Chapter 1 4.

The automatic control system for the temperature of a bath of liquid consist of a reference voltage fed into a differential amplifier.This is aconnected to a relay which then switches on or off the electrical power to a heater in the liquid. Negative feedback is provided by a measurement system which feeds a voltage into the differential amplifer.Sketch a block diagram of the system and explain how the error signal is produced. 8.Explain what logic gates might be used to control the following situations: (a) The issue of tickets at an automatic ticket machine at a railway station. (b) A safety lock system for the operation of a machine tool. Chapter 2 4. What is the non-linearity error, as a percentage of full range, produced when a 1 KW potentiometer has a load of 10 KW and is at one-third of its maximum displacement? 5. What will be the change in resistance of the an electrical resistance strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2.1 and resistance 50 if it is subject to a strain of 0.001? 8.A rotary variable differential transformer has a specification which includes the following information Ranges: 30o ,linearity error 0.5% full range
60o ,linearity error 2.0% full range

Sensitivity:1.1(mV/V input)/degree Impedance:Primary 750 ,Secondary 2000 What will be (a) the error in a reading of 40o due to nonlinearity when the RDVT is used on the 60o range, and (b) the output voltage change that occurs per degree if there is an input voltage of 3 V? 13.A platinum resistance temperature detector has a resistance of 100.00 at 0 C 138.50 at 100 and 175.83 at 200 C .What will be the nonlinearity error in C at 100 C if the detector is assumed to have a linear relationship between 0 and 200

Chapter 3 1 Design an operational amplifer circuit that can be used to produce an output that ranges from 0 to -5V when the input goes from 0 to 100mV. 2 Design a summing amplifier circuit that can be used to produce an output that ranges from -1 to -5V when the input goes from 0 to 100mV. 3 A differential amplifier is used with a thermocouple sensor in the way shown in

figure 3.7.What values of R1 and R2 would give a circuit which has an output of 10 mV for a temperature difference between the thermocouple if the thermocouple is assumed to have a constant sensitivity of 43 V / C 6 A platinum resistance temperature sensor has a resistance of 120 at 0 C and forms one arm of a Wheatstones bridge. At this temperature the bridge is balanced with each of the other arms being 120The temperature coefficient of resistance of the platinum is 0.0039 K 1 .What will be the output voltage from the bridge for a change in temperature of 20 C The loading across the output is effectively opencircuit and the supply voltage to the bridge is from a source of 6.0V with negligible internal resistance. 8 What is the resolution of an analogue-to-digital converter with a word length of 12 bits and an analogue signal input range of 100V? 9 A sensor gives a maximum analogue output of 5V.What word length is required for an analogue-to-digital converter if there is to be a resolution of 10mV? 11 Suggest the modules that might be needed to interface the output of a microprocessor with an actuator. Chapter 4 5.Design a complete measurement system involving the use of a thermocouple to determine the temperature of the water in a boiler and give a visual indication on a meter.The temperature will be in the range 0 to 100 and is required to an accuracy of 1% of full scale reading.Specify the materials to be used for the thermocouple and all other items necessary.In advocating your design you must consider the problems of cold junction and non-linearity.You will probably need to consult thermocouple tables.The following data is taken from such tables,the cold junction being at 0,and may be used as a guide. Materials e.m.f.in mV at 20 40 60 80 100 Copper-constantan 0.789 1.611 2.467 3.357 4.277 Chromel-constantan 1.192 2.419 3.683 4.983 6.317 Iron-constantan 1.019 2.058 3.115 4.186 5.268 Chromel-alumel 0.798 1.611 2.436 3.266 4.095 Platinum-10%Rh,Pt 0.113 0.235 0.365 0.502 0.645 7.A suggested design for the measurement of liquid level in a vessel involves a float which in its vertical motion bends a cantilever.The degree of bending of the cantilever is then taken as a measure of the liquid level.When a force F is applied to the free end of a cantilever of length L,the strain on its surface a distance x from the clamped end is given by

6( L x) wt 2 E where w is the width of the cantilever, t its thickness and E the elastic modulus of the material.Strain gauges are to be used to monitor the bending of the cantilever with two strain gauges being attached longitudinally to the upper surface and two longitudinally to the lower surface.The gauges are then to be incorporated into a four-gauge Wheatstone bridge and the output voltage,after possible amplification,then taken as a measure of the liquid level.Determine the specifications required for the components of this system if there is to be an output of 10 cm change in level. Chapter 6 5.A circular cam of diameter 100 mm has an eccentric axis of rotation which is offset 30 mm from the centre.When used with a knife follower with its line of action passing through the centre of rotation,what will be the difference between the maximum and minimum displacements of the follower? 8.A three-planet epicyclic gear,of the form shown in figure 6.14,has a sun with 65 teeth and a ring with 125 teeth.What is the angular speed of the arm when the ring is fixed and the sun rotates at 120 rev/min? Strain= Chapter 7 1. Explain how a thyristor can be used to control the level of a d.c. voltage by chopping the output from a constant voltage supply. 2.A d.c. motor is required to have (a) a high torque at low speeds for the movement of large loads,(b) a torque which is almost constant regardless of speed.Suggest suitable forms of motor. 3.Suggest possible motors,d.c. or a.c.,which can be considered for applications where (a) cheap,constant torque operation is required,(b) high controlled speeds are required, (c)low speeds are required,(d) maintenance requirements have to be minimised. 5.Explain the principle of the brushless d.c. permanent magnet motor. Chapter 8 1. Derive an equation relating the input,force F,with the output,displacement x,for the systems describes by figure 8.25 3. Derive the relationship between the output ,the potential difference across the resistor R of

vR ,and the input v for the series LCR circuit shown in figure 8.27.

Chapter 9 2. The relationship between the e.m.f. E generated by a thermo-couple and the temperature T is given by

E = aT + bT 2

Where a and b are constant.Linearise this equation for an operating point of temperature T. 4. Derive a differential equation relating the input voltage to a d,c. servo motor and the output angular velocity,assuming that motor is armature controlled and the equivalent circuit for the motor has an armature with just resistance, its inductance being neglected. 6. Derive differential equations for a permanent magnet d.c motor. Chapter 10 3.What will be the steady-state response of a system with a transfer funcion 5 when subject to the input 2 sin( 2t + 70) ? 2 s + 3s + 10 4.For systems with the folloeing transfer functions,determine the values of the magnitudes and phase at angular frequencies of (i) 0 rad / s , (ii) 1 rad / s , (iii) 2 rad / s , (iv) rad / s (a) G ( s ) = 1 1 , (b) G ( s ) = s (0.1s + 1) 3s + 1

7.Determine the value of K for a system with the following open-loop transfer function G0 ( s ) = K which will give (a) a marginally stable system,(b) a gain s(2 s + 1)(3s + 1)

maegin of 2 dB. 9.A closed-loop system has a forward path having two series elements with transfer functions 5 and 1/(s+1). If the feed-back path has a transfer fuction 2/s,what is the overall transfer function of the system ? 10. A closed-loop system has a forward path having two series elements with transfer functions of 2 and 1/(s+1). If the feed-back path has a transfer fuction of 2/s,what is the overall transfer function of the system ? Chapter 10 1 What are the limitations of two-step (on-off) control and in what situation is such a control system commonly used? 4 A proportional controller is used to control the height of water in a tank where the water level can vary from zero to 4.0 m. The required height of water is 3.5 m and the controller is to fully close a valve when the water rises to 3.9 m and fully open it when the water falls to 3.1 m. What proportional band and transfer function will be required? 5 A proportional controller has K P of 20 and a set point of 50% output. It output is to have a valve which at the set point allows a flow of 2.0 m 3/s. The valve changes its output in direct proportion to the controller output. What will be the controller output and the offset error when the flow has to be changed to 2.5 m3/s?

6 A derivative controller has a set point of 50% and derivative constant K D of 0.5 s. The error starts at zero and then changes at 2%/s for 3 s before becoming constant for 2 s, after which it decreases at 1%/s to zero. What will be the controller output at (a) 0 s, (b) 1 s, (c) 4 s, (d) 6 s? 7 An integral controller has a set point of 50% and a value of K I of 0.10 s-1. The error starts at zero and changes at 4%/s for 2 s before becoming constant for 3 s. What will be the output after times of (a) 1 s, (b) 3 s? 8 A three mode controller has K P as 2, K I as 0.1 s-1, K D as 1.0 s, and a set point output of 50%. The error starts at zero and changes at 5%/s for 2 s before becoming constant for 3 s. It then decreases at 2%/s to zero and remains at zero. What will be the controller output at (a) 0 s, (b) 3 s, (c) 7 s, (d) 11 s? Chapter 11 1 Explain what is meant by adaptive control. 2 Explain the basis on which the following forms of adaptive control systems function: (a) gain-scheduled, (b) self-tuning, (c) model-reference. Chapter 12 2 Present outline solutions of designs for the following: (a) A temperature controller for an oven. (b) A mechanism for sorting small, medium and large size objects moving along a conveyor belt so that they each are diverted down different chutes for packaging. (c) An x-y plotter (such a machine plots graphs showing how an input to x varies as the input to y changes).