UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.

Nounou
Chapter (6)
First Order Transient Circuits
This chapter deals with the transient response of first order circuit .
first order circuit are those circuits whose response can be
expressed by a first order differential equations.
Example of such circuits include the RL and RC circuits
RL circuit : circuit that contains an indicator and a resistor.
RC circuit : circuit that contains a capacitor and resistor
For example: RC circuit
Consider the following circuit .
+
-
i
V
S
C
R
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
S
S
V i(t) R (t) v
0 i(t) R (t) v V
c
C
= +
= + +
S
c
c
c
V
dt
(t) dv
C R (t) v
dt
(t) dv
C i(t) since
= +
=
S c
c
V
C R
1
(t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
= +
b (t) v a
dt
(t) dv
V
C R
1
b ,
C R
1
a let
c
c
S
= +
= =
This is the general form of a linear
first order differential equation
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
This is a first order linear ordinary non-homogenous differential
equation describing the response of the capacitor voltage.
It is first order because the highest degree of derivative is one.
it is called linear because the differential equation is linear
function of (dv
c
/dt) and v
c
(t)
Example of non-linear differential equation :
b (t) v
dt
(t) dv
(t) v
2
c
c
c
= +
it is called ordinary because it deals only with ordinary
derivatives ( not partial derivative )
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
It is called non-homogenous because b 0.
Example of first order linear ordinary homogenous differential
equation is
0 (t) v a
dt
(t) dv
c
c
= +
Example :
R L circuit
+
-
i
L
(t)
R
V
S
L
KVL around the loop
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
V
(t) i
L
R
dt
(t) di
0
dt
(t) di
L (t) i R V
S
L
L
L
L S
= +
= + +
b (t) i a
dt
(t) di
L
V
b ,
L
R
a let
L
L
S
= +
= =
This is a first order linear ordinary non-homogenous differential
equation
To find the response of the Vc(t) in RC circuit or i
L
(t) in the RL
circuit we need to solve these differentials
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Solution of the first order differential equation :
Consider the first order linear ordinary non-homogenous
differential equation :
We want to find X(t) that satisfies (*)
(*) b x(t) a
dt
dx(t)
L L = +
Theorem : ( in differential equation)
If x (t) = x
P
(t) is any solution of equation (*) and x (t) = x
c
(t) is
any solution of the homogenous differential equation
(**) 0 (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
c
c
L L = +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
then
(t) x (t) x x(t)
c P
+ =
Where :
x
P
(t) = particular solution ( forced solution)
x
C
(t) = complementary solution ( natural solution)
Hence we need to solve 2 differential equations
(*) b (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
P
P
L L = +
What is the function x
P
(t) that if its differential is summed to a*x
P
(t)
will give a constant (b)
The solution x
p
(t) must be constant
x
P
(t) = k1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Use x
P
(t) in the non-homogenous differential equation
a
b
k (t) x
a
b
k
b k a ) (k
dt
d
1 P
1
1 1
= =
=
= +
Particular (forced) response
Consider the homogenous differential equation:
a
dt
(t) dx
(t) x
1
(*) 0 (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
c
c
c
c
=
= + L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) | |
( ) | | a (t) x ln
dt
d
dt
(t) dx
(t) x
1
(t) x ln
dt
d
since
c
c
c
c
=
=
| |
| |
C at
c
c
c
e (t) x
C t a (t) x ln
dt a (t) x ln
+
=
+ =
=

Take the integral of both sides
at
2 c
c
2
C at
c
e k (t) x
e k let
e e (t) x

=
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t/
2 1
e k k x(t)

+ =
Hence : let = 1/a time constant
Time constant : a parameter that determines the rate of decrease of
x(t)
Lets find the solution of RC & RL circuits :
at
2 1
c P
e k k x(t)
(t) x (t) x x(t)

+ =
+ =
Hence, a general form of the solution is:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
+
-
i
c
(t)
R
V
S
C
S 1
C R
t
2 1
at
2 1 c
S
c
c
V
C R
1
C R
Vs
a
b
k
e k k e k k (t) v
C R
V
(t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
= = =
+ = + =
= +

Assume vc(0) = v
0
To find k
2
, we need the initial condition of v
c
(t)
For example , if we know v
c
(0) = V
0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
S 0 2
2 S 0
C R
t
2 S c
V V k
(1) k V V
e k V (0) v
=
+ =
+ =

C R
t
S 0 S
C R
t
2 1 c
e ) V (V V
e k k (t) v

+ =
+ =
As a special case , lets consider the natural response
Natural response :
Circuit response when no source is affecting the response
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 1 : Natural RC response
i
c
(t)
R
C
0 (t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
0 R
dt
(t) dv
C (t) v
0 R (t) i (t) v
c
c
c
c
c c
= +
= +
= +
Assume v
c
(0)=V
0
First order linear ordinary homogenous differential equation :
C R
t
2 c
e k (t) v

=
We can find k2 from initial conditions
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C R
t
0 c
0 2
2
C R
t
2 0 c
0 c
e V (t) v
V k
k e k V (0) v
then V (0) v Assume

=
=
= = =
=
v
c
(t)
t
V
0
RC
t
2 1
e k k x(t)

+ =
Note : the general solution of the forced response is
RC
t
0 c
0 S 0 2
S 1 S
e V (t) V
V ) V (V k and
0 V k 0 V since

=
= =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 2 : Natural response of RL circuit
i
L
(t)
R
L
0 (t) i
L
R
dt
(t) di
0
dt
(t) di
L (t) i R
L
L
L
L
= +
= +
Assume :
i
L
(0) = i
0
KVL :
This is a first order linear ordinary homogenous differential equation
t
L
R
2 L
e k (t) i

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
To find k
2
, we need initial condition i
L
(0)
t
L
R
0 L
0 2
2
(0)
L
R
2 0 L
e i (t) i
i k
k e k i (0) i

=
=
= = =
i
L
(t)
t
i
0
Note :
In the forced response , we have
R
V
k
e k k (t) i
S
1
t
L
R
2 1 L
=
+ =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Since V
S
here is 0 then k
1
= 0
t
L
R
0 L
S 0
S
0 2
e i (t) i
0) V (since i
R
V
i k

=
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Analysis Techniques :
1. The differential equation approach
Here , a differential equation that describe the behavior of the
circuit is used.
This first order differential equation is expressed in tems of the
voltage across the capacitor or current through the inductor.
Then the solution of this differential equation is obtained
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find i
L
(t) , t 0 ?
First, find the initial condition i
L
(0
-
)
At t = 0
-
, the inductor behaves as a short circuit .
2 H
20 A
1 . 0
40
i
L
(t)
2
10
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Hence , we assume that the current through the inductor doesnt
change instantaneously
i
L
(0
-
) = i
L
(0) = i
L
(0
+
) = 20 A
20 A
1 . 0
40
i
L
(0
-
)
= 20 A
2
10
i
L
(0
-
) = 20 A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
At t = 0 the switch is open
Where Req = (40 // 10) + 2 = 400/5 + 2 =10
L= 2 H
i
L
(t)
10
R
eq
=
+
-
2 H
40
i
L
(0
-
)
= 20 A
10
2
OR
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the loop :
0 (t) i 5
dt
(t) di
0 (t) i 10
dt
(t) di
2
0 (t) i R
dt
(t) di
L
0 v (t) v
L
L
L
L
L eq
L
eq L
= +
= +
= +
= +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
We know that
5t
2 L

t
2
at
2 L
e k (t) i
5
1
a
1
5 a where
e k e k (t) i

=
= = =
= =
We can find k
2
from the initial condition
i
L
(0 ) = 20 = k
2
e
0
= k
2
i
L
(t) = 20 e
-5t
A
i
L
(t)
t
20
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find v
c
(t) , t 0 ?
The switch has been closed for long time .
The capacitor behave as open circuit .
7.5 m A
k 80
k 50
k 20
F 0.4
t = 0
+
-
v
c
(t)
7.5 m A
k 80
k 50
k 20
v
c
(0
-
)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
At t = 0 , the switch is open
KVL around the loop :
0 (t) v 50
dt
(t) dv
F 0.4 C , 0
dt
(t) dv
C k 50 (t) v
0 (t) i k 50 (t) v
c
c
c
c
c c
= +
= =
(

+
= +
( )
( ) V 200
k 150
k 80
A m 7.5 k 50
k 70 k 80
k 80
A m 7.5 k 50 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c c c
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = =
+
k 50
+
-
v
c
(t)
F 0.4
V
c
(t) = 200 e
-50t
V.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find v
c
(t) , t 0 ?
For t < 0 , the capacitor behave as open circuit .
V 40 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c c c
= = =
+
At t = 0 , the switch is moved
k 60
k 60 1
k 20
F 0.25
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
+
-
40 V
75 V
k 8 k 40
t = 0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 60 1
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
75 V
k 40
k 8
k 60 1
+
-
v
c
(t)
k 40
k 8
1.875 m A
Source transformation
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
60 V
F 0.25
32 k
8 k
+
-
v
c
(t)
k 2 3
k 8
1.875 m A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the loop :
6000 - b , 100 a
6000 (t) v 100
dt
(t) dv
0 (t) v
dt
(t) dv
C k 40 60
0 (t) v (t) i k 40 60
c
c
c
c
c c
= =
= +
= + +
= + +
60
100
6000
a
b
k
e k k (t) v
1
at
2 1 c
=

= =
+ =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V e 100 60 (t) v
100 k 40 k 60
40 k k (0) v
t 100
c
2 2
2 1 c

+ =
= = +
= + =
v
c
(t)
t
30
- 60
To find k
2
, we use initial condition:
40
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 2 : Step by step approach
1. Assume the solution is x(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
-t/
2. Assume that the circuit is in steady state before the switch moves
replace a capacitor by open circuit
replace a inductor by short circuit
Then find v
c
(0
-
) or i
L
(0
-
)
3. The switch is now in the new location :
Replace the capacitor by a voltage source = v
c
(0
-
)
Replace the inductor by a current source = i
L
(0
-
)
And solve for x(0)
4. Assume t = , find x (t = )
replace capacitor by open circuit and inductor by short circuit
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
5. Find the time constant :
HOW ??
- Find the Thevenin equivalent resistance w.r.t the terminals of
the capacitor or inductor.
= R
TH
C or = L/R
TH
6. Find the constants :
k
1
= x()
k
1
+k
2
= x(0) k
2
= x(0)-x()
x(t) = x()+[x(0) - x()] e
-t/
x(t) = final value + [ initial value final value ] e
t/
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
| |

t
0 0 0

t
2 1 0
e ) ( V (0) V ) ( V
e k k (t) v (1)

+ =
+ =
Find V0 (t) ?
F 2
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
12 V
2
+
-
8 V
2
2
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 20 i 2 - i 5
0 8 ) i - (i 2 i 3 12 -
2 1
2 1 1
L L =
= + +
(2) Assume steady state , replace capacitor by open circuit .
Mesh
V 8 12 4 12 (1) i ) (0 v
A 0 i , A 4 i
(2) 8 i 4 i 2
0 ) i (i 2 8 i 2
1 c
2 1
2 1
1 2 2
= + = + =
= =
= +
= + +

L L
v
0
(0
-
)
12 V
2
+
-
8 V
2
2
1
+
-
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
3. The switch is moved now t = 0 ,
replace the capacitor by a voltage source = v
c
(0
-
) and solve
for V
0
(0)
V 4
2
1
8
2 2
2
) (0 v (0) V
c 0
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

v
c
(0
-
)
= 10 V
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
=8V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4. At t = replace capacitor by open circuit
V
5
24
5
2
12
1 2 2
2
12 ) ( V
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
) ( v
c

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
5. Find the time constant
find the Thevenin equivalent resistance w.r.t x ,y
R
TH
= 1 // (2+2) = 1 // 4 = 4/5
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
x
y
( )
5
8
F 2
5
4
C R
TH
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
t
8
5
0
t
8
5

t
0 0 0 0
e
5
4
5
24
(t) v
e
5
24
4
5
24
e ) ( v (0) v ) ( v (t) V 6.

=
(

+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
| |

t
0 0 0

t
2 1 0
e ) ( v ) (0 v ) ( v
e k k (t) v : Step(1)

+ =
+ =
+
-
v
0
(t)
24 V
V
x
4
4
F 2
+
-
2 V
x
t = 0
3 A
+
-
Step (2) : assume steady-state , replace capacitor by open circuit
Find v
0
(0
-
) ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 60 ) (0 v
V 60 24 36 24 (12) 3
24 v 3 v 24 v 2 ) (0 v
V 12 (3) 4 v
0
x x x 0
x
=
= + = + =
+ = + + =
= =

+
-
v
0
(0
-
)
24 V
V
x
4
4
+
-
2 V
x
3 A
+ -
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step (3) : now switch is moved .
Find v
0
(0)
(t) v x(t) hence
V 60 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c
0 0 0
=
= = =
+
24 V
V
x
4
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
( )
0
v
Step (4) : assume t =
Find V
0
() ?
V 24 ) ( V
24
v 24 v 2 ) ( V
0 Vx
0
x x 0
=
=
+ + =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step (5) : Find the time constant
find the R
TH
w.r.t the terminals of capacitor
V
oc
= 24 V
24 V
V
x
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
+
-
v
oc
4
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 4
2
8
2
V
I
V 8 V
24 V 3
0 V 24 V 2
x
sc
x
x
x x
= = =
=
=
= + +
24 V
V
x
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
4
I
SC
24 V
V
x
2
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
I
SC
Now, find Isc
sec. 12 F) (2 ) (6 C R
6
4
24
I
V
R
TH
SC
OC
TH
= = =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
V e 36 24 (t) V
e 24 60 24 (t) V
e ) ( V (0) V ) ( V (t) V : Step(6)
12
t
0
12
t
0

t
0 0 0 0

+ =
+ =
+ =

t
2 1 0
e k k (t) i

+ =
Example :
Find i
0
(t) , t > 0 ?
Step (1) :
12 V
k 4
k 2
F 200
t = 0
+ -
i
0
(t)
k 2
k 2
k 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 2 : assume steady state ( for t < 0 ) replace capacitor by
open circuit .
V 4 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
V 4
k 6
2k
) 12 ( ) (0 v
c c c
c
= = =
= =
+

12 V
k 2
+ -
i
0
(t)
k 2
k 2
k 2
v
C
(0
-
)
-
+
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 3 : now switch is moved , replace capacitor by voltage
source = v
c
(0) ,
Now find i
0
(0)
12 V
k 2
+ -
i
0
(0
+
)
k 2
k 2
k 2
+ -
4 V
k 4
i
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 2.66
k 3
k 1
A m 8 (0) i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
i
0
k 2
k 1
8 m A
i
0
(0
+
)
k 2
k 2
6 m A
2 m A
k 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 4 : assume t = , find i
0
() . Steady state
Replace capacitor by open circuit
12 V
k 2
+ -
k 2
k 2
k 2
) ( i
0

k 4
12 V
+ -
k 2
k 2
) ( i
0

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 2
k 2
k 2
k 2
k 4
R
TH
A m 3
k 4
12
) ( i
0
= =
Step 5 : find time constant .
First find R
TH
at terminals of the capacitor
( )
( ) ( ) sec 0.6 F 200 k 3 C R
k 3
k 2 k 2 // k 4 // k 4 R
TH
TH
= = =
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 6 : find the solution i
0
(t)
| |
A m e 0.33 3 (t) i
A m e 3) (2.66 3
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0.6
t
0
0.6
t

t
0 0 0 0

=
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
k 2 1
F 50
k 4 k 8
k 3
k 2 1
V 12
k 4
+ -
t = 0
i
0
(t)
Find i
o
(t) , using Step by step approach.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 1 : assume i
0
(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
t/
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state)
Replace capacitor by open circuit and find v
oc
(0
-
)
As we have done before , v
c
(0
-
) = v
c
(0)= v
c
(0
+
) = - 4 V.
Step 3 : now the switch is moved
replace the capacitor by voltage source of value -4 and find i
0
(0)
k 4 k 8 k 2 1
k 4
i
0
(0
+
)
i
k 3
4 -
+ -
+ -
k 2 1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
A m
2
1
16
12
3
2
k 4 k 12
k 12
3
2
(0) i
A m
3
2
k 6
4
k 12 // k 4 k 3
4
i(0)
0

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
+

=
Step 4 : assume t = , steady state
replace capacitor by open circuit and find i
0
()
i
0
() = 0
k 12
k 3
k 4
) ( i
0

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 5 : find
| |
( ) ( ) sec 0.3 50 k 6 C R
k 6 k 3 k 4 // k 12 R
TH
TH
= = =
= + =
| |
0 t A m e
2
1
(t) i
A m e
2
1
0
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0.3
t
0
0.3
t

t
0 0 0 0
=
=
+ =

Step 6 :
k 12
k 3
k 4
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Step 1 : assume i0(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
-t/
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find
i
L
(0
-
) = i
0
(0
-
)
k 4 k 2
t = 0
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
H m 10
find i
0
(t) using step by step approach ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 5
k 2 k 2
k 2
A m 10 ) (0 i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

k 4 k 2
i
0
(0)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
A m 10
k 2
k 2 k 5
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 3 : now the switch is moved t = 0 replace inductor by a
current source of value = 5 mA.
Since it is inductor i
0
(0
-
) = i
0
(0)
Step 4 : assume t = ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
0
()
k 4 k 2
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 5
k 2 k 2
k 2
A m 10 ) ( i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Step 5 : find where = L / R
TH
Lets find R
TH
at the terminals of the inductor
R
TH
= (4 k // 4 k) + 2 k
= 4 k
= L / R
TH
= 10m/4k = 2.5 sec
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
k 4
k 2
k 5
k 4
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
A m 5 (t) i
A e m 5 m 5 m 5
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0
s 2.5
t

t
0 0 0 0
=
+ =
+ =

Step 6 : find i
0
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find i0(t) using step by step approach ?
Step 1 : assume i
0
(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
t /
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
L
(0
-
)
4
8 6
6
2 1
4
+
-
t = 0
24 V
1 H
i
L
(t)
i
0
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i
L
(0
-
) = 24 / 6 = 4 A
i
0
(0
-
) = 0 A
Step 3 : switch is moved
Replace inductor by current source of value (4 A) and find i
0
(0)
4
8 6
6
2 1
4
+
-
24 V
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
-
)
4
4
6
+
-
24 V
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
-
)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4
8 6
4
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
+
)
2 1
4 A
4
8 6
4
i
0
(0
+
)
2 1
+
-
48 V
4
16
i
0
(0
+
)
48 V
+
-
i
0
(0) = - 48 / 20
i
0
(0) = -2.4 A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 4 : assume t = ( steady state)
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
0
()
i
0
() = 0 A
Step 5 : find , = L / R
TH
So find R
TH
across the terminal of the inductor
4
8 6
4
2 1
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 6 : find i
0
(t)
| |
( )
0 t for , 0 (t) i
A e 2.4 (t) i
0 t , A e 0 2.4 0
A e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8

t
0 0 0 0
=
=
+ =
+ =

i
0
(t)
t
- 2.4
( ) | | { }
sec
4.8
1
R
L

4.8 12 // 4 6 // 8 4 R
TH
TH
= =
= + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Solve previous example using differential equation approach
For t < 0 , steady state
Replace the inductor by short circuit and find i
L
(0
-
) and i
0
(0
-
)
As before i
L
(0
-
) = 4 A = i
L
(0
+
)
i
0
(0
-
) = 0 A
For t > 0 ,
4
8 6
4
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
L = 1 H
2 1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(t) i
5
3
(t) i
(t) i
20
12
k 8 k 12
k 12
(t) i (t) i
L 0
L L 0

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
4
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
2 1
So we need to find i
L
(t) first
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
0 (t) i 4.8
dt
(t) di
0 (t) i 4.8
dt
(t) di
L
0 (4.8) (t) i (t) V
L
L
L
L
L L
= +
= +
= +
2 1 8
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
4.8
i
L
(t)
L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
0 t , 0 (t) i
0 t , e 2.4 (t) i
e
5
12
(t) i
e 4
5
3
(t) i
5
3
(t) i
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8
L 0
=
=

i
0
(t)
t
- 2.4
0 t , e 4 (t) i
k 4 (0) i
0 t , e k (t) i
t 4.8
L
L
t 4.8
L
=
= =
=