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ORacle SQL Analytics

Analytic functions were introduced in Oracle to simplify pivot reports, OLAP queries, and other complex calculations that were previously only possible using inefficient procedural SQL or PL/SQL. Analytic functions allow aggregate calculations to be performed within groups of rows and return multiple rows per group. They provide flexibility to calculate rankings, running totals, moving averages, and more in a single SQL statement. Analytic functions improve efficiency and remove the need for complex procedural code.

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Lewis Cunningham
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196 views

ORacle SQL Analytics

Analytic functions were introduced in Oracle to simplify pivot reports, OLAP queries, and other complex calculations that were previously only possible using inefficient procedural SQL or PL/SQL. Analytic functions allow aggregate calculations to be performed within groups of rows and return multiple rows per group. They provide flexibility to calculate rankings, running totals, moving averages, and more in a single SQL statement. Analytic functions improve efficiency and remove the need for complex procedural code.

Uploaded by

Lewis Cunningham
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lewis Cunningham September Shepherd Systems 26, 2005

SQL Analytics
Lewis R Cunningham Database Architect Sheperd Systems An Expert's Guide to Oracle http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/oracle/guide
An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field. - Niels Bohr (1885 1962)

Introduction to Oracle Analytic Functions


David Wong

Author: David Wong

3 05/25/06

Introduction

Analytic functions were introduced in Release 2 of 8i and simplify greatly the means by which pivot reports and OLAP queries can be computed in straight, non-procedural SQL. Prior to the introduction of analytic functions, complex reports could be produced in SQL by complex self-joins, sub-queries and inline-views but these were resource-intensive and very inefficient.
4 September 26, 2005

Introduction

Furthermore, if a question to be answered was too complex, it could be written in PL/SQL, which by its very nature is usually less efficient than a single SQL statement

5 September 26, 2005

Addresses These Problems


Calculate a running total Top-N Queries Compute a moving average Rankings and percentiles Lag/lead analysis First/last analysis Linear regression statistics And more

6 September 26, 2005

How Analytic Functions Work


Analytic functions compute an aggregate value based on a group of rows. They differ from aggregate functions in that they return multiple rows for each group. Analytic functions are the last set of operations performed in a query except for the final ORDER BY clause. Therefore, analytic functions can appear only in the select list or ORDER BY clause.

7 September 26, 2005

The Syntax

Analytic-Function(<Argument>,<Argument>,...) OVER ( <Query-Partition-Clause> <Order-By-Clause> <Windowing-Clause> ) Analytic-Function AVG, CORR, COVAR_POP,


COVAR_SAMP, COUNT, CUME_DIST, DENSE_RANK, FIRST, FIRST_VALUE, LAG, LAST, LAST_VALUE, LEAD, MAX, MIN, NTILE, PERCENT_RANK, PERCENTILE_CONT, PERCENTILE_DISC, RANK, RATIO_TO_REPORT, STDDEV, STDDEV_POP, STDDEV_SAMP, SUM, VAR_POP, and more.

8 September 26, 2005

The Syntax

Query-Partition-Clause -Logically breaks a single result set into N groups, according to the criteria set by the partition expressions. The words "partition" and "group" are used synonymously here. The analytic functions are applied to each group independently, they are reset for each group Order-By-Clause - Specifies how the data is sorted within each group (partition). This will definitely affect the outcome of any analytic function.
9 September 26, 2005

The Syntax

Windowing-Clause - The windowing clause gives us a way to define a sliding or anchored window of data, on which the analytic function will operate, within a group. This clause can be used to have the analytic function compute its value based on any arbitrary sliding or anchored window within a group.
10 September 26, 2005

Running Total Example

Calculate a cumulative salary within a department row by row


LAST_NAME Whalen Fay Hartstein Baida Colmenares Himuro Khoo Raphaely Tobias DEPARTMENT_ID 10 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 SALARY 4400 6000 13000 2900 2500 2600 3100 11000 2800
11 September 26, 2005

Running Total Example


SELECT last_name, department_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY last_name) AS running_total ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY last_name) AS emp_sequence FROM employees ORDER BY department_id, last_name;

12 September 26, 2005

Running Total Example


LAST_NAME Whalen Fay Hartstein Baida Colmenares Himuro Khoo Raphaely Tobias DEPARTMENT_ID 10 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 SALARY RUNNING_TOTAL 4400 4400 6000 19000 2900 5400 8000 11100 22100 24900 EMP_SEQUENCE 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 6000 13000 2900 2500 2600 3100 11000 2800

13 September 26, 2005

ROW_NUMBER function

ROW_NUMBER is an analytic function. It assigns a unique number to each row to which it is applied (either each row in the partition or each row returned by the query), in the ordered sequence of rows specified in the order_by_clause, beginning with 1.

14 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example

Find the top four paid sales rep by department


DEPARTMENT_ID 80 80 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 60 SALARY 11500 12000 13500 14000 11000 9000 6000 4800 4800 4200
15 September 26, 2005

LAST_NAME Ozer Errazuriz Partners Russell Cambrault Hunold Ernst Austin Pataballa Lorentz

Top-N Query Example


ROW_NUMBER SOLUTION
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT department_id, last_name, salary, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS top4 FROM employees ) WHERE top4 <= 4

16 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example


ROW_NUMBER SOLUTION
LAST_NAME Hunold Ernst Austin Pataballa Russell Partners Errazuriz Ozer DEPARTMENT_ID 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 SALARY 9000 6000 4800 4800 14000 13500 12000 11500 TOP4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

17 September 26, 2005

DENSE_RANK function

DENSE_RANK computes the rank of a row in an ordered group of rows. The ranks are consecutive integers beginning with 1. The largest rank value is the number of unique values returned by the query. Rank values are not skipped in the event of ties. Rows with equal values for the ranking criteria receive the same rank.
18 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example


DENSE_RANK SOLUTION
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT department_id, last_name, salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS top4 FROM employees ) WHERE top4 <= 4

19 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example


DENSE_RANK SOLUTION
LAST_NAME Hunold Ernst Austin Pataballa Lorentz Russell Partners Errazuriz Ozer DEPARTMENT_ID 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 SALARY 9000 6000 4800 4800 4200 14000 13500 12000 11500 TOP4 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 4

20 September 26, 2005

RANK function

RANK calculates the rank of a value in a group of values. Rows with equal values for the ranking criteria receive the same rank. Oracle then adds the number of tied rows to the tied rank to calculate the next rank. Therefore, the ranks may not be consecutive numbers.

21 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example


RANK SOLUTION
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT department_id, last_name, salary, RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS top4 FROM employees ) WHERE top4 <= 4

22 September 26, 2005

Top-N Query Example


RANK SOLUTION
LAST_NAME Hunold Ernst Austin Pataballa Russell Partners Errazuriz Ozer DEPARTMENT_ID 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 SALARY 9000 6000 4800 4800 14000 13500 12000 11500 TOP4 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 4

23 September 26, 2005

First and Last Rows

The FIRST_VALUE and LAST_VALUE functions allow you to select the first and last rows from a group. These rows are especially valuable because they are often used as the baselines in calculations.

24 September 26, 2005

First Row Example

Find the employee with the lowest salary in each department


DEPARTMENT_ID 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 SALARY 9000 6000 4800 14000 13500 12000 11500

LAST_NAME Hunold Ernst Austin Russell Partners Errazuriz Ozer

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First Row Example


SELECT department_id, last_name, salary, FIRST_VALUE(last_name) OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary ASC) AS min_sal FROM employees

26 September 26, 2005

First Row Example


LAST_NAME Hunold Ernst Austin Russell Partners Errazuriz Ozer DEPARTMENT_ID 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 SALARY MIN_SAL 9000 Austin 6000 Austin 4800 Austin Ozer Ozer Ozer Ozer

14000 13500 12000 11500

27 September 26, 2005

Best Use for Me


I can use the result of a grouping (aggregate) function within each record of a group much more flexible, much less pain. I can perform relative ranking within a group it used to be tortuous with straight SQL I can perform calculations in the SELECT clause based on neighboring row values.

28 September 26, 2005

Summary
Analytic functions provide an easy mechanism to compute resultsets that, before 8i, were inefficient, impractical and, in some cases, impossible in "straight SQL". In addition to their flexibility and power, they are also extremely efficient.

29 September 26, 2005

Conclusion
This new set of functionality holds some exciting possibilities. It opens up a whole new way of looking at the data. It will remove a lot of procedural code and complex or inefficient queries that would have taken a long time to develop. Add analytic functions to your SQL arsenal and actively seek opportunities to use them.

30 September 26, 2005

Where to Get More Information


Oracle 9i Data Warehousing Guide Oracle


documentation, technet.oracle.com, March 2002 technet.oracle.com, October 2002

Oracle SQL Reference Oracle documentation,

31 September 26, 2005

SQL Analytics
Lewis R Cunningham Database Architect Sheperd Systems An Expert's Guide to Oracle http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/oracle/guide
An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field. - Niels Bohr (1885 1962)

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