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Lecture 8 RC Water Retaining Example1

The document provides examples and guidance on designing water retaining structures such as circular tanks, rectangular tanks, and retaining walls. It discusses hydrostatic loading considerations for different shapes, and provides a worked example to determine the thickness and reinforcement details for a concrete wall with given information on loads, material properties, and crack width limitations. Design steps include checking minimum steel requirements, calculating crack widths from early age and long-term strains, and revising the design as needed to satisfy crack width requirements. Guidance is also given on expansion and contraction joints per BS 8007 standards.

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314 views36 pages

Lecture 8 RC Water Retaining Example1

The document provides examples and guidance on designing water retaining structures such as circular tanks, rectangular tanks, and retaining walls. It discusses hydrostatic loading considerations for different shapes, and provides a worked example to determine the thickness and reinforcement details for a concrete wall with given information on loads, material properties, and crack width limitations. Design steps include checking minimum steel requirements, calculating crack widths from early age and long-term strains, and revising the design as needed to satisfy crack width requirements. Guidance is also given on expansion and contraction joints per BS 8007 standards.

Uploaded by

amyasin8488
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examples of water retaining structure design

Ir. Tu Yong Eng [email protected]

Circular tank
Hydrostatic loading
Horizontally: Circumferential tension Vertically: Moment depends on the end condition Depends on radius and height ratio.

Rectangular tank
Hydrostatic pressure
Horizontally moment, shear and direct tension Vertically moment and shear Sensitive to the end condition (pin, free or fixed) Depends on the width, length and height ratio.

EX 12.2
Information given:
Wall fully restraint at both end Direct tension 265 kN/m Maximum Crack width 0.15mm fyk = 500 Mpa C30/37

Determine sectional thickness & reinforcement detail

ULS
T = 265 x 1.2 = 318 kN/m As required = T/(0.87 x fyk) = 731 mm2/m

Thickness calculation
As,mins = kc k fct,eff Act fct,eff is the mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the cracks may first be expected to occur: fct,eff = fctm or lower, (fctm(t)), if cracking is expected earlier than 28 days C30/37 fctm = 2.9 Mpa Remark: For pure tension, concrete is not contributing to the resistance, hence, thinner section will have less crack.

Thickness calculation
k is the coefficient which allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses, which lead to a reduction of restraint forces = 1,0 for webs with h 300 mm or flanges with widths less than 300 mm = 0,65 for webs with h 800 mm or flanges with widths greater than 800 mm (0.75 C660) intermediate values may be interpolated

Capacity
cc(t) = exp{s[1-(28/t)(1/2) } cc(t) is a coefficient which depends on the age of the concrete t t is the age of the concrete in days s is a coefficient which depends on the type of cement: = 0,20 for cement of strength Classes CEM 42,5 R, CEM 52,5 N and CEM 52,5 R (Class R) = 0,25 for cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 R, CEM 42,5 N (Class N) = 0,38 for cement of strength Classes CEM 32,5 N (Class S)

EX 12.2
fctm = 2.9 MPa (C30/37) fct, eff = 1.73 MPa (3 days) Check the minimum steel content based on 3 day strength (text book) or 28 days (more critical)? A s,min = 0.00346 Act (3 days) A s,min = 0.0058 Act (28 days) Try thickness of 150 mm

Minimum steel content


Minimum steel content
519 mm2/m (based on 3 days strength) 817 mm2/m (based on 28 days strength)

Thermal and Shrinkage crack


Properties Modular ratio e = 7 Steel Provided H25 100 (4908 mm2/m) Act = 150 x 1000 = 150 000 = 0.0327 Es = 200 GPa c = 63mm

EX 12.2
Restraint both end (Annex M, expression M1)
= 0.00027 Crack spacing = 474mm Crack width = 0.13mm

EX 12.2
If thickness changes to 100mm Steel Provided H20 100 (3141 mm2/m) Act = 100 x 1000 = 100 000 = 0.0314 c = 40 mm Strain = 0.000282 Crack spacing = 352 Crack width = 0.099mm

Crack width calculation


sr,max = k3c + k1k2k4 /p,eff (7.11) where: is the bar diameter (refer to 7.12) c is the cover to the longitudinal reinforcement k1 is a coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement: = 0,8 for high bond bars = 1,6 for bars with an effectively plain surface (e.g. prestressing tendons)

Crack width calculation


k2 is a coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain: = 0,5 for bending = 1,0 for pure tension For cases of eccentric tension or for local areas, intermediate values of k2 should be used which may be calculated from the relation: k2 = (1 + 2)/21 (7.13) Where 1 is the greater and 2 is the lesser tensile strain at the boundaries of the section considered, assessed on the basis of a cracked section. The recommended values for k3 and k4 (Both NDP) are 3,4 and 0,425 respectively. Where the spacing of the bonded reinforcement exceeds 5(c+/2) or where there is no bonded reinforcement within the tension zone, an upper bound to the crack width may be found by assuming a maximum crack spacing: sr,max = 1,3 (h - x) (7.14)

Direct tension
Steel stress = 54 MPa sm -cm may be calculated from the expression:

s is the stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section. e is the ratio Es/Ecm

EX 12.2
Ap and Ac,eff are as defined in 7.3.2 (3) 1 according to Expression (7.5) kt is a factor dependent on the duration of the load kt = 0,6 for short term loading kt = 0,4 for long term loading

Ac,eff
Ac,eff is the effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement or prestressing tendons of depth, hc,ef , where hc,ef is the lesser of 2,5(h-d), (h-x)/3 or h/2

Ex 12.2
sm cm = 5.7 x 10 -5 wk = 474 x 5.7 x 10 -5 = 0.03mm

Ex. 12.3
Information given:
Rectangular tank supported by beams H = 2.3m Slab T1 = 18 K, T2 = 10 K Width = 6.5m M (-ve) = 42.26kNm/m M(+ve) = 42.96 kNm/m Direct tension = 23.54 kN/m

Thermal and Shrinkage


Minimum steel content
As = 0.00346 x 1000 x 300 = 1038 mm2/m (As = 0.0058 x 1000 x 300 = 1740 mm2/m) 12mm 200 (566 mm2/m per face)

Early age strain


Restraint factor = 0.3 imp = RT1 = 65 microstrain ( = 12 ) Capacity = 75 No crack

Ex. 12.3
Long term S r, max = 1217 mm wk = 0.18mm check the NA location = 0.027 (allow for creep, long term E = 0.5 Ec) x/d = 0.21 x = 50 mm < 0.2 h (60 mm)

Ex. 12.3
Crack width allowed = 0.19 mm (hydraulic gradient = 6.7) Design crack width h eff = 83 mm p,eff = 0.0068 S r, max = 436 mm wk = 0.23mm Revised rebar to H12-175 (646mm2/m per face)

CIRIA C660
Retaining wall on a rigid foundation Information given:
Retaining wall 4m high 0.5m thick x 12m long Rigid foundation 0.8m thick 2.85m wide Concrete C30/37 with 30% fly ash Cover 40mm 18mm thk plywood formwork = 12

CIRIA C660
Pressure gradient = 8 (crack width limitation = 0.18 mm) Binder content 365 kg/m3 with 30% fly ash Estimated Temperature rise T1 = 27 K Autogeneous shrinkage = 15 Restraint at the joint = 1 = 0.62
1 An En Ao Eo

Restraint at the top = 0.18

CIRIA C660
Creep coefficient K1= 0.65 Early age strain = k1 (T1+ ca) R = 136 Tensile capacity = 76 Early age crack inducing strain = 136 0.5 x 76 = 99 Min steel = kckAct fcteff/fky = 780 mm2/m Kc = 0.9 Reinforcement T16 - 225

CIRIA C660
S r, max = 1177 mm wk = 0.12mm Long term T2 = 20 K Autogeneous shrinkage = 33 (28 days) Drying shrinkage = 100 (humidity = 90%) Tensile strain capacity = 109

CIRIA C660
Total crack inducing strain
= k1 {(T1+ ca) R1 + T1 R2+ cd R3} 0.5 ctu = 227 (R1 = R2 = R3 = 0.62, k1 = 0.65)

wk = 0.27mm

Expansion joint BS 8007

Complete Contraction joint BS 8007

Complete Contraction joint BS 8007

Partial Contraction joint BS 8007

Partial Contraction joint BS 8007

Thank you
Ir. Tu Yong Eng [email protected]

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