Seismic Interpretation

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION & RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
UNIVERSITAS GAJAH MADA 20 OCT 2012
GERANICKY DELISATRA
PHE ONWJ
Presentation Outline
Introduction Fundamental of Seismic Seismic Data Acquisition & Processing Seismic Interpretation Reservoir Characterization Method
Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ
Introduction
Seismic play an important role in every phase of oil & gas industry Exploration phase usually 2D seismic data; exploration play concept, prospect identification, exploration well drilling, appraisal well drilling Development phase usually 3D seismic data; reservoir characterization, geological modeling, infill well drilling, field development EOR usually 4D seismic data; reservoir monitoring
BASIN FLOOR MUDSTONES Deep Water Sands (Fans)
Exploration
Basement high/ Thinned section
Mass Transport Complex
Deep Water Sands (Fans)
SLOPE MUDSTONES
Nonmarine
SHELF MUDSTONES
Structural Trap
Stratigraphic Trap
Working with minimum data; wells, seismic, etc Building exploration concept Prospect identification Prove petroleum system If exploration well succeed, drill appraisal well to estimate reserve accumulation
Source Rock ?
Development
Dealing with numbers of well data, 3D seismic, engineering data More detailed work; field scale to reservoir scale Reservoir characterization; property prediction, fluid identification Building geological model as an input for reservoir simulation
EOR
Using 4D seismic data Monitoring movement of CO2 injection
Basic Seismic Concepts

RC IA1 IA2
S=R*W
S = Seismic R = Reflection Coeff. W = Wavelet
Polarity & Phase

Reverse Polarity Normal Polarity
Minimum Phase
RC +
Zero-Phase
RC +
Knowing Polarity & Phase
What is the polarity and phase of the above seismic section?
Exercise
RC Shale = 2.4 g/cc V = 3000 m/s RC1 Tight Limestone = 2.7 g/cc V = 6000 m/s RC2 S
Shale = 2.4 g/cc V = 3000 m/s

RC3 Wet Sandstone = 2.6 g/cc V = 4000 m/s
*
RC = (IA2 IA1) (IA2+IA1)
IA = x V
Vertical Resolution
Remember:
=Vxf
Where = wave length (m) V = velocity (m/s) f = frequency (Hz) Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ
Seismic Data Acquisition

Type of survey:
Land Transition Marine
Type of data:
2D 3D
Land Acquisition
Transition Zone Acquisition
Marine Acquisition
Seismic Processing
What is seismic interpretation?
Seismic 2D/3D data
Subsurface Geological Information
Required Data for Seismic Interpretation

Basemap Well Data and of courseSeismic Data
Basemap
Basemap is useful to know your map view location while interpreting seismic section Basemap will give us information about coordinates, well location, 2D seismic lines, 3D seismic area, scale bar, etc.
Well Data
Type of well data: Digital data (LAS or ASCII format) Hardcopy (Final well report, well completion, etc.) Well Data: Logs: Gamma Ray, SP, Resistivity, Density, Porosity, Sonic Checkshot Well data will give us information about geological condition, interest zone, tested zone, top formation, etc.
CS KORINCI-1A
TIME (ms) 0 0 200
DEPTH (m)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
400 600 800 1000 1200 y = 0.0003x 2 + 0.6078x + 9.5 R2 = 0.9992
General Steps in Seismic Interpretation

WELL-SEISMIC-TIE
FRAMEWORK MAPPING
- HORIZON PICKING - FAULT MAPPING
TIME-STRUCTURE MAP TIME-DEPTH CONVERSION DEPTH-STRUCTURE MAP
Well-to-Seismic Tie
A process of tying well data with seismic data by correlating synthetic seismogram with seismic data Matching between well marker (formation top, top/bottom reservoir, etc.) with certain reflector event in seismic data Decide which reflector event will be picked as horizon
Top B2a
Top B2b Top B3a
Top B4a
This step is done after defining which recletor event will be picked as horizon Most of seismic interpretation work is horizon picking Purpose : framework mapping, amplitude mapping
Horizon Picking
What event to be picked? Well-to-seismic tie will give you the answer
Horizon Picking
Structure Mapping
Amplitude Extraction
Fault Interpretation
Fault interpretation must be confirmed with regional geology (strike/dip), tectonic regime (extensional/compressional), etc. Know your fault better; is it normal fault? Thrust fault? Wrong fault interpretation will lead into wrong framework
Time-Structure Map
Picked horizon and fault will be grid to generate structure map. Since horizon value is in time domain, the structure map is called time-structure map To have a real subsurface information, time-structure map should be converted into depth-structure map
Time-Depth Conversion
CS KORINCI-1A
Required data to convert timestructure map to depth-structure map is velocity Remember; D = V x t Velocity data can be obtained from:
Checkshot Stacking data VSP
TIME (ms) 0 0 200

DEPTH (m)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
400 600 800 1000 1200 y = 0.0003x 2 + 0.6078x + 9.5 R2 = 0.9992
Depth-structure map is a product of multiplying time-structure map with velocity function. Velocity is varied with depth and geological condition
Depth-Structure Map
Time-structure Map Depth-structure Map
Depth-structure map represent subsurface structural condition Due to velocity variation, depth-structure map can be different with timestructure map Depth-structure map should be confirmed with depth at well location
Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI)

A quick look for hydrocarbon indicator Common DHI: Bright spot Dim spot Polarity reversal Flat spot Can be a pitfall too!
Bright Spot
Dim Spot
Polarity Reversal
Flat Spot
Some Technique to Guide Seismic Interpretation

There are some technique to guide seismic interpretation Using seismic attributes (phase, frequency, amplitude) Good for quick interpretation
Coherency
Reflectivity (amplitude) Coherence
Coherency attribute detects discontinuity in seismic reflector Good in detecting fault or stratigraphic features
Instantaneous Phase
Reflectivity (Amplitude)
Instantaneous Phase
Instantaneous Phase attribute balance the weak and strong reflector Good in tracing reflector continuity
Instantaneous Frequency
Reflectivity (Amplitude)
Instantaneous Frequency
Instantaneous Frequency gives an information regarding frequency at certain time Gas column will absorp frequency content, therefore, frequency below gas column will be decreased Good in analyzing bright spots
Some Problems & Pitfall

False Bright Spot Pull-up effect Mis-tie
False Bright Spot
Gas sand and coal have a low impedance contrast with overlying shale Both gas sand and coal will give strong negative amplitude Lesson learned: bright spot is not always a good news!
Pull-up Effect
Mis-tie
Mis-tie is a time gap between intersecting seismic lines due to different vintage or different processing parameter ataupun parameter processing yang berbeda Mis-tie only occur in 2D seismic data
Reservoir Characterization Method

Seismic reservoir characterization is necessary to predict reservoir property (porosity, Sw, etc.) and its fluid contents (oil, gas, water) More quantitative analysis Require Rock Physics Basically, there are 2 main methods:
Seismic AI Inversion Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) Multi-attribute
Seismic AI Inversion
Basic Theory
Earth Seismic Acquisition Seismic Seismic Inversion AI Reservoir Characterization
Wavelet
= Seismic
Wavelet
= AI
Earth
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Wavelet Estimation
Buidling Initial Model
Invert Seismic
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Wavelet Estimation
Invert Seismic
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Wavelet Estimation
Invert Seismic
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Wavelet Estimation
Invert Seismic
AVO
AVO stands for Amplitude Variations with Offset, or Amplitude Versus Offset The AVO technique uses the amplitude variations of prestack seismic reflections to predict reservoir fluid effects
Basic Concept
Velocity
NMO
+ + + =
Basic Theory
Offset
Time
56 Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ
AVO Classification
The Rutherford and Williams classification scheme as modified by Ross and Kinman (1995).
Class 1 AI Sand > AI Shale
Class 2 AI Sand AI Shale
Class 3 AI Sand < AI Shale 57 Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ
Straight toCase Study!!!
Background
Shallow biogenic gas in Lower Petani Fm. main exploration target Appear as bright spot on Post-stack seismic section Coal in Upper Petani Fm. also appear as bright spot Bright spot can be a DHI, but also a pitfall as well Several dry-holes by the same pitfall
UGM-1 UGM-2
Coal
Gas Sand
What Makes it Happen?

Top Gas Sand
Decrease Impedance
UGM-1 UGM-2
Top Coal
Decrease Impedance
Decrease in Impedance cause a negative Reflective Coefficient, and therefore appear as strong negative amplitude in seismic section
Relationship Between AI & AVO Class

Shallow biogenic gas are above 1200 m AI value of gas sands < shale Low impedance sand The crossplot between AI and depth suggest that those shallow gas is classified into class 3 gas sand
AVO Modeling of Gas Sand and Coal

Property Synthetic Modeling AVO Curve
AVO Classification
Gas Sand
Intercept (-) Gradient (-) AVO Class 3
Coal
Intercept (-) Gradient (+/-) AVO Class ???
AVO Cross-plot Theory

AVO cross-plotting involves plotting the intercept against the gradient and identifying anomalies. The theory of cross-plotting was developed by Castagna et al (TLE, 1997, Geophysics, 1998) and Verm and Hilterman (TLE, 1995)
AVO Crossplot Analysis

Cross-plot between intercept and gradient of pre-stack data confirms the model Gas sand anomaly is fall into class 3 gas sand region, while coal is tend to fall between mud-rock line and class 4 region
Multi-attribute
Multi-attribute analysis is a method which uses more than one seismic attribute to predict reservoir physical properties based on well logs data (Russell et. al, 1997)
You dont have to remember this!
Comparison between Inversion and Multi-atttribute

Multi-attribute
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Log Prediction
Generate Pseudo-log Volume
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Log Prediction
Workflow
Feasibilty Study
Log Prediction
Other Methods
Other methods in seismic reservoir characterization is a combination of Inversion and AVO For example:
Lamda Mu Rho (AVO inversion) Simultaneous inversion (AVO inversion) Elastic Impedance/Extended Elastic Impedance (AVO inversion)
Image Rights
Images are courtesy of:
BP PHE ONWJ Chevron Fugro-Jason PGS Elnusa EMP
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SEISMIC INTERPRETATION & RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

UNIVERSITAS GAJAH MADA 20 OCT 2012

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

BASIN FLOOR MUDSTONES Deep Water Sands (Fans)

Basement high/ Thinned section

Mass Transport Complex

Deep Water Sands (Fans)

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Using 4D seismic data Monitoring movement of CO2 injection

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Basic Seismic Concepts

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Polarity & Phase

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Knowing Polarity & Phase

What is the polarity and phase of the above seismic section?

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Shale = 2.4 g/cc V = 3000 m/s

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Seismic Data Acquisition

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Transition Zone Acquisition

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

What is seismic interpretation?

Seismic 2D/3D data

Subsurface Geological Information

Required Data for Seismic Interpretation

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

400 600 800 1000 1200 y = 0.0003x 2 + 0.6078x + 9.5 R2 = 0.9992

General Steps in Seismic Interpretation

TIME-STRUCTURE MAP TIME-DEPTH CONVERSION DEPTH-STRUCTURE MAP

Top B2b Top B3a

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

TIME (ms) 0 0 200

400 600 800 1000 1200 y = 0.0003x 2 + 0.6078x + 9.5 R2 = 0.9992

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI)

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Some Technique to Guide Seismic Interpretation

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ

Some Problems & Pitfall

Geranicky Delisatra, Geophysicist PHE ONWJ