

i?-

' i)'
ltr
t5
itt
(s/,pswlar)3v)vt
i+
nJ:J\
;i-Jt a--\.,jJt ="' z"r'Jr
it --ry : Yi--+*)lJr
-jr5,-,v-i :.,,-a;pt':}:-*
l*J'
+tr D?'; fj'C r'1r
-J3
n'+ t
. -^Jt :-,'
.i,' i2),
- <--r,*,Jt }5 -rjJ,
e5.,t' t1.r{

/i
.'/'

E lo/;"nJ

fiors/,'h;-J

Qp

fo-r-Io" s

of

S/oPcs :-

fir ce
/- Gra,rz,l ali"no'(
';
f t sc e Pz s e ,' to /,u ' '
i ;; . ' - du,

;- e:

iud/-n

5 - F o r c e s ,y'q, t

s/;P

oF s/aPe En'/*rt'

Caz4ea fi;/ore

3- Erotion of lle

- 6rt,r,/-t

g/;P

Qnpau*a/

st'7

,/an

S*'"jact

oT s/oP's du' f

FL' of '-s*f"

'5 s/'pc "

Loeeriy oF r^sJc' Jtrazea*
e*rlAQ un/<.s
( l )

----

a-rg

o"l /L

ShPs s h.r'U1.
/2.

/3-

/e*'tn ;-

rreclnn;trn,

A- n*

y'

A;/a-*.

o/cte;/ee/ gr- Lr-lr3

C /l*
Port

'/- / fu

fL

oF

-r/La

qut /; briu.t", ,l

D;s/ t'-rbi'3

lL

Arcc

(i*-rlr )-.,r\;Jl

(:!i-n

-i,-!--\\
slt.-..

5 hear

fr,

/"

Stte

Ura,*yoQ.r

gg

Sait:

/a 7rau,/-n
9 o ; l / +L
he*A**r'r
/n j/*
4*ry r f2/ott.u , i / i 5 bryr' tun-J94,
e lJ
af

9 /i6-

5lrcyt/

s Lun s/r"*g,l/

4*tQo,

Q/a,At-u

bu/oo.,

yd{onQ

flab;lity

"-s .

a-*a Le /,/;"rr'

tr.g. ie ro/ro
s he-a She ss : Q-' + t'

fo;/tn

=r4 t ratb;' 2::'"*l

3::"*l
|
|

d;s/b/bl'yf

sdr -l

,ror/8.

For (e

E s :

s+re+y,lA -/

Ie;/*rp

y' *r,J1r;, is botry'on /,n;/./

fet /ra)a;L1

a^/

*f

SoFt/:-

fL ["4,+" t&t
4

/)*

J;s/r;bu.*.on

Frctth-t+

opera-l,ah*/

For/o,

50,

, //rc y'/1"-,7)

s/ol;/r/7 odJsis

(4t

r_

u*t

)t

/f

-,o.71.4

,
8.,

,a

2
->
)y

&ou.Jt.i,
'
o/

fn;/t.,

.tr/ s/;.n

*"4

f/co,

D'r; de /L
Gns; /et

(L

t/opc ;nt,
y'-'ca

a. 5ca.1

dn eazL

t 42.

"y
,t/= UOr B

fl us,oP

/n fa_ oF rt6(
5lresrc_,i
h) s;o B
D;s /tnl;^1 Arrrc tT)'
io r=u
(T=
-'
C+d1a^4
- 4/ l* 4
f,rrtc
ftafro*'orj
= tJAu B f*^.P

.: f- s= M l a " 4
/-2-

t/Gs0{ar9
la,l 5;a B

E" e/g soit

( ,/a

ton Q

ton 0
9rr4A"

{f

f.-i

of

&,,J

Uo/.r

/r>. 9+wr, .Jj"C

( .4"

Jc'p*gc

asstt-t-tc/

I/oos

y'ap *f

/o-n

5 a*<

dalolL b.4,-, lL

ta..y'^<.e,
fZ4 ,.-,,//infuo/a<e c>t1- a/4i42h.4

oF s/,ce

y'*2,

-{ /A. 6n

L
t /..-

u is lk P-r-t.P
./ lL /t*r, 4 t4-r..

ul
fZ

nor,+^(

tu.az4>n ai

bnr.

{L

-/

s 4..

.1/ = /.s qs p
fL

ztrt J

fJ. dftah;,.
5;n ce

oi:

s,lztsr

bor,+za-(

#=

Lr'CsB
=t)ArP_!J6:p
- a
b
4
qB
,

51res7

q, =

dn -L/:td

t - 2 n ,

<-'s P

l.

U-- t.z.b
?n = ( t z Gr'fl - u)

n. Su4u
5ln,

resfra-t,tg Arrcc = A

b" d

= ({zdB-u)*o,Q

Sltest = J; sl,n Li"t :Arr.

= af tt s;n B Csk
- = _tJs;n D _
-(--

-!QsP
\tt t

'

Z'-F
lL-z

aa b,

Fs=(
f2,',

et |-

urillat

, fra?'

/ -

[.2.r*:"l]

//* 9ea,--4

l-at B

Qt' '/;'y''";/
Z' ,n /L

{/'Pc'

ru= u,

Iz

. : F - t ' ( r - ! 1 )- . * ! '
Qs',f3 lon/3
b2 asrut'aiy2' Gn be 5i^1//;/f'e/
6'+/
occt't4t paoilt(
,24't
,J"/t

Q gor..-/
(*'3;,;

*f

(L

groul

3u*/'"" '

'+-

/n.

F/o*, -(;,-

exc.g

at.{lu

{p...'4
/-

tF

p o r c ,-fq

h.-tl

be* ./ J.^r.tt

Qa.< t
.4t-.-f

Grc,*"/ ^la-l<-r bt51,

*{

/,
5u-r..y'aza, 7,^>=

U" {_.Zu,G:P

r L - f . r=( , - + ) * ;
t

X ' + o rra t
V "l*nB

t l t

\ ) /
-

C*rr.d

2-

&^

a:Jr-r.

P len. 72. =,.;

*rc ,f-,r/*

/ar*(

f s . =ta-r4'
+*q B
&'-a

3-

uJor

l.'-(

b-1.

Zu

E ./r-r- pbrre

Finc-9rq;n"j
a neAJ'e
So;l pir/rr.;^7
E;/t*roA (L
Fb.o" , C/t4 I Cof;//ou

rL
dx,

/ a,o*-,

\ , -

(/v

[.e

-) -

i l/a

.er

ry/"

S&^d/ dail . Q) uzL.^ d13 ,'--/

Lolgd
tE

gla.Jy

u;/L

d'=

3d',

+*nB

o, EcAn .T s"-ft/

ta-112- per*'ist

C=a

(c ) c"-h,J-le

d=zo

d t;

d"./r.n,n,

Slopc i n {L

y'-/"-;1

tbl '-r1,.^ aut,-*E

,, p*ra//J

Sc.P$c
t

Pow prestre
f uzh'd4.

t-1u11-oO'

/t

i4

+l^< snr/nzc

/<,,u/rnr

.fL Es. 4 /L
p,1,*..

a*/+

L.gqJ 5/.pc

ajq>,jl
o L, o i4.r pGae e")ir.f
t
+l,z Su,y'^-:e , a'f nf,r4+l., aF (m,
,F o4 tLis
{Lft- ii a 44^.i"..\3"r
.{ Clr.zv',c.-folL--:iJr
1"tt4
-

+l-

J.-tt"-i3
C

/=

pngc,c*i<ar

lZ /rrz/n? , 4'=

z{"

d "24 tL^/ht

9"'(,
av)

.{L .fo,'/ i: /y

,-/,-"

[s

+r* g

. : B =2 6
H

()

s r, 1L4

*o.^a'
fan

9;v;t

, / ,u

(?
\ a*d'

\o"-

36

F-s
l ' )
( s 1g rz"t';o \ ' . z J
(6 )

= o."8?r

'>

2''3

D ,/L

{L

50 {l*(,

.f '{l--s4azz

gn,.,<J,t*fo

trE-.l*r, B =

{'

+o4.A'

)-.?p
( l-'?

tt ,fona'

'?-.o

[ f,s

8 = tlo
(c ) /f (L

/k

/:s

t4pe

( s /./,

,rttc/,zd

Cl.yr're (ryo

s4 **4td

/{o,

"-/

o1 7 = (-o

/ ;

Za,'Z

=o.2/7

l-2

?).

,J'6ni/a;"'

t-,

c' t- ( {z- t-z-) Gs'g !o-^-&'

f . 2 . 5 ; n BG B
,/2+(%xv-7.(txv

Ca? tf ,!a-"rzcr,"

2a, x c1 Y 5;4 /t/o

(7 )

= r'.Ss

CA lq.

S*ab,'/r'17 o F G h"<ri.
rh
F-r/uoa
(ltt
a4c
4
hamalehaL.4

4hc.grtra

so,l

- E;rf;oh__,( so;L )c L) , o f ? t :
t+tua,//y

ihvo/ue

aboa

s,trre aoh-

orc/a

. LL,t,/"rr,t)"cr"is
s/rpe .
,-a /L
/.eJarp

he-,t.u<l"t;4
oFloc ->

n-orteaj

s/;p Eey'-ze

--r---27)

loe

14a44
f\
t-

.f

--fL/

a SS CLr, iryl

s /opc 5lorb;l;17 :

/a,noAle1;-*

ihu.thJ4-Ad-

Pru

o cealT-r

nn/

o s/,'P st'z-loe

b*rJon

,
o bo',l"lLd^

a+ r<rl-o,te.
e4a;/' brr',o*t
2,- S1t.r'y;t +L
ocf;y un
4 lL A,t.t
tLs Survfuc.
3- rWA-fiu.U
pn>tesrtzr.-r7'tt lL
u,arct s /.P
lL

Sur'y'aa ; s r'"*d.

\ -

- - - - l

cJrrl*-tzar/
O
(r a

crilitle

;f- sL,,,/z/ be
c)rc/e

z,j,
/7".*

g4u

Gfr-(

glresr

Art

t-rclL/,

saht

the s'-tel'

,4,"-n!s,r '
ir rzrq/ */,*"

no/L/

f, s;-p/"/tri,

;l ;t tuc* F r-oh-c

lL'r 4P/tet
pore PrcsttbrE J,'st-;b,'-tin* roJ
S/oPa '
s'2'b,'/.,'l)t ''n exa'dd
9l'zorf lvra
;n /L's
l/n/ra-,a/
11re'gJL '"';t/ bc we/
S lcx
L;p'e:
,'. t 6o
t^-4-l
ir /r>,'/"/
a.t,-$*i

6rd

t-

?*4
f7;'

(Q =" ) a'z$rtr
4.r/ .r'u//f gJ*ra-/e/

Ch.-*,to
?t /,4

0^ lilz;^qruna,f

C u . ( . f - C u ( ze

f <
- rcStrd"iry'*"-d
)
=

F.

O*

r*'dt

"/ry

oboJ(o)-

h/. e
d;st prb iy

4
6

no-"-/

1 -6 /,/ 'J

5 Z'r.a

( g)

Cur'e
l).e

Con bc 4"J

F*n

FFFe.j

of

fL

//i//

h t

44

/o ,lB'
n
c{rool;y

( "F

'

fen ercn Go.Ls

,1

uc /ea1/A Eo*, .4o

rdt e 4,

9/V

sary'*a.1.
is /-d^J
dh a C a,-/e
Pagt-h'oa oP f
Ugiht ?L E 4l, tL
cro</, i s ucr /tco/
?v/
ha"4 a s/opc

h" = 2 C ^

t"

- -- ---'t

/
/
. / t

J-.'

f-t=

C*r29'
til'e

n(,
Fl

br-4a

gir.,

/rlo./s

SoiL ai.ll^ Q=o

Qlrcs;m

oF a*t etrLor(nc^.f

a^-a/ C. )n

,l.z/r't.

*--/c
u.r-'f

/k

"F

//e soil is lq L-r'/u3

oF
sh-'.t,deleurn;r.
lL {'a&.
8", l)e *n'o-.( z;tcl,
'-rulAt /. lle
sez.b.r is
aSoinst r/,'A,'y .f)*
*/f7
.st/';y
in f"r- 4l^e
nl --a . eczentP;Ltty 4
3q6 k,1/. ec/''g
r^tc,tjl*

.F

Cet,-lor oF rofoZLu^,

rf 4e
fa botl

5Ld/e4
(a1q

1a//'-*

porlioa

tsovcA /'L tra-e.bn oT 5.,ft7

o F /Ae

ea Lo'',laeni

us"-re retnovt

a SSprte 14.-.rt ltzt y'enfz7n cra<*

(lo)

be

c/r-rt

.t

"/,-i

3n

t:4

314

9o ('

/73o

. 3 ? 5 x {=

m.mc,tf

D\ /,nrh'ra

k,/'t-,
i

t q lr.-VtJ

- c

c r 2 e - 2 4 x fr9" t

r--a,nca-f :

/3o

= l? 2o k/'a

lq)a
t73o

-t Fg.
/ ra. (

Pdyl,bn = / . f

nrr--r.-t

tJuyLt 4

/-rt7

(ta-ave-d= 6 . 5 7 x t

prrhr,

6n-

Fccen-/.r,.eit,

= 3-3+

t?./r,-/

/rtt*-b

: Ft=

{. 6ea\

*cl. V 6

t2 7,r/ kat.

Q z

J)+

t,f

L
l z ? - 4-

m oo-f ' f . 7 "

,rz-a

.J

7L?,

(-zd-

l/Bo

/77o*72{f

I
\ .

l tt

k't-

t''-

5";L e;+a bo+h Ghe.sn.r, o""d Frl..&,on ( C- "t ro:t)

,
I A-'s su,l^.-!^-"^ cr.tis-t rf ltu

so]7"1''/

,ru

so,L is *

rL*' rn-'tll c- "^/ f,n'tt "4

*
.uu:^'*
;n.fur^-P +;c/ion q sL*el be L^uA.x."t.

:1elL./
d
ihple

-/

sh'r-

t*,it/ be ry.n/

p";ah

A /"^J
s/,-p crrcft.

on th<

il-- t^)Ose

)flc.o= u

t1

D;s/u.bi=

t-z-ra$=

I
(=

f,'

[?'s /r*,>,Y

nn-.^t

!'-

= r T-- , + r ft

z ty

I J + ---

E-r
/*rlLd

"n"

+fti

= f ( Cure * .L M1-a*1
4r)

' t F t " Qr.9 + L M./o,4u

f2.

r.-+,2t44-zc

lL

cra-<4 , s /t nt-,- b1

h " = 2C, -d"^ (*/"tVs)

Y'

/2

"-/'j't

FJ

Ezn
72. e-J.ntL-a-y' ;n 5'1 L"Lu;s nu1-*
c = 2a ttu./.nz - f)'<
,fail ,eilh Q =\3 -fu
"

fA.

f ; tc h4
4 = V
5 oi L an u).z'L +A" em baaLneuf
ad
C = 7i Laz/t-,?. F* bo+l^ Sails Y. 9-7 /e.'t/n'7

De../c-nn"-a, +tJ. .f^2fr.

9/,/

c/rr-/1,

o F t$*-J

1fur 1)'. a-

5loun
lo, ,

4,

cz2ohl4la

6<'''

1.ln

I .=?5 ka4rn z

4, 70

----

/r'.

fiu+' Vu('erh'c
f). s/4^a gcJor oT s"it ;s /t'r;/c/;.2
f /,ra.
fi J"{*n;r.
is
5-1'cc ;1, nr./-L'ZL*
r/ fq/'cu!*r
b2 ;tt LteJt-L. aJ
i9
tL ,*>.;ll4 ../ t4'r.
trJapl,'s.r
( so;//enl;/y
x.2-rezt)*J
tel oFf *s a uect" balo;\
( /l )

flr-*,

o/.o*,, /k
(anpoae$
.
+a,a-1rc*,f a*./ norne(
prb ccd,&
/L
1t reV a*4
/-",r ea-zA s -lr'cc / /./"
a-(gebric a,,y' no,,t-terizu.( Su*-7 h, l-.y,e."ut;*{
tl*t.fL
narrv-l
is cLl-o..r'n./ '^d
.J
E'r.a/ T .
hrr5 hrt

Avrn,

rt/ o,

h42

Ucigt^j
ti c t<''v)

ti

3.7

8.7

7l
t63

t/.5

2Lt/

7.7

ator,*t

/Cenp'

/v ( k^/t

Af
fr'athh-l
r (k/).

-7

7l
/13
| ?t
lar

tqg

L/2

t/6
to6
tLzEt

iM:52?
Z t Jt * , $ = 5 L ? * o . 3 6 r

= /gz kr{.

Cu f g - 2z) x to-7 r< 76 xtf:

lEo

h,,

zrdd.
L
r

A^

e. /.u*,
Cu-rg

is a//..,,</ fu7.
(4;+*)=
2/'

q9 at.t/3=2-?6,q-j

ig'

tL
= Z<t 'x/o.4 , /8a

,[lg -

kN.

+73v=
/-tr
-_t 9 2
251

[ g - G . r a * L MP ' " 4 t
Lr
/F t"nfr>^

LEf

r. TI-= z 11 tz-rs.

/72+zr7 -/.ts
zq7
(tq)

)-7
t't

't

/r/\x
g 0,c
y'o.
I

2
3
q

4 ye-a
/t'l

t)4|'f

loruJ

til (tr,tt)

'fd jc"/;*(

GnP'

N ( t'u)

/87
3Zo
57o

jr5
) /-L

52
/86

IV- J

2V6

/ 62

?-2y

7t

E N louor

-33

)u,

Mt"rtO= /62xo.3dq+8Slxo.l23
Cu. r . O = V u ? .tf * g f

tf'g?S

gE 3

= /68 /L'1/

T T + 2 o ,(9 .ttx E* r
t\o

/3o

= tt{3

hJ.

f S_ lrds+/6s =3.3f
313

loh

Cra+tL /9 a//"u.J
(,5)

G-p.

- sd

6t
/8y

3.?
1.1
t6"6
/V-z

I. tt wpler lAcr.tlz

(kN)

'

F'<.,-.-ti// jc

L"cnitn

oT tn-os/ Cr;l;ca( c;rJc:

F"r n, t Jro.nar
.C*;/t'-rz "tL /-/too;,
t @,t/t" Ca4? Lc .7V L/
,- rf /,1e 4te
a*yr/c f etceJ,
5J" rL ar/e P*tut
l),royA /), 4e
io t-.a/r'cn ,^z/-.j lk
tt*/-< ,/ Q^

2- /f lL si/ is E'c/r>t-.y' utilL Qo z i

ui/l Sh7/ tArarTl {l- b. .

o, So, t'L ,;,c/,

(*s4 GhcEiut ( 4 ( 3') il" (;rc/e

3 - 17 +1. sotl is
/r,// Pasr a lreo/ oF lA 6c .

q- f2.
G1"-

c/rc-/c u/( J,"ta,2n

iy' otte exl'Sts.

b c- fanl eaiia?

a ri y;d

hr-o1*c5
,Q, Glu;nu oJ
Soitr (),:tL &-- u , f).-.Fe/(eniu+ Tzropas./ G-n be ueed h, /o#,-in
?he

uPPn*'n-.*
/nl/.

C-c^^*'. .F (L /-z-as/ cr;b-ca/ <-rrc/e.

< -.*/ B a-az /"ler*;nd
Ay
?) /],e sL.pealQ

uf ;,ry p ,-b4;s
/r"a ta L/"-s, F

--lY--je'
--_':
i.rt

.,

L . l l c h. i. rr- q7
C etute+

l/6 t

;
|

Q
\

f-

^.1t-P't

Aty/, 'F g/ope p

f lopc

/*lL

11^1|tF'

lto.t

6o"

24

4o

l t I
I: l.f

?5"

Lg

37

3s.8
z6.5
t B.t
| /.3

z6

35

z{
zf

i{
3t
5/

l : 2
t ; 3
l : f

b2 )tt*",y'r'i
ha4 bc-a exl*tdd
c- Q so\l et .84/o->s'

fL. n-/L/
{J* c-.
4
t- /;t"-at

|Ae

L5

Fe//eair-tt

Ccaier

x- Gnslnz-t a ;;;Z-;Ltn
(r*'
h*l ;/,
ouluta.,r/ hr^

f-v,'

bu4u /)c cril:;u-1*'rz/'

c.*frn Sot-rc 'J/''-', o^ *l--s "/"'e.

{/- Fey'/en;pt .

Poss,bk
of

/f Qz o
() =O\
n*

Cnet

O O'

c- 4

inczrez-a.-t

Locah'o.t
H

is a*

inc-r<-o4e

rt7 )

O'
.

6L

"4l lo'mc I

Dsfua1-;nofi-,.- oF ) fuv ay'za2-,4re7or7

f2a;/
I
re1,'.!*r s/ope . (Ty hri f +a.b;/;/y tUr+"br,r) : t

7 o1/""
a

nt'a.

a Stnpl2

Pnpas./
F.S.

a S/op

f*

(h

o./ /r-lo,-;*',y

mdlLl

o /aon<Je4\eu-! Soils.

l/c pmch4 a Se,'ie-'s oF ottve't ,aL'oL rJole

91ab;/;/y ala,a|"n ('1/) 4 4he SloPeargle f .

Crg/.n 4L L*,',

"6

,+ -?J!
la./. g

/t atr// fc

5o,

Seca {L--*

a-nd

L = k,H

.*d

L < t/

d=

/-./ 4{H'

L"tr/-J'

F = C''r' /"'/
Ya ' k z . e
;n re

Slal,zi/7 is /a/e^/al

a f s l V q'rcft
S a ,

o,

y'.4, !e.me/',;

k z . e , e/Ln, ./ ;, I L

t/--

S/a 4;/t'ty ilu*r lon

f u,

6r*,

d.-,

f =

/{a
(-

/ r ' '. f ir r h^. " ./a

.

L*'

.:

,r

Cn
t

/ s mobl'7.-/
7J.

C^

ra
(/8)

G/"-az'.t,

0.19
0.18
' 0.17
,:l\

n ra

tl

0.t5

3
=

u. l'+

E o.ts
6
0.12
0 . ' t1
0.10
0.09

2
Oeprhfactor,D

Whenrp,=oandD=c",

r u : o .t 8 l

(a)

0.8

0.20
0.181
0.15

0.10

tt{e

qii "?ir:',..|!'+:

g.')2.'
ii^,.i(v

0.05

40

Slope angle, P (degrees)

2t

tJt*,

q<

721" a+-2/< {

a-.d

k NL slap< o.v6" p,

r.-L(.A

re4i5}e*r.g

SAe*7

dcp*L

*^r'

Q,

,fecfrr tD I .
/4
ya-/ue

A^,

l-a.4 Q^

Fon

ab,t-o.-a a- ualrr,

iS

/)roccrt

[x,

)s t

/L.- 4-.

/)rac.r/u-*

tzr^/;//

/?,'

= +*'rg

a^d /1,.,^

Fe

tr" ut;y

4.-"

o4ri/e

alcr,Al<

.tL aL--/

F= /"= fe

,/),

,/4 f,ar/,U
f n o 4).a,Ae
SoiL l,*t o C/op. oyL
jf o a..,-/ a uerhz^-( 1--.Sl,.9.o6 8 -. Ut ,ry Toy /o ri
of
aJ
S./a'L;/;ly nr--r,lor. n?*.L./,
/Jor1*rhe
tfr h-t-Lr

oF s afu/
a)
b)

a Sdosl shcq ful*t

Q","k,,t/r-,"
(o- z1q
h.v/*,,

,
,

du=o'
4 . o

Q= r"

(t -- zE hu/n"L

C)

5"(,
9 t,/L.

Dl
F

61

,f,--tAL*/*,t,Dr;rl5
, t-- tg tr/n' , gr-- t.;.

l:- t[.< *,4^.i.

,'1 /a.;/r, B r 53' a"4f 4 u = " . fU

/-/ = o.t?t

b) 6,

y'.-r /L /11".,y c+-r-a,,

r-

Cc,

Cu

Ctu

/U f/4

D r ' ) . 5 . ( ?=3 i u

4'/ - a. / {B

c) 4v &d --/io

orP/ * rSx 8

On' o,Qun

o>d
/t = 0-6

4'^-d

f= tr=

-- t.53

/o

= /-6f .

o ./6 t x tEx t

"//c,/

-/D,

uq/

;s h? aAU.

F.-n

2'J't
fry /*tf* = 2'o /rtn oo, =+^f
.: d2,. ,

6n

7.6

"

.-12-- a. /az

ry

a . / o z , rE .

4)

z o'ttl

Fa'

/'7 '

o'/ o?

tB

*-a,24^= !n,

td

t.7f

4,U

= g.x
0'O3-6

2;

Fr=

= o-tr)

,z /.75f

c6g *ttr

o.o?dtrP-stP

9o

tr -- /-7i-

L-t,

' (=/Z'ril

. /
./ uerh'."'1 6 I Lr;t"*h'(
)t opc
' l ' = /6 k ' u /n )
//' 3/ *t , , 4= 2 i

5ol'

-r-

-d s/"ytc -- /qa
A^e/.
f r y F' - -- / '.;fa u "

ltn. n d !
F

.'.Qrn=,l.iiL,,-6)

/=
-:

-= 9!g
/';

= o.zrr

o-oof
fr-

l2ef

=5'ag

o' oo9 * 3t X/6

f,2
Eo- d,-./

F - /-c
/:

ts.olJ

" :t?
-l a -z Q m= tn o n
=
-:

-- o ' l q z (o^--,,)

l-</
tr
/ ?-'
= l'qy
F . -6't/'
\ 2a )

'(uis o'lz '

f //q/='"e

s,t'vess4*/1sr's fr", O"l*-iu.ZL-

/, /Lt
o /4<a/

l,lr//

//,u

Pore

aaltt , fl..,i>,
/'a

anler

Gu1ut,ct-o,t
pre ssLtre .

,T- ,t;.

sh.yA
Para*tefers {dd
,.i/A same erti.,^-+z/e ,:F

A4e-/L/ oF ot4s,s ;
fZu'ou ,z r't12.
/J/->/ boe.a/ on lk
at"tril/mrr/L/
hu{L/
fh;s m"lL/
is i--i/./;rot
/ t/,..s,
(hrve ne(Lls
Lcv^tn .73;rLp,, ..z"fL/r
ay
/^- ry Gnuu^rh'*-( t,r.f Ld
1/1.
2.
3 - f7.-

S,-r._t,6./'.d melL"4
(-4 oraclj neil-.o|.

/#*'*'r- 4a
,f+
abo*1
4nu

(>er;

ia {L
br*,->..ur.,_s i<.-t

Bo*;.

va-tiz,.- al

a'cfocz'pho4,

Ftr' -

\7

7
t. t. bt

-TI-

/
I

\L,

9att - Ja

*/,-il

b
l ' <\
lrl

X n V
-.---._>

T- frr-( S+r"^etL

S=sl
(2tt

4 lv't

, 11,

ff.r

W"P

,Z-,j
uF rnatqc^* ob"t

eTut/i bri,',*"

over q//

O Xiu4t

L b / . x= L s . R = L s a - R
f c'4 r (P-u'() fonrQ' J

51 = L

F "

/".r (P-u-() = P'

Rsin<

xz
S o,

ablz.t7

utr

(
L [ , ' - ( + P-u t) l o o Q ' )

F"

?-

l)

c-s

t-_

5o,

Z f l{.

t- 6, (^u^1f"1

(t)6t< -u4) b^ a' n.

nal/-o(,

t-csta-rzc

-x') s;nc)) +on4'= o

f ( 1r*,-7 ) c.-t4 -(xn*,

rtu 6s<- u'() f* 4'J

f = J-L[c/

L tJr;n<

lF tt.

au =

iulra/uce

( Pore Fr"ts-re rart4 )

#

b-- J Gsn

u= Yhf u = L r u
b

-i

U:.

F,

,-

(( 7o*,-rh)6s<-(*^r,-x^) s;a<)lanPt

Z t-/5;a a

so,

Bns,', %'

L LJ'sin<

{inrc

t/e

t1 .

[*PZ

/L

l/-fu

Q(=

Yu h)

fcc-{

-{c.s"<

f. Uin <

f[,'4*ta)

lzz)

( 6s< -ru Se,*) f*"dJ

fL,, nc/LJ

o6! aal7gi
tu
1ttue errzq
,'n /1.< u./*..f
f obtotnd.

r i'/

tr

t /.2 z- -

is ra*j.J

f ff..hlo

t-;

{h.r, 4,*!*

,4er-r/;^ir

Lry',

bt lL

c?2

lP

zo^.aaT'

f.,

tr

fl iioroa

Me'll-'/ '

f'
fttz 'x

la? na",-( -zfri.lrr. y'rzc

f?cEoflt;g f-o*
/o.-

,-?/f
lrr--a4a<n
= u4Cs<

'

*P'oo*
n

lD = 4 (ue< /-_

L/.

,*hd!

Fas <r

7's;n q

P = P/+u4
(c''{ +P/toora')
+
c'(
F'tana'5;o4
+
F
F

n
-

c'!t;a<
r

P'= ( P- qz)

f f'(.

'.Gt

< t

,)aq

l-aa&t -.
s;aq)
=z-

s i n a ) +/ r ' ( G s * + ? ! ' r ; a * )

lJ -4 (-uc.s<. +

s;na)

Gs <- a tc*' b's;a< S

Stzbabl,,/e,2

P' 6,

CP-az) i'7 4c

Bo''' 7

s I c ' 4 + ( u ' t - L ( ( a s < -+ s ; a n ) t - " d

f u.x I
.

Cas-<,EB?L
( 2 3)

]
t

-1 '-9't
2- F.'

Gnsy'rou'hba oF a't eubaln*ttr'

U= UorbU

[k/i/

rv

bt{ -- C/*,71e
(Jo. ,[tlr'J

P'u.lo

du,

i n foi/

P't-''P

c/,o it,
trtasr

ia f/terr'

b u = B f r g , n , 4( " 4 - o d t )
/.rL,.*t ,4/ B 'o'a F''t'P c--ufu/'u'tit'
>Ll
o4

l?r'r
rl/cut

fa :

Yu

rh

Boa

'

Utt

th

th
b6, - trh

/;tzce

l'u =

5o

Fx'
'-:

,1

IL

Ib

CroEs sechon

a-r, imperr4u.{a/c
on
"/t".*S+*ii,1t,

',^7-iSJ.l'utig

{L*

Uo

"f

*6
c/-n

a'zz 4'/1A

bole'' nt

Sho'tn j"

ti/litj
bJ'*t'

sLpe is +o be
lL c/a'-')n3*ve'a-w't
3i''3
4k s('V orc/a sLan a4'41

fu//'-'g iofurr.n-f-"n : -

[t"-e= lq-t

k//m) . /=

1]' , R= q'6h'

/o L"z/],O"

g =- 8 7o. Pa/e,.2-,n, fL t- s.
a) u,{h Gnuu,,ia7 /4a(L/'
/ U reSorat4 /'4c'A-d
U ,'ft"
d

ad

Lg sa,bshlu*;y

ub

___

{Z

'

lr"

t//sn<

5..<
zfctt+tJ(rru1/o-.te'I
' 1 * L a a Q ' / a ]r 4 l |
I
' F J I

, I

fL
E^*(
o^a./gy^ d
ir bql
Q-rr;e/ o"t 4

o
!

\
\
\

\
{

-q

t.\

,t

-s

a-Ltr'
on a uertj-rol s /;,
*uo
+4,bu.l-.d.,hal/,e CJr-Ua.

e@
$

$
\o

+'

t V
v
.U

s
S

I
\J

l'u = :!

Fn-

Yh

7 4re

a-rc fuo

hgikr

><<.
--:-T

\n

t/ugfur

F=

F.

F-- E

( ru) Dey'c.rn,;na.h)a : /;l-ri1,;n

,nrrlL/,

pel.oft,n

r"-#..^
/-

@
F

-.a

Prcscr,-rE roi.

(!

"(

R.,

.J

t^"

X= p ;nt , b_-lorn

pom u-1.

f-j=

fron ft",-t ttJ

z(t---+-+^-

ru= tr-&

, /,(){,
L/l

rh

l h //

E/o- 4q

(2qt

-9wV1la.l,'4
'{.1-<

E
2

<

6
c'i

14
E

\
t4

/\-r

. \

- \

\l----v-

ll

ir

'

'

"

g
'

o
^

-'^

l!

'

!o
6

o
.

tr
:

,^
:;

o.t
$l

^e d

'

r* rf.,r
.:lod

9l
;i

;"
E- n

"

"

F
a

-q

*.

rE t 6
E

g
F

;
.')

rFd
ZzB
6EB

sc
t;
:'I

\ ol1o6 '
..,

qo
E

,- i .L'r ^i E ! '

:XE* , !:

AE*
;FP

H
'

E * - r
r g q ft

e Ei r '
o
E t

=!

BE

Eb

EgiA

5
s- . a3
; r

^r / .f ) e= oi E

d\o

.^
i
i

-.8 -:

b. z

.8

Fee
E.Eh
? qt4

$ *

o .=E

! i

+
-

.o

.9

E E

E
-r

ld r c

6g
:x

o ; .o o.:

!l
El
tl'

; i : = x l a Ee H F l

s a i
. t :r

r
.d,
E

. X X c r l S 9 t t
E E o -- oi l l N E r r .

- y 9
X
=

r*
r'- 7
c. , ex
;-

E E
i
u.3
L 4 , .

F- =E . l E : t 1

\ ,

'

\ \___\z- F

\ v-.--\

o.

Efi

tr!
. 4o )

Ei

g
i

ot
E

.i.,-

zx z<
q 1 Y

9 F

; d

9
a

E.= {..8id z
F \ 9 ,c-\4 2

_
' {i

U
-9
tr6

a1t- t,1:
Eii
o
\ o..r.:
r
ilc
.odl .t DR n
I9..

S E P-.,-e(T
*-

b :

>,5
= ^

E 3S c,
\
.
..

4 8
9,=

!
S
'r.l

.-lE
.!o
,.'
.!P oo
q r q

I
t-

-'A

;ae 3c
E;3

i:l

a C

<
. od' q

$ e $g

x '

*-;
a

(arc-()\t\

{ ' . ; 9

q
to
g

g : E

.Hst^ 5-

3P.e

.d'

; c {

36E5 e

o tr EY

6IHOC{-

\O O\ C4 0\
< N <

q.lqoqa
(\

i EUI ;

e : rEs
$;t.E
E 3.E : E

- E o o

Eg
EaZ

'C

r{a

'E
*ae

E E
EEE';EE

9
coOO\o
rrl (
C.l

\ q q t tSQ c l 9
O-e{6lCt

.9 cg.r,E-9
o

.9.94

9\q

tr

4
l 4

rS

rpE
5E

oliD
9 Xi
ir ;d:

5E
5 t*
r!

qsqqe

5 E BE

E ..e
q

E
ts

t ' |g' ] =..q -x3 " ?

o
1'

lll
@

nqqqe
ooooo

?
t

$ P -^-o,.
;EE.i
i;
";g.EtrE

dic

z (m)

b (m)

w (kN)

D
I5

slice
fn
F

l-

z \.m)

l-

I
.tl

w (kN)

J-

i)

Wsjna(l)

cb(2)

.o

b (rn)

|;

W(l - ru) tan O' (3

6-

2+3<4)

iJ

lJ

.l

cosd-tusecc

-=---

?-t

W (cos d - ru seca) ,an

O,

rg I6

'',16.| 3 -a
lr-lc
ii I

b
t,

?
i-'r1

4x5

(6)
i..r

J H ' t r T^

E SH f i g

i$$if$
#[ii$flFfiFEii*$

I;F 3 F:

t s- i F TE

99.
6
*
s

=,F
: iiE
*y <
5 93

g$giEiiF'$iFF*F*
o

)46

e.

E-I E

3EEl
SiriiliiF
F ii

Ee

5
o

liE
+9,

E
E
i a o

1
9
d o

iFii'gie
ii* i is

E.fiS

fg

+ S\ : S

Ee

1
?*a,
# . , F K

=g

(tl
i)
(o

H g

{i

-a$H
- rF
,Fs +

F F'?

3
3
Lt

:'.

6!t

*6 95

t
'i

'

!. ;

v)

^-i
J r

, ' x
i-E-ts
E
9
o
3h

't
!.'

YFi

E'

H x

t l.1 tv

.e 4
s
E
Ee
e
**l
: o
!4bvi
a uuuu

l
ra
o

' Ie

S
.-

'., |lli
- t a -

E
V

..
Z-

I
-' o,

!
5

E
=

,:

E
g

-s
t

"'i

rr-

"

--E

.-

t;Ils
fii;"'

53

$ i TF i

E.-'.

H:

7
c

o.l

.X

er

\o
c]

i S

tl

c.l

e R
L
I
a

?
;i
I

;dh
a:

igi:

t - l s ^i * E f r
* " ll -E
E ?
s
:
_J
i
*
q\q
o
?. . l ; ; ;
:.-=i .i .F
;=

r
E

i ,:E-r." .g?f
.-

o
.

i A

rr

"l;
ailx

ol

a'
:

; = ; i ' . 3

r,

cr

'??

r
;

r g '"
e I
i' r ;-

(.1

a'

I
d

-lg

l.-\OF

.i --: -;

=
TFg
;s:"J
tF53

s b- T ;

{a=-'

::

ll

lt

..r

c: lli

o
a

tl

ll
" l - .

(9)5Xt

t
: l
i l

\,

: l s

n F

( 9 rt x t

9 ;
9 0i9! .il{t

q.l

:l

:11

rJ.,
E

ro

3 r c :i

t't

ri

.9

^ 6 , :
A - o.e

(t, t+a

(t, t+a

(t t+z
(t),t|l||{trr-t)a

O r !

o-

l -r(lrlDs to J ol rDJ
a\

o l . e

a vil{t

l!l
WI'A

l o
(\|a q

( 9 )t x t

a il.l"

l j m
b
X

:!-6r:e..

> T

*-

i
=.
" ' 6
2 d

-- Fi

: l
-r:,Z

-l
t

d o
3r'l

6
o.

ut
/'\

>

irll

*==; r
'a)(<
-:e
N

.,N'

=5'

7 ?

=sqof,

.::

-n
,-'

.ql
(lJ

.i

ll

;E

i z
; !

ll

.an
-

{
rn

' - ;

F n
=:e

o
F

+
t)
o\
I

H F o

A)E

t-)

o t

- v

< 'rl

d ;

-.
P

di'
i'' a

.n
6

E d
i i

<

x
:

o
1
r
v

la

i,.r ir' i,l

a

s
:
q

--*

cr
t

5
6

t = r

6r a

a E '.j 3 E
? i o

6
i
a ' 6

? 3 -

-'' -

A-i

'.4 l^

'

-:*

tl

'c

'

= - 3< 7-

*+o

/\
3

*,
.
o
X

i
F
:

l
g

' E r
9 l !;\
a l (l
tJ

= a o

\o

9c
- 5

(,
F,

:$;igF
iE[$$
:EF;$f,igrF
'FF*e
*i
Ii"5
* isgfsil*
iiilei
a ig FsSi
+i i ar:gegir
sF3
iigiFgFi$iE;F
'n

c'l
i,J
l\)

t'l

\)

F F slHseF

ot

s
3

3 r

5
Y
! r =

: . q

F ':3
(!

d.E

\-J

, F . r o < i
cr l-..r!o

-' bg l )

-C zor)3
'A:-

a.l\oOO\O
r'r h F- a.J oo

>..

.n \o o .r \o

9E
B
\

.o

-t

: 1I
i-o

tr

vl rt \n v.t r.)

99\q99
r)t,l')r)r|

T\

\t'
(rJ

ro

re

uJ

;;

'
!

p -o.ro+o

u-

\o

ir

"'
o

';:
rD 0)
'oD0 tidi

g $

d l o
. 4 -

(
N

r
x
.95

-8s

i4
.! "
= S r , 3
S i
Eki
'<
::

o\
ll

"^

!,
!

-o
c.r

.:

olt''f

^ i 5

i
*

g
_

.:i ii

=.=
a=
.9^
la :

E';

E _ :' ' E
E
oor
.-,ra

c d

r $_ ' r E

v_i F

E.E",i

tlt;BEfi-ie
t

:pgIEEig

'=

"-:
\o
-

u,l
rJ)
a?
gt

,:g/
(fi)

-:i-

--.=l-l--

;3Es3EEEg
='';*uii'i$iic
:
iil lgi*uis's

g{sissaisic*{di
-$
:[i
ill
;
'
':ut
:ii
Ea
itE
e$
f
*=i EiFrFg: i tsEEFi ,i ;
$ i 5 $ t : ; F ; ix i

ie+5i|l_F

i6i$=Fgifi+

$ s $ i $ Ini r ir *$' ri iggi gf

iP 5eFi- $a: : s6* ri

F g

c:

?
z ut.f

\J

i 9PEF

Fr
$
=g
$'< b
R

.si;

{;.i-

8+E

:::

c)@

9 '

3
-

o
.

.
J

q
t

F
!
4
3
.: o_ .o i X : +

O
|

S
q

;- ' {
.i4

<

:P

b=
t