Volume 2 Safe Working Near Water

Fire Service Manual Volume 2 Fire Service Operations
Safe Working near, on or in water
HM Fire Service Inspectorate Publications Section London: TSO
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Published with the permission of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown Copyright 2002 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication, excluding the Royal Arms and any logos, may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. This is a value added publication which falls outside the scope of the HMSO Class Licence. Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to HMS0,The Licensing Division, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BQ Fax: 01603 723000 or e-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 0 11 341268 1
Cover photographs and part-title page: Water Working Group Printed in the United Kingdom for The Stationery Office ID 7/02 C3S 0000
Preface
The experience of recent years suggests that the incidence of problems due to river flooding may be getting worse, both in frequency and in scale. This arises from changes in river hydrology due to human activity, changes in land management, variations in the intensity of rainfall and the increase in development in areas at risk. In addition, climate change is expected to increase the risk of both coastal and river flooding as a result of sea-level rise and more intense rainfall. On both a national and global scale, it is already the case that damage from flooding is greater than that from any other natural disaster.1 Approximately 10,000km2 (or 8% of the total area) of land in England is at risk from river flooding, including tidal rivers and estuaries. Approximately 30% of the coastline is developed and some 2,500km2 of land (1.5% of the total area) is at risk of direct flooding by the sea. As a result, about 1.7 million homes and 130,000 commercial properties worth over 200 billion and 1.3M Ha of agricultural land worth about 7 billion are at risk from flooding. This equates to about 10% of the population and 12% of the agricultural land, including 61% of Grade 1 agricultural land".2 In view of the changing climatic conditions we now encounter, the Water Working Group was tasked to develop a manual that would assist brigades in the development of safe systems of work when dealing with water rescue incidents. As with all guidance documents, it is not definitive in nature, and should not be viewed as a 'one stop shop' for all eventualities. One of the most important factors in any waterbased incident is pre-planning. This involves identification of water stretches which possess the potential to flood or freeze; canals where there is empirical evidence of road traffic incidents; lakes which seasonally attract large groups of people etc. All of which may require brigade assistance in a worst-case outcome. The premise of this manual is to effectively manage the health and safety of Fire Service personnel when dealing with water-related incidents. The Water Working Group hopes that this document will go a long way in affording information and assisting in meeting this objective.
1 2
Environment Agency 2001 Report DTLR Planning Policy Guidance 25: Development and Flood Risk
Safe Working near: on or in water iii
HM Fire Service Inspectorate Fire and Rescue Service Manual Volume 2 Fire Service Operations Safe Working near, on or in water Large Animal Rescue ISBN 011 341282 7
Please find enclosed a new Chapter 7 of the above. This chapter specifically deals with the rescue of large animals. Although it appears within this Manual, the general information can also be used for the generic response to this type of rescue, as many of the techniques that are employed are the same for whatever environment they are being deployed in. This guidance has been put together using the vast experience of those F&RS's that have been involved with these types of rescue for a considerable pefiod of time and with the help of experts from Plumpton Agricultural College. Any questions regarding the chapter should, in the first instance, be directed to Assistant inspector Keith Ring on keith.ring @odpm.gsi.gov.uk Published with the permission of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Crown Copyright 2005 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design
rests with the Crown.
This is a value added publication, which falls outside the scope of the HMSO Licence. Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to HMSO, The Licensing Division, St Clements House, 2-16 Colgate. Norwich NR3 1BQ Fax: 01603 723000 or email: copyrighthmso,gov.uk
This new section is being issued free of charge to all known recipients of 0 11 341268 1. This section cannot be purchased as a separate item.
Printed in Great Britain on material containing 75% post-consumer waste and 25% EGF pulp.
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Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction and Service Aim
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Service Aim
1 1 2 3 3 3 6 9 9 9 10 11 13 14 16 16 17 18 18
21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 27 29 31
Chapter 2 - Water/Incident types

2.1 General 2.2 Hazards associated with incidents near, on or in water 2.3 Health Issues
Chapter 3 - Operational Procedures

3.1 Actions on Arrival 3.2 Rescue Options 3.3 Preparatory Work 3.4 General Health and Safety Rules 3.5 Survival Techniques 3.6 Vehicles in Water 3.7 Casualties With a Canal Lock 3.8 Rescues From Ice 3.9 Rescues From Mud 3.10 Animal Rescues 3.11 Body Recovery
Chapter 4 - Personal Health Considerations

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 General Weils Disease - Leptospirosis Blue Green Algae Hepatitis A Gastrointestinal Man-made Pollution
Chapter 5 - Training Courses

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Awareness Level Water Safety and Rescue Initial Operational Response Water Rescue Specialist Level Water Safety and Rescue Instructor/Assessor
Glossary of terms References Acknowledgements
Previous page is blank

Safe Working near on or in water
Introduction and Service Aim

1.1 Introduction
The role of the fire service in water emergencies will probably be a developing one in the context of an overall national strategy. hire Authorities need to be aware of this national strategy and make clear decisions regarding the level of activity the wish their brigades to undertake in this respect. They will also need to determine the level of financial and other support they a willing to provide to enable brigades to do this on their behalf. Brigades should consider developing and maintaining a hazard log of known water 3 e.g. lakes, locks, weirs etc. This should 1 contain information such as access/egress points, steep embankments etc. Visual aids such as pictures should also be included as this will afford greater crew familiarisation, as would site visits. The command role at water rescue incidents should be pre-planned in liaison with the police, particularly with respect to command protocols and the provision and available of resources.
1.1.1 General
Working near, on or in water is inherently hazardous, and is an area where fire brigade experience is currently limited to pumping operations and infrequent rescues therefore training is essential. Where Brigades wish to have a deeper involvement in water rescues they should seek appropriate specialist training in this field, prior to implementing policy and purchase of equipment. This guidance is provided to highlight the common hazards and risks that brigades may need to address at operational incidents involving water. It is not intended to be a replacement for specific risk assessments or operational procedures that brigades are required to have in place in order to comply with their duties under health and safety legislation, or training documents. It is not the purpose of this document to encompass any form of subsurface search and rescue. This is a very specialised area, which most brigades are not equipped or trained to undertake. Two particular issues are worthy of further attention. These are issues surrounding national and strategic response to water safety and the use of volunteer rescuers. 1.1.2 Strategic issues In assessing their operational procedures and level of commitment brigades should take into account the range of services that may be available in their area, including the RNLI and other specialist teams.
1.1.3 Volunteers
In any rescue scenario members of the public as well as "volunteers" from organisations may become involved. Brigade procedures should provide clear guidance for incident commanders on what to expect and do in such situations. Organised volunteer rescuers may not be familiar with fire brigade operational management procedures at incidents and may well impede rescue efforts. However, in some situations such volunteers may have skills and expertise, which will be of value to the incident commander. The pre-planning for operational incidents involving water rescues should include appropriate
liaison with organised volunteer groups wherever their assistance is likely to be offered. It is recommended that good communication links and agreed protocols are established based on this guidance and the Brigade Incident Command System.
These physical scenarios confronting rescuers can then be exacerbated by the nature of the emergency and what is involved. Some examples might be; submerged cars, boats, aircraft; people or animals requiring rescue or recovery; or environmental protection issues, such as chemical spillages. 1.2.2 The response to water related incidents provided by brigades could be described as having three sequential levels. (i) Awareness To make personnel, who may be expected to work near water as part of their service role, aware of the hazards associated with working in such vicinities. (ii) Initial Operational Response First attendance crews, with knowledge, experience, training, and safe working practices and procedures for attempting those rescues advised upon in this document. (iii) Specialist crews Specially trained crews with appropriate knowledge and experience, and a range of specialist equipment to facilitate more complex rescue operations. The provision of specialist crews and equipment will of course be dependent on a brigade identifying a need to provide this resource.
1.2
Service Aim
1.2 1 General
The public perceive the Fire Service as the prime rescue service across a wide range of hazardous situations including water related incidents. The Fire Service recognises this moral responsibility and endeavours to provide an appropriate level of response to all distress calls it receives. 'Water related incidents' is in itself a generic term and can encompass fast flowing water, still ponds, canals, weirs and areas of mud and slurry. Potential variables can be added to these basic water types, for example geographic factors such as remote locations, steep banking and restricted access. Climatic extremes can add further to the complexity of these incidents and significantly change the approach required to particular problems, i.e. extreme cold resulting in water courses forming ice and presenting a new set of hazards to crews.
Fire Service Manual
Water/Incident Types
2.1 General 2.2 Hazards associated with incidents near, on or in water
Firefighters as part of their duties may be involved in activities working with and alongside water. Normally, this involve pumping from ponds, lakes and rivers, but on occasions they will be called upon to rescue persons and animals from water, sometimes in hazardous, time-critical situations.
Water can be broadly defined under two headings, Still and Flowing:
2.1.1
Still
Swimming Pools Ponds Lakes Reservoirs Urban Rural floodwater Unstable ground
It is essential that personnel appreciate the hazards associated with working near, on or in water.
2.1.2 Flowing
Canals Rivers, tidal and non-tidal Urban/Rural floodwater Coastal waters and sea lochs
Water related incidents involving people or animals could occur at any of the watercourses shown above and will fall under the category of Rescue or Recovery. Listed below are the most common types of incident: Rescues from rivers/canals Rescues from vehicles in water Rescues from ice Rescues from mud Animal rescues Floodwater situations Body recovery
These may include: Current, flow, undertow eddies, whirlpools, weirs, stoppers Force of water Temperature Depth Water clarity Pollution/Contamination Biological risks Mud, silt, roots, weeds ad rocks Entrapment, debris, trees fencing, cars, shopping trolleys - strainers Panic of drowning person Riverbank quay-side conditions (slips, trips and falls) Surface vessel movement and water borne debris Impacts from casualties and animals Muscular skeletal injuries caused by overreaching, pulling and lifting Drowning/Fatigue Danger from action of bystanders
Equipment falling in
Electrical hazards overhead powerlines etc Inadequate lighting Helicopters (noise, downdraft etc.)
This list is not exhaustive. The Operational Procedures Section of this document outlines the actions to be taken by crews to minimise the risk posed as a consequence of the above hazards. However, special consideration should be given to the following:
2.2.2 River Current/Flow

There are two types of current generated as water flows along a river: helical flow and laminar flow. Helical Flow: The hazard provided by this current is that an object in moving water will tend to be swept away from the bank into the centre of the river.
2.2.1
Flood water
Flooding may occur in natural or unnatural conditions and may result in still or flowing water. Although the approach to flooding will be the same as any other still or flowing water incident, Brigades need to be aware of the specific nature of spate conditions in their area. Extreme care must be taken when walking in areas covered by water. Items such as manhole covers may have been displaced by floodwater. A flooded area of roadway, which may appear to be only inches deep, may have a large number of deep hazards below the surface. Basements may contain very deep water, which may not be immediately evident. As water levels recede there is still a potential risk from mud and deposited debris e.g. trees leaning on houses etc. Watercourses which under normal circumstances would be considered a relatively safe working environment may present a seriously high safety risk i.e. a stream usually only inches deep now contains several feet of fast flowing flood water. Spate conditions are likely to give rise to a high volume of fast moving water, which may rapidly affect rescue operations. Consideration should be given to the speed at which a watercourse may rise. Due to the protracted nature of working in floods, consideration should be given to crews' hygiene and welfare, especially rotation of crews, catering and provision of PPE for oncoming crews and shift changes.
Helical Flow
Figure 2.I Laminar Flow: the flow of water in the middle of a river is generally the fastest, with the speed decreasing towards the edges, as the water is affected by friction from either the banks, the riverbed, or the air/wind on the surface. This does not provide a particular hazard in itself, but it is worth noting that it causes water near to the surface to move more quickly than water near the riverbed.
Laminar Flow
Fast current shifts to the outside cutting away from the bank
Accumulated debris collects on the inside of the bend
Figure 2.2
Fire Service Manual
Face
Tow Back
Boil Line
Outwash
Weir Escape Route Re-circulating Current
Escape Route
Figure 2.3 Furthermore, at a bend in the river, water on the outside of the curve will travel faster than that on the inside, possibly creating undercut banks on the outside and shallows on the inside of bends. drawn upstream towards the face of the weir by the tow back then forced under the surface, to be flushed out further downstream. In many cases the person or object is again caught by the tow back and circulated in a similar manner.
2.2.3 Tidal Conditions

Some rivers, inlets and estuaries are influenced by tides often some distance from the coast. It is worth noting that the depth of water will sometimes change very rapidly. Ground that has dried out following a falling tide can be rapidly flooded when the tide turns and care must be taken to avoid being cut off or isolated from exit points. The rate of flow can change from nil to rapid and the direction of the flow may reverse. These effects may occur over a very short time interval at least twice a day, and will vary from day to day. Brigades should consider local knowledge in preplanning.
2.2.5 Force of Water

The force of water exerted against an object is directly related to the speed of the flow. A flow of lm per second exerts a force of almost 8kgs on a person's legs (in a depth of approximately 1 metre). If the flow doubles to 2m per second the force quadruples to 32kgs. Double the water speed = quadruple the force Thus, standing in fast flowing water is extremely dangerous.
2.2.6 Strainers
The main hazard associated with a strainer is that a person or object may be drawn against it and trapped by the force of water passing through it. Examples of strainers are tree roots, fences, gates, cars, vegetation, urban debris.
2.2.4 Weirs/Stoppers
Weirs present a specific hazard. Weirs have fast flowing water, dangerous currents, erosion, changing levels and possible undertows. All personnel are advised to be especially cautious when working near a weir or stopper. The hazards presented by these currents to a person or object in the water is that they will be
2.2.7 Entrapment
A similar hazard to strainers exists where fast moving water flows against a solid object, such as a bridge pillar. Although most objects will tend to be flushed around the obstacle, a person or boat
Safe working near; on or in water
that hits side on can be pinned against it with considerable force. Rocks or other debris below the water surface may cause entrapment hazards to personnel in the water and entanglement of lines. This is particularly hazardous in flowing water where the weight of water may also cause a loss of balance. 2.2.8 Debris
For comparison purposes, swimming pool temperatures are from 24-28 C. N.B. Wearing a life jacket will not afford protection against the effects of temperature - see section 3.4.5.
2.3
Health issues
Hypothermia Drowning Infection Symptoms of Hypothermia
All watercourses contain debris of some sort. This is the load carried by a river. This can be debris picked up along the way and carried by the flow either on the surface or suspended in the water, such as, trees, driftwood, or the debris could be manmade. Any of these could pose a threat to the casualty and a danger to personnel. Open water especially floodwater contains lots of fine particles. These affect the clarity of the water resulting in little or no visibility through the water.
There are three principal health issues to consider;

2.3.1
For example
2.2.9 Eddies
Where water flows around an obstacle such as a boulder or car, the area behind the obstacle is usually calm water, possibly flowing back upstream. This can provide a good area for a swimmer to rest or to bring a casualty ashore. However, in fast flowing rivers with a high volume of water, the current in the eddy can be fast flowing and turbulent.
Shivering Slurred speech Lack of co-ordination Cold to the touch
Personnel need to be familiar with the symptoms of hypothermia, which should be included in Brigade first aid courses.
Foil space blankets used alone do not raise body temperature. They will maintain existing temperature if placed directly against the skin of a coldwet casualty. Dry blankets or clothing should be placed next to the casualty's skin with the foil blankets placed over the top to provide insulation, this may assist in raising the casualty's temperature.
2.2.10 Temperature
The importance of water temperature cannot be over-emphasised. In cold water a good strong swimmer can quickly be reduced to a nonswimmer because of the effects of immersion hypothermia. Summer inland water temperatures are known to average between 10 and 15C. Winter temperatures are substantially below this. The depth of water will affect the temperature, as the water becomes deeper it will be much colder. In such temperatures, survival time may be as little as 2 minutes and death by drowning is a likely consequence.
2.3.2 Drowning
Sudden immersion into cold water can cause a sharp intake of breath, resulting in panic breathing and frequent submersion. Respiratory distress and lack of buoyancy may cause a casualty to sink at the same time as swallowing large volumes of water.
Fire Service Manual
In cold water even strong swimmers may not be able to co-ordinate their breathing and the muscular action of swimming. Water is prevented from entering the lungs by a combination of repeated swallowing and laryngeal spasm. This eventually leads to hypoxia [oxygen lack], loss of consciousness and ultimately death. Water usually enters the lungs only at the point of death when the larynx becomes relaxed. Where a drowning casualty is successfully rescued and resuscitated, they may appear to have fully recovered. However, secondary drowning may occur if water has entered the body, death may occur up to seventy-two hours later. Crews dealing with drowning casualties should undertake appropriate First Aid and always convey the casualty to hospital.
2.3.3 Water borne diseases

Polluted water can contain some of the following diseases;
Salmonella Amoebic Dysentery Tetanus

Typhoid Polio
Hepatitis Weils Disease (Leptospirosis) All of which can be fatal. The one most commonly associated with water contact is Weils Disease.
N.B. These issues should be dealt with by the Brigade Medical Office r. More information is given under Personal health considerations - Chapter 5.
Operational Procedures
3.1 Actions on Arrival
Important considerations for the first attendance are :
3.1.1 General
En route to an incident the primary task is to begin a Risk Assessment of the location based on existing knowledge. The initial Incident Commander at a water incident may be faced with many difficult decisions. The greatest difficulty may be in stopping ill-conceived and reckless rescue attempts being made by members of the public (where a rescuer may become a casualty). Brigade personnel may also occasionally require some restraint.
Crew safety Deployment of safety personnel. Stabilise the scene and make safe Prepare for oncoming Specialist crews Only the minimum number of personnel should be used to undertake the task safely as identified by the Dynamic Risk Assessment. (ALARP - As Low a Reasonably Practicable) Weather conditions and the duration of the incident may increase the requirement to rotate crews At night, lighting of the scene is a priority In flowing water incidents spotters should be deployed upstream of the location of the rescue operations. Ideally on both sides of the river, these spotters can alert other personne1 of approaching hazards. Consider alternative measures to colter for a sudden change of situation i.e. prepare a secondary plan of action. It: may be necessary to consider several action plans to achieve a successful rescue.
On arrival a Dynamic Risk Assessment is to be undertaken to identify the requisite control measures, to ensure the safety of personnel.
The Incident Commander must endeavour to exercise firm control to ensure that members of the public, or volunteers unauthorised by them, do not venture into the water. When a person has disappeared below the surface of the water it is extremely difficult to render assistance without specialist equipment or personnel. 3.1.2 Any witnesses should be interviewed to ascertain what has happened, how many people are involved, where the casualty was last seen etc. A dynamic risk assessment should be carried out and a logical plan of action devised and initiated as quickly as possible, taking into account all identified hazards.
3.2
Rescue options
A hierarchy of options, which may be considered (starting with the option offering the lowest risk to the rescuer) is:
Talk Reach Throw Row Go
Consideration should be given to the use of a Search and Rescue Helicopter, and/or specialist teams.
Figure 3.3
3.2.1 Talk
Where possible it is important that quick contact is made and maintained with the casualty. Keep talking to them, explain what you are going to do, what you want them to do and keep encouraging them.
3.3
Preparatory
work
Make preparations for the arrival of the appropriate specialist assistance e.g. introduce a restricted area/risk zone and appropriate risk control measures.
3.3.1 Row
Use of boats if available is safer than swimming. Ideally these should be boats familiar to the crews on which they have received specialist training.
Figure 3.1
3.2.2 Reach
With equipment from the appliance - e.g. ceiling hook, chimney rods, inflated fire hose etc. pull the casualty to the bank. The rescuer should brace themselves for a possible major force pulling them towards the water when contact is made with the casualty.
Figure 3.4
3.3.2 Go
Only if all these fail and as a very last resort, enter the water wearing the appropriate PPE with a buoyancy aid, specialised helmet and a safety line. This should only be undertaken if considered safe, on the basis of a dynamic risk assessment undertaken by the Incident Commander.
Figure 3.2
3.2.3 Throw
A buoyant object may be thrown to the casualty for stabilisation or the casualty may be pulled to safety by throwing out a floating line.
The use of fire kit in the water should be risk assessed. Whilst it may be buoyant and offer limited thermal protection for a short period of time, it may prove to be a hindrance and create drag. (See also section 3.4.3.)
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By entering the water the rescuer may be exposed to a number of hazards, this option should only be undertaken after a dynamic risk assessment by the Incident Commander taking account of all the risks against the likelihood of a successful rescue. Summary

3.4
Start dynamic risk assessment on receipt of call Use preplanning information/local knowledge Gather information Establish risk Consider specialist assistance Consider access Consider PPE and equipment require ments Formulate plan Initiate plan Implement appropriate level of incident command Review dynamic assessment
Review plan
mount if sustained, effective assistance is to be afforded to the casualty. Keep It Simple and Safe. Water rescue should not be unnecessarily complicated. Always have a backup plan. In moving water always deploy upstream spotters and multiple downstream backups. The 'Clean Rope Principle' should be followed; i.e there are no knots or loops tied in the line, which may create an entrapment hazard. Once the casualty is spotted never lose sight of them. Never put your feet down if swept away Never tie a rope around a rescuer. The only method of attaching a rope to a rescuer in the water is by a specialist quick release harness. Never tension the line at a right angle to or in the current. When working near, on or in water, only use lines specified for that purpose (floating lines) Never rely entirely on the casualty to help in their own rescue Always be pro-active. Identify risks and where possible remove or reduce them.
3.4.2
Restricted Area/Risk Zone
(a) Wherever possible this should extend to a minimum of 3m from the water's edge. Most accidents result in drowning after a casualty slips, trips, or falls from the bank from within 3m of the water's edge. (b) To reduce risk and provide a safer working area, all personnel that are required to work within the restricted area/risk zone must be dressed appropriately. The minimum standard being: Full Firefighting Kit. Life Jacket/buoyancy aid.
N.B. A risk assessment should be used to determine the need to wear a fire helmet when working near water. The fire helmet should BE removed unless there is a risk of falling debris (this is to prevent a neck injury in the event of personnel falling in the water).
General Health and Safety Rules
3.4.1 The basic safety rules when attending water related incidents (WRI) are as follows:
Always use the correct equipment as identified by the risk assessment. e.g. PPE, fall restraint, lines etc Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment when within the risk zone. Always deploy safety personnel. At the scene, the safety and security of the rescuer and fellow team members is para-
Safe Working near,on or in water ;
11
(c) A safe route should be identified and marked from the nearest access point to the (restricted area) scene of operations (outside the risk zone). ('Traffic tape' may be used to indicate this route). Any significant hazards that may cause injury e.g. trip hazards, should be clearly marked and identified to all personnel working in the vicinity. The options for performing a rescue have been itemised earlier, these being: Talk, Reach, Throw, Row, Go and the consideration of a Helicopter and/or specialist teams. Personnel should attempt low risk options first, talk, reach and throw. Should these prove unsuccessful the options to be considered by Incident commanders should balance the risks against possible success, only committing personnel appropriately trained and equipped to enter the water.
the water). A separate Safety Officer should control each line. Downstream (if flowing water), a boom of inflated fire hose, a Brigade boat, or personnel with throwing lines, should be positioned as a safety measure for any casualty or rescuer who may be carried along with the flow. When using throwing lines, the number of safety personnel should reflect the number of casualties and rescuers in the danger area, but in any case must be a minimum of two. Personnel wearing appropriate PPE (e.g. life jacket) and having communication with the Incident Commander should be deployed as spotters upstream of the rescue scene to give advance warning of any surface hazard heading towards the area of operations. Their position should be such as to allow adequate time for any rescuers in the water to get clear of the rescue scene before the hazard arrives.
3.4.3 Swimming Rescues

Where the Incident Commander is faced with a rescue situation and (after considering all other courses of action) it is determined that the only possible approach is to commit personnel to the water to carry out a swimming rescue, the following control measures must be put in place:
In situations where it has been determined that a swimming rescue will be attempted, aids to buoyancy such as inflated fire hose, may be used to assist with buoyancy of the casualty and the rescuer. 3.4.4 Individual Safety Officer Responsibilities
All personnel must be fully briefed regarding the rescue procedure and the role of each individual. A separate Safety Officer should be appointed to supervise each individual in the water. Effective communications must be established and maintained between the Incident Commander, the rescuer and all safety personnel. Anyone entering the water should be dressed appropriately, i.e. a lifejacket or buoyancy aid, dry suit and a specialised helmet. A floating line attached to a specialist quick release harness should be used to secure each rescuer. The harness may be released by the wearer should the need arise (this should only be in the event of an emergency and the rescuer should in any event immediately exit
The rescuer's safety. Continuously monitor the condition of the rescuer. ( e.g. exposure to climatic extremes, fatigue etc.) To have overall control of the rescuer's line. Maintain visual and verbal contact with the rescuer. Before the rescuer enters the water, ensure sufficient personnel are suitably equipped to undertake an emergency recovery of the rescuer. Initiate emergency action if necessary.
The only tasks allocated to the Individual Safety Officer (whilst the rescuer is in the water) will be to ensure the safety of the rescuer and control the floating line. Although it is not essential for the Individual Safety Officer to have direct contact with the floating line, they must be in sole control of and be in
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constant verbal and visual contact with the rescuer and personnel holding the floating line. If either verbal or visual contact breaks down at any point during the rescue attempt, the Individual Safety Officer must initiate emergency action by withdraw ing the rescuer (if necessary by physically removing).
The Incident Commander must ensure continuous monitoring of the condition of all personnel by regular verbal and visual assessment. Personnel showing any signs of shivering, slurred speech or reductions in levels of response should be considered to be suffering from the initial signs of hypothermia, and should be withdrawn immediately.
Raising one hand directly above the head is a recognised method for a rescuer to indicate they are in difficulty and/or need removing from the water. All personnel must understand this signal and the action to take should it be given.
A signal from the shore to the rescuer to let them know something has gone wrong and they must come out should be provided utilising the existing evacuation whistle or other appropriate device. Entry into the water must be done slowly to minimise cold-water shock and reduce the chance of injury. The person entering the water may use a means of gauging the depth, e.g. ceiling hook.
3.4.6 Panic of a Drowning Person

A drowning person when physically contacted by an in-water rescuer may attempt to climb on top of the rescuer, overcoming the rescuer's buoyancy and submerging them both.
3.4.7 Control Measures

Physical contact with a struggling casualty should be avoided whenever possible. Offer a buoyant aid, line, etc., tow casualty to safety.
3.4.8 Sub Surface Rescue/Recovery

The risks associated with many sub surface rescue attempts can be significant. It is often not possible to reduce this risk to tolerable levels for Firefighters without the provision of specialist equipment and training to professional diving standards.
ANY IMMERSION IN COLD WATER CAN COMPROMISE GOOD SWIMMERS ALMOST IMMEDIATELY.
3.4.5 Cold Water Reflex
Sudden immersion in cold water will result in an instant intake of breath. The inward gasp of breath is unavoidable due to the body demanding more oxygen. (This is an automatic body response over which people have no control). Should this happen under the water the consequences of a mouth or lung full of water are obvious. When entering cold water, if there is a possibility of your head accidentally submerging below the surface, it is essential to clamp your nose and mouth shut with your hands. You may not prevent the reflex but you may stop water entering your respiratory system.
Firefighters MUST NOT attempt sub surface rescues, which involves them placing their head under the surface of the water
3.4.9 Breathing Apparatus (BA) for Sub Surface Rescue
Fire Service BA must not be used under water. The equipment is not designed for such use. 3.5 Survival Techniques
Situations may occur when a firefighter unintentionally enters the water. The following advice may assist personal survival:
Safe Working near; on or in water
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3.5.1 Falling In
Personnel falling into water should:
Tuck chin into chest, clamp nose and mouth shut, keep elbows close to the body, protect head and face with hands and ensure legs are tucked together with knees bent (Tuck into a ball). Once in the water personnel should orientate themselves and locate the nearest bank or boat etc. In flowing water personnel should position themselves lying on their back, facing downstream with the feet in front, near the surface in order to fend off any entrapment hazard. Strainers present an extreme danger and are best avoided. If contact with a strainer is unavoidable approach head first, make contact with outstretched arms, try to lift yourself onto or over the strainer. If pinned against a strainer, attempt to keep the airway above the water and if possible locate handholds to climb over it. (The weight of water may make this difficult). Swimming rapidly accelerates heat loss. Only swim if the bank or floating objects can be reached.
Immersion in cold water will quickly reduce the physical and mental reserves of the strongest person, paralysing muscles and adversely affecting breathing. In addition to the risk from drowning, hypothermia will quickly set in and can cause death. It is necessary to obtain specialist medical care to treat near drowning or hypothermia from cold water immersion. A person rescued from water must be given essential first aid treatment and both casualties and rescuers suffering from the possible effects of hypothermia should be transported to hospital as soon as possible. The casualty should be kept in a horizontal
position when recovered from the water and during subsequent treatment to prevent hypothermic shock.
3.6
3.6.1
Vehicles in Water
Introduction
Incidents involving vehicles in water present extremely high risks to rescue personnel. Therefore the following information is provided to assist the Incident Commander to make an informed judgement on the appropriate actions to take and the control measures which will be necessary at incidents where vehicles are positioned in, or on water. It may also be necessary to use additional skills and techniques to deal with the incident, such as those related to Road Traffic Accidents on a roadway. This is not a definitive guide
3.5.2 Personnel requiring rescue should:
Raise one hand above their head. Shout for help. Use the whistle attached to the life jacket to alert others. Try to stay calm.
3.6.2 Vehicle Behaviour

Initially, (even with all windows open) a car may float and move from the point of entry. The electrical system (lights, wipers, radio and power windows) may still work even when a vehicle is full of water.
3.5.3 Casualty Management

An ambulance must be requested as soon as possible to all incidents where attempts are being made to rescue someone from water. Where necessary Every effort should be made to resuscitate a casualty who has been rescued from water, prior to the arrival of the ambulance.
Once a vehicle is full of water other factors will determine what happens next, such as the
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nature of the riverbed, the surface current and weight and distribution of passengers or load
If a vehicle comes to rest more or less straight in line with the current, water pressure will sink the upstream end of the vehicle deeper than the downstream end. An eddy may be created on the downstream side of the vehicle, which may appear to rescue crews to provide a calm area of water to work from. However, strict control must be exercised over crews working in this area as there is the potential for the vehicle to roll in the direction of rescuers.
Figure 3.5 In flowing water, if the vehicle is side on to the current on a solid riverbed, a roll is almost inevitable. Even in slow currents, a vehicle may be rolled a considerable distance if unimpeded (see 2.2.9 as the calmness of eddies is not always guaranteed).
Figure 3.8

Figure 3.6 On a soft bottom, (mud, sand or small rocks) if the vehicle lands on its wheels, each tyre will create an eddy, scooping mud, sand etc out so that the vehicle will settle onto its
Anchoring a line to each side of a vehicle may reduce the risk of it rolling. If the vehicle is wedged against an obstacle, the area of eddy may appear a safer area for crews to work from. However, the object/condition causing the vehicle to be wedged may move or change, thus allowing the vehicle to move whilst rescue operations are in progress.
Figure 3. 7
Figure 3.9
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3.6.3 Associated Hazards
Sudden uncontrollable movement of the vehicle. Entrapment of rescuers inside vehicle. Snags and sharp edges. Once the body panels of a vehicle are wet, they may be extremely slippery and difficult for personnel to stand on or attempt to place equipment on. Even in still water, movement of the load (e.g. passengers' etc) or rescuers clambering onto it may cause the vehicle to move. In flowing water, careful consideration should be given before breaking an upstream or downstream window as this may dramatically change the integrity of the remaining windows creating the possibility of the occupants and rescuers being flushed downstream. Personnel should not attempt to enter a submerged or partially submerged vehicle as the weight of water or vehicle fittings may cause entrapment inside the vehicle.
3.7 Casualties Within a Canal Lock

Vessels that have capsized or sunk below the surface of the water may contain casualties trapped in air pockets.
Crews should be aware that any work undertaken near a lock or its associated mechanisms is extremely dangerous, particularly to persons in the water. If the lock is full and the casualty is below the water line, it is recommended that the lock be emptied. However extreme care should be taken to ensure that the casualty is not trapped in the sluice gates. Personnel must not attempt to enter a submerged or partially submerged vessel, as the risk associated with this type of rescue may be considered to be excessive, unless an effective dynamic risk assessment has been undertaken that determines a different course of action.
3.6.4 Rescue Considerations
Canal Bank
Canal Bank
Effective and continuous communications will play an essential part in the success of the actions taken. Firefighters must be fully briefed on the tasks they are to perform, including the aims and any control measure which will be in place. In addition to being advised of the activities being undertaken by Firefighters to rescue them, casualties need to be reassured and instructed on what to do to assist with any rescue attempt. Where the incident involves a vehicle submerged below the surface of the water and it is not possible to render assistance without personnel going sub-surface, the Incident Commander should await the arrival of the Police Underwater Unit or other underwater unit.
Plan View of Canal Lock Figure 3.I0
3.8
Rescues From Ice
The Fire Service may be called upon to rescue people or animals from water covered in ice. If inflatable rescue paths (IRP) or boats, specifically designed for ice rescue are available, they should be considered as the primary equipment for this type of incident.
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Safety of personnel is paramount. Firefighters or bystanders should be restrained from venturing onto the ice.
Time spent on reconnaissance is never wasted. Consider the most effective route to the casualty. The route the casualty took might not be the best route for access and recovery. Adverse conditions or difficult terrain may require additional personnel or equipment. All rescue activities should be controlled and co-ordinated by the Incident Commander from a safe working area on firm ground. Only the minimum number of personnel that are required to complete the task successfully should be committed to the immediate area around the casualty. Access to a casualty may be difficult due to the soft surface of the mud, making walking impossible. The only effective method of travelling across mud is to spread the weight as widely as possible across the surface. Inflatable rescue paths should be used for mud rescue. However, in some circumstances, there may be a requirement to improvise using ladders, inflated fire hose, salvage sheets and boarding to provide a safe working platform around the casualty. Improvisation should be supported by a risk assessment. A boat may also be of value if the mud is adjacent to water. Initial activities should be directed towards stabilisation of the casualty using lines, and preparation for extrication.
The IRP boat should be used in all instances where it is necessary to cross ice to rescue a casualty. Where a casualty is on the surface of the ice and visible from the bank, inflated fire hose or throwing lines should be used to stabilise the casualty's situation. Where the casualty is not visible on the surface from the waters edge, attempts should be made to mark the last known position of the casualty using features on the bank as a reference point. This will assist the Police in the recovery operation Where a casualty is trapped directly under the ice, carefully break the ice around the casualty, and remove them from the water as soon as possible. Where casualties or rescuers are suffering from the effects of hypothermia, their body temperature needs to be raised. This can be achieved by providing protection from the elements, placing in warm dry clothing and transporting to hospital as soon as possible.
3.9.1
Extrication
3.9
Rescues From Mud
People or animals may find themselves trapped in mud either when the surface is so soft that they simply sink to a point where movement becomes impossible, or they break through a layer of a relatively from surface into a soft solution.
There are only two principal methods available for extrication from mud - water/air injection or digging.
(a) Water/Air Injection

An IRP, or a salvage sheet and an extension ladder incorporating inflated fire hose should be laid out on the surface adjacent to the casualty to provide a stable working platform for the rescuers.
IN ANY EVENT, THE SURFACE PRESENTED TO A RESCUE TEAM W L L BE POTENTIALLY TREACHEROUS.
A line and/or strops should be passed around the casualty (under the arms where possible) to give support and prevent further sinking. down the sides of the casualty and moved
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around the body in a circular motion, this loosens the clinging muds and and breaks the suction effect.
As the mud lance/jet is being used, other members, working from the platform, should attempt to pull the casualty clear onto the platform itself or firm ground.
(b) Digging
The term "Digging" is self-explanatory. However, considerable care should be exercised when working close to the casualty. It is likely that the casualty will be partially numbed by the mud and may not feel any contact with the spade. Serious injury may be caused that would not become apparent until the condition of the casualty abruptly worsens, or they are evacuated and cleaned up.
N.B. Animals in a distressed state may act in an unpredictable way. Extreme care must be taken where personnel are working close to animals. Large animals may suddenly fall or collapse onto rescuers possibly trapping them below water or on unstable ground. Care must also be taken to avoid injuries caused by the animal kicking out at or biting the rescuers. 3.11 Body Recovery
The recovery of bodies from water is not the role of the Fire Service. Apart from the risks normally associated with this kind of operation the removal of a body from the water presents the further risk to Firefighters of contamination from decaying body matter. Requests to assist at this type of incident usually originate from the Police, who are responsible for all aspects associated with the discovery of a body, including recovery, documentation and notification to the Coroner/Procurator Fiscal. Any incident where a body is discovered should initially be treated as a crime scene requiring the area to be disturbed as little as possible. It is essential that a full assessment of the situation is carried out by the initial Incident Commander, which may result in no action by the Fire Service being necessary. The only situations where it may be necessary for the Fire Service to consider taking some form of action to assist with the recovery of a body from the water are:
Casualty Recovery
In all but the most minor cases the casualty should not be allowed to walk out with the rescue team. Sudden release and attempts to stand may induce post rescue collapse with possible fatal results. For this reason the casualty should be evacuated in as near a horizontal position as possible and conveyed to hospital for medical attention.
3.10 Animal Rescues

The majority of incidents will involve farm animals e.g. the release of a cow that has fallen into a slurry pit or a horse that has stumbled into a river. This type of rescue is potentially one of the most hazardous tasks that firefighters perform and the Incident Commander must put strict control measures in place on arrival at the scene. In many instances animals manage to get to safety unaided after falling into water. However, whilst this should be taken into consideration, provided the lives of Firefighters are not put at risk, attempts can be made to rescue animals.
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In moving water where the body may be swept away and lost. Where, due to the location, the Police are unable to secure the area and by not removing the body would cause unnecessary distress to relatives, residents or passers by.
Only in exceptional circumstances should crews remove a body from water. This is a high risk and in most cases an unnecessary option.
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Personal Health Considerations

4.1 General
4.2.2 Prevention
Personal hygiene is important where crews have been in contact with open water, mud or similar. All personnel must decontaminate as soon as practicable and all equipment should be cleaned, tested and serviced in accordance with the periodic maintenance schedule. Infection control issues should be covered in a Brigade's infection control policy and procedures. The following information is provided to assist.
Cover all cuts and broken skin with waterproof plasters before and during work. Do not touch rats with unprotected hands Wear appropriate protective clothing. Wash hands after handling any animal or any contaminated clothing or or materials and always wash before eating drinking or smoking. Avoid contact with stagnant or slow moving water. Decontaminate after becoming immersed in open water. Use footwear to avoid cutting feet.
4.2 Weils Disease - Leptospirosis

4.2.1 Introduction
This information aims to give guidance in reducing the risk to personnel from Weils Disease and to recognise signs and symptoms for an early and effective treatment. The infection is caused when Leptospires (minute bacteria) enter the human host through a skin abrasion or through the lining of the mouth, throat, or eyes, after contact with an infected animal's urine or contaminated water. There are many different types of this organism each associated with different animals. The most commonly found strain in this country is Leptospira Hardjo, which is associated with cattle. Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae also occurs here and is associated with rats. Advice should be obtained from the brigade medical officer regarding the issue of Leptospirosis risk cards.
4.2.3 Signs and symptoms

The first sign of Weils Disease is a flu-like illness within about 3-4 days of the infection. After 6-7 days a severe headache and conjunctivitis with the possibility of meningitis follows. At 8-10 days, kidney failure and the beginnings of jaundice will become obvious. If no treatment is given then severe kidney failure and the spreading of the organism to other major organs such as liver, pancreas and intestines can occur, resulting in heart failure. If any of the symptoms develop - inform your General Practitioner of the symptoms and that you are at risk from Leptospirosis.
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4.3
4.3.1
Blue Green Algae

Introduction
4.4
4.4.1
Hepatitis A
Introduction
Cyanobacteria - Blue Green algae frequently found in fresh water. During extended periods of warm settled weather they multiply and form a bloom on the surface of the water. The blooms may be flocculent or look like jelly or paint and are normally blue green in colour, though other colourants, red, brown, black can occur. The blooms can appear and disappear with changing weather and the majority of blooms produce allergens and or toxins;
A virus present in faeces, which therefore are present in water, contaminated by sewage. All workers in and around inland waterways including emergency rescue service personal are exposed to the disease. 4.4.2 Signs and Symptoms
4.3.2 Signs and symptoms
Dermatitis Eye irritation Gastro-enteritis Joint and muscle pain Pneumonia Liver damage Neurological conditions
It has a variable incubation period of 15-50 days. Onset is usually abrupt producing fever, abdominal discomfort followed by jaundice. Many infections are relatively mild but in some cases progress to prolonged and severely disabling disease.
4.5
Gastrointestinal
Another significant risk is the ingestion of bacteria that cause gastrointestinal infection. Sewage contains large numbers of organisms, Salmonella infection is probably the principle bacteria risk but Campylobacter, Shigella, E. Coli and Listeria may also be present.
The types and potency of toxins produced vary considerably, although ingestion of small quantities of concentrated bloom could be fatal, human deaths are extremely rare. There have been numerous cases of animal deaths.
4.6
Man-made Pollution
Consideration should be given to industrial/ agricultural pollutants, also the presence of manmade contaminants such as needles and glass.
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Training Courses
The courses detailed within this document are intended to provide a framework of water rescue training. At the present time there is no UK standard for water safety training. This document is therefore an interim framework and provides a checklist for brigades to assess their own training needs. The training need is seen as progressing incrementally; 5.1 Awareness Level General water safety awareness training for any fire authority personnel who may work near water, not necessarily just uniformed operational staff, e.g. marine craft engineers, brigade mechanics, video technician etc. 5 2 Initial operationa1 response To give to uniformed operational personnel who may, as part of their duties, form the initial attendance at water, mud and ice incidents, the underpinning knowledge to deal with those rescues advised upon in this document. 5.3 Specialist Level Specialist training of crews required to deal with more complex or involved rescues from water, mud and ice. 5.4 Instructor Level Instructors are required to train and assess personnel and therefore experience of working near, on or in water is an essential part of their qualifications. In every case brigades should risk assess the hazards that staff are likely to encounter and the equipment to be made available and structure the training accordingly. The syllabus is a basic list and may be added to as
5.1 Awareness Level

Scope
A lecture room based presentation aimed at all personnel who may be expected to work near water as part of their normal role. The session is not designed to train the student to be a rescuer, but to make people aware of the hazards associated with water. The dangers of working near water are explained and basic safety measures are introduced to the student. The session includes awareness of water-related hazards, water hydrology, scene organisation, principles of water safety, varying rescue options including low to high risk options and introduction to basic water safety PPE. The presentation covers in full the requirements of DCOL 2/2001 (Item A).
Pre-requisite
None.
Aim To develop personnel to Water Awareness level in water safety. To educate personnel in the hazards to which they might be exposed whilst working near water.
Objectives
1. 2. State the hazards associated with working near water. State safety measures to be put in place when working near water.
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3. 4. 5.
Describe use of throw lines Describe selection of and correct donning of water safety PPE. Describe self protection/ rescue techniques.
5.2
Scope
Water Safety and Rescue
Initial Operational Response

This is a course aimed at operational personnel who are likely to attend water rescue incidents as part of their operational role. These personnel will be trained in initial incident response.
Learning outcomes
Be aware of the hazards associated with watercourses
For example
Water temperature
Pre-requisite
Appropriate water awareness course.
Current /How Pollution contamination Public, bystanders, moral pressure Training, equipment Locks Weirs Ice, mud, unstable ground Access Entrapment Debris Casualty (human or animal) Noise, communications Visibility Time of day/year
Aim
To give the student the necessary underpinning knowledge and skills to carry out a dynamic risk assessment, make an initial rescue response and where appropriate prepare the scene for the attendance of specialist crews. Objectives
Have knowledge of the brigade policy and operational procedures Principles of risk assessment Be aware of the physiological effects of entry into cold water Have an appreciation of the physiology of drowning Have an appreciation of the difficulties associated with rescues from ice and mud Be aware of the effect of wearing fire kit in various water environments. Have an understanding of swift water hydrology Be proficient in the correct procedure for the donning of PPE Have knowledge of the use of throw bags Have knowledge of the use of inflated fire hose Define the hazards associated with localised features.
The above will be applicable to localised conditions and work criteria.
Define the issues related to initial response Understand basic hydrology Identify and correctly don and remove appropriate PPE Identify and explain the roles of incident command at water rescue incidents Identify the hazards associated with flood situations Identify and correctly use water rescue equipment available on first attendance. Demonstrate water rescue scene management Demonstrate an understanding of medical considerations specific to water rescues Determine and demonstrate low to high-risk rescue techniques - talk, reach, throw, row, go Recognise the needs of and prepare for oncoming specialist crews Demonstrate techniques for moving across flood or shallow water Demonstrate use of inflated fire hose Demonstrate use of inflatable pathways Have an understanding of hazards associated with water, in particular locks, weirs and sluices Have an understanding of hazards associated with mud and ice Undertake a dynamic risk assessment of water based scenarios
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5.3
Scope
Water Rescue Specialist Level
A course aimed at selected operational personnel. The course introduces water rescue equipment including its safe and effective use and progressively develops the student to be confident in and around moving water. As well as learning how to read the water, the student will spend time swimming, practising self-rescue techniques and performing in-water rescues. The syllabus also includes boat and pathway handling, rope rescue techniques and consideration of still water and unstable ground hazards such as mud and ice.

5.4
Demonstrate deep water crossing with & without lines Demonstrate techniques for moving across flood or shallow water Demonstrate techniques for dealing with entrapment Demonstrate use of inflatable pathways Demonstrate C spine immobilisation in water Demonstrate contact rescues and an awareness of the hazards Demonstrate an understanding of medical considerations specific to water rescues
Water Safety and Rescue Instructor/Assessor
Scope Pre-requisite
Appropriate water initial operational response level course. Aim To train students to safely use water rescue equipment, whilst operating near, on, or in water. To teach students to be able to carry-out a water rescue safely and provide the underpinning skills and knowledge to do an effective dynamic risk assessment. Objectives The instructor/ assessor qualification cannot be defined as a pre-determined course, at the end of which an individual is deemed to be an instructor. It is a progressive development of an individual through the various levels, to a stage where they are able to draw on a range of related skills and knowledge, combined with proven instructional skills to deliver a recognised course. Due to the hazardous and unique nature of the water environment it is deemed necessary for an individual to have a consolidation period between courses/ levels to enable them to gain experience and competence. Approved training providers will offer courses to reflect each level including an instructor training course, attendance at which does not deem competency, this will be gained by subsequent assessment.
Explain the principles of water rescue Demonstrate water rescue scene management Show an awareness of water hydrology Don, remove and operate in-water rescue PPE Demonstrate swimming and manoeuvring in still and moving water and an ability to negotiate hazards Explain low to high-risk rescue options & their importance in risk assessment Demonstrate rescue techniques - talk, reach, throw, row & go. Demonstrate boat handling by paddle & tether Demonstrate rigging & operating of rope systems in accordance with training note
Pre-requisite
Proven experience of the water environment. Current qualifications equivalent to Water Rescue Specialist Level. Appropriate trainer assessor qualification.
Aim
To develop an individual to a level where he/she is able to competently deliver and assess a range of Water Safety and Rescue courses.
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Chapter 6 Not Yet Published
Chapter
7
knowledge, skills and understanding to enable personnel who may be exposed to the hazards of large animal reseues as part of their role. This should then allow the firefighter to undertake rescues of an unusual nature using the principles and procedures detailed within this chapter. Attendance at incidents involving domestic animals, exotic animals and wild animals will normally be determined by strategic risk assessment. Organisations such as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) can offer specialist advice to the Incident Commander.
Large Animal Rescue

7.1
7.1.1
Introduction
Purpose of Chapter
To provide guidance at strategic and tactical Levels tbr the rescue of large animals by the Fire and Rescue Services. It is intended to inform the decision-making process when determining policy, response options. equipment, training requirements and includes some practical applications.
7.1. 2 Application
Some large animals (e.g. horses) are not always considered by their owners as livestock, they are companions, pets and in some cases a source of income or investment. In certain circumstances. therefore, owners arc prepared to risk their lives to undertake a rescue attempt. Because of the possible actions of owners and of others, the operational decision-making process will have to capture and cater for the potential risk to human life. It is not uncommon for large animals to he involved in an overturned trailer/vehicle following a Road Traffic Collision (RTC). Large animals may also he found trapped in mud, trenches, rivers. swimming pools, septic tanks etc. trapped in farm fires or hung in fencing or equipment. Whilst it is not possible to provide specific guidance on every large animal incident a lire and Rescue Service may be requested to assist with, each incident will produce its own unique circumstances which will require varied training needs, equipment, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Correct application of the risk assessment process will identify the risks and necessary measures required to produce a safe system of work. Fire and Rescue Services policy and strategy for large animal rescue will provide the necessary
Attendance at incidents involving the rescue of research animals should only be considered when a company expert is in attendance and a safe rendezvous point is established prior to any actions being undertaken by the Fire and Rescue Service.
7.1. 3 Format
The chapter is sub-divided into units as follows:
Identification of Need Risk Analysis Response Options Operational Procedures Equipment Provision
Training
Operational Considerations Incident Command System Methods of Rescue
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7.2
7.2.1
Identification of Need
Historical Information
Fire Authorities/Fire Boards via the Integrated Risk Management Process (IRMP) will ultimately decide whether their Service attends incidents involving large animals. The Integrated Risk Management Process will provide the necessary information for detailed resource analysis to be made. The ability to interrogate operational data from past incidents, including the type of incident, duration, type of rescue, use of equipment, injuries or near misses to employees, will ultimately provide the Fire and Rescue Services with the necessary information to assist in the decision making process. The operational area of each Fire and Rescue Service whether urban or rural will differ in terms of public expectation and service delivery. The level of provision in terms of equipment and training required for large animal rescues is high, and must be taken in to account when determining policy. 7.2.2 Large Animals at Risk
Policy Organisation - equipment - funding Planning and implementation Measuring performance Review Audit Crew Safety
7.3.2
The safety of firefighters is paramount, personnel must be aware of the hazards involved in the rescue of large animals. No personnel are to be deployed until the Incident Commander has completed a full dynamic risk assessment, and determined the appropriate safe system of work, including the use of fit for purpose personnel protective equipment. Assistance at a large animal rescue must be gauged by Risk against Benefit. Dynamic Risk Assessment, if used correctly, will decide if a safe system of work is possible, and should identify all alternative means. There will be occasions when, due to the unacceptable level of risk, this is not possible and crews must be withdrawn from the scene of operations. Note incorrect level of PPE and no protection or control of the 3m risk zone shown in Figures 7.1 and 7.2.
Large animals include livestock, pigs, sheep, cows, bulls and horses. Visiting circuses or wild animal parks will contain unusual animals not normally native to this country such as elephants, rhino etc. Fire and Rescue Services must take these risks into account when determining policy. 7.2.3 Other Risks
Other risks include environmental dangers generated by the incident location. Large animal rescues may be from water (still or fast flowing), RTCs and incidents which involve the use of lifting equipment. The owner of the animal may take irrational actions due to the plight of the animal.
7.3
7.3.1
Risk Analysis
Hazard Identification
Health and Safety guidance document HS (G) 65 "Successful Health and Safety Management" determines and recommends the elements to provide an effective safety management system as:
Figure 7.1 showing the hazards involved in the rescue of large animals
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7.3.4
Physical hazards
The physical hazards of different categories of large animal will differ in terms of unpredictability; the following generic hazards should be considered at all large animal rescues: Bitten or stung by the animal Trodden on by the animal Struck by the animal Impaled on animal appendages Trapped by the animal rolling Crushed between the animal and a structure Exposure to biohazards Environmental hazards Manual handling of equipment or animal Predicted Frequency and Severity
Figure 7.2 showing unsafe procedures at a large animal rescue.
7.3.3
Viral and Bacterial hazards
7.3.5
Zoonosis describes any of the many diseases that are transmitted to man from lower vertebrates. Animals that can transmit diseases are not restricted to those found in remote and wild environments; domestic animals and pets can also transmit dangerous medical conditions. The following list of generic medical hazards should be considered present at all large animal rescues: Asthmagens - from cattle Brucellous - from cattle Cryptosporidiosis - from calves Hardjo - from cattle Leptospirosis - Weil's disease from rats Lyme disease - deer-borne ticks Orf - from sheep Ovine enzootic abortion - from ewes Q fever - from cattle or sheep Rabies - from a rabid animal Ringworm - from cattle or sheep Streptococcus - from pigs Infection by bacteria or by Tetanus from spores in the soil
Fire and Rescue Services that have reviewed their attendance at large animal rescues have, through risk assessment and safe systems of work, chosen dedicated trained personnel with specialist equipment and fit for the purpose Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This has also increased the competency of the personnel due to the number of incidents that they attend. The work placement training has increased their awareness and ability to provide a safe system of work therefore reducing personal exposure to risk. 7.3.6 Assessment of Risk
Given the diversity of incidents, the risk assessment process must incorporate and take account of the following: Identification of the type of incidents that the Fire and Rescue Service will attend. Identification of the potential roles for fire & rescue service personnel, including an appropriate risk assessment into the role(s). Identification through risk assessment of the mechanical and/or manual equipment that will be required.
See Annex A - Summary of Zoonoses
Some types of Zoonoses can cause miscarriage in humans in the early stages of pregnancy.
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Identification of the training that personnel will require to meet the risk assessment outcome and service delivery policy of the service. If the risk cannot be engineered out, the identification of personal protective equipment required to reduce the risk to the lowest possible level must be undertaken and subsequently provided. The level and method of emergency mobilisation to a non life-threatening incident.
As a general principle, planning should assume a worst-case scenario. Expect, and therefore plan, on the assumption that crews will need to operate with a very large animal, in a remote location, at night, in strong winds and heavy rain, in winter or summer for prolonged periods of time. 7.5.1 Safe Person
A number of control measures can be established to assist the safe person concept: Establish a risk zone around the animal, minimum of 3 metres (which may move with the animal). Only accredited personnel trained and equipped to carry out animal rescues to enter the risk zone. Keep the number of personnel to a minimum in the risk zone but monitor continually to avoid lone working. Personnel within the risk zone understand the tactical plan to affect the rescue. Good communications should be maintained at all times. Generic risk assessment of the incident zone, slips, trips and falls, manual handling, lighting, crew welfare, hygiene. Analytical risk assessment depending on the duration of the incident.
7.4
7.4.1
Response Options
Strategic Policy Options
Fire and Rescue Service policy in response to the rescue of large animals will be determined by identification of need, role, and risk assessment. The level of response provided should be clearly derived from the above criteria. The selection and use of operational personnel and equipment to safely undertake the task must fit within this overall strategic architecture of the Fire and Rescue Service. 7.4.2 Determining Levels of Provision
Subsequent to full analysis of any requirement, Fire Authorities/Fire Boards may ultimately decide to make: No provision. Limited provision in support of other agencies. Limited provision, stand-alone. Full provision, in conjunction with other agencies. Full provision, stand-alone.
7.5
Operational Procedures
Planning for the deployment of a large animal rescue can be carried out using the principles of Safe Person, Safe Place, and Safe Process.
Figure 7.3 Three metre risk area and approach area.
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7.5.2
Safe Place
7.6.2
Selection Criteria
The following non-exhaustive list categorises possible incident locations and conditions. Mud Ice Slurry Still Water Flowing water - normal and spate conditions Flash Flooding - sudden downpours causing flooding before entry into the drainage system. This represents the least predictable work environment, in that it may affect areas previously not recognised as being a risk. Fluvial Flooding Steep or slippery banks Road Traffic Collisions Fires Safe Process
Required Operational Capabilities By following the systematic process outlined in preceding sections, the specific role requirements for large animal rescue appropriate to the needs of the Fire and Rescue Service should be clearly established. Delivery Options Resource requirements will need to be balanced by operational availability to ensure the means are available to get suitable trained and competent resources in position to safely effect a rescue, to meet the service delivery expectations of the Fire and Rescue Service. 7.6.3 Equipment Options
7.5.3
Possible Large Animal Rescue tasks: Rescue of large animals from mud or slurry Rescue of large animals from water - flowing or still Rescue of large animals physically trapped Rescue of animals from burning structures Rescue of animals from Road Traffic Collisions Rescue of animals from confined spaces
It is important to recognise that safe working requires the Incident Commander to have a realistic and accurate appreciation of the capabilities and limitations of the equipment in use, in the circumstances of the incident. In addition, the understanding of when not to deploy personnel in a potentially hazardous operating environment is a safety critical skill. It is essential that Fire and Rescue Services identify operational requirements and logistical constraints before specification, and apply those design constraints throughout the acquisition process, therefore meeting the outcomes of the risk assessment process. This chapter only provides limited information on a range of equipment, and aims to provide guidance which can be used to assist in the decision making process. 7.6.4 Service Delivery Options
7.6
7.6.1
Equipment Provision
Fulfilling Statutory Requirements
Fire and Rescue Service activity will bring firefighters into contact with large animals. This may include farm buildings on fire, road traffic collisions involving vehicles transporting large animals, members of the public/owners attempting to rescue a large animal and, possibly, becoming a casualty. Therefore, the Fire and Rescue Service statutory duty of care is to ensure that its personnel are adequately trained and properly equipped to safely undertake the duties expected of them.
The process of risk assessment and Fire and Rescue Service policy should identify which delivery systems are safe and practical for use when deploying to large animal rescue. In a broad sense they are likely to fall into the following categories:
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Officer only to conduct risk assessment Specialist trained crews Special appliance Nearest appliance
Incident Commanders are then presented with a toolbox, from which the most appropriate response can be selected, rather than a single tool, which has to be pressed into service on all occasions. For large animal incidents this may mean training for work on or in mud, slurry or water, fires and road traffic collisions. Such training must also address crew safety, by providing self-rescue skills for personnel as appropriate, when involved in risk critical situations i.e. water related rescues. 7.7.2 Crew Safety
Identification of access conditions to a large animal rescue is of critical importance. Any appliance selected must be capable of being delivered to the incident within an appropriate time frame as determined by the Fire and Rescue Service, service delivery standards.
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7.7.1
Training
Policy
Integrated Personal Development System (IPDS) reference: Unit 3 of the fire fighter role map (Applying their fire fighting and rescue skills at incidents) provides an output specification, establishing what a fire fighter must be capable of doing, in order to comply with the requirements of HS(G)65. Fire and Rescue Service training must focus on this end result, by producing firefighters who can demonstrate competence to work safely in the intended role. Strategic policy must clearly establish the intended fire service role. It would appear appropriate, where specialist provision is agreed, that those personnel designated as specialists are capable of providing all available response options.
This section deals with the safety of the individual crewmember. It does not apply to non-specialist personnel who may be attending an incident in a support function. Personnel must be competent to recognise and deal with worst-case scenarios.
Figure 7.4 showing a large animal training mannequin.
Figure 7.5 showing Personal Protective Equipment, Immersion suit and hoots, gloves, head and eye, inhalation protection
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Figure 7.6 showing body armour and 150NM hydrostatic life jacket.
Figure 7.7 showing body armour and 50NM personal floatation device.
Whilst Fire and Rescue Services must carry out their own risk assessments, general guidance is provided below. 7.7.3 Personal Protective Equipment
Body armour - chest, elbow, groin, and knee Head and side head protection Eye protection Dry suits and foot protection High visibility jackets Buoyancy aids Life jackets Inhalation protection Training
Risk assessment [generic, dynamic, analytical] Specialist vehicle on and off road Equipment Infectious diseases Incident Command System Veterinarian and RSPCA liaison Welfare, hygiene and barrier protection Support/Officer awareness Equipment
7.7.5
7.7.4
Animal awareness Animal husbandry Water safety training Unstable surface training Manual handling Animal rescues involving RTC Animal rescues involving fires
All equipment used for the purpose of lifting and or raising must be compliant with the requirements of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (SI: 1998 No.2307)
Vehicle fit for purpose Halters Slings
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Lines Throw lines Harness Nose clips Inflatable rescue paths Ground anchors Winches Trenching tools Mattock Air/Water lance Threading needles Lighting Sheeting Access tools Safe Systems of work
large animal rescue must reflect the level of training and equipment to safely undertake the task. Incorrect assessment of these issues may lead to failure and injuries. 7.7.8 Assessment of Competence
Assessment of large animal rescue skills should be by direct observation at operational incidents and whilst training in realistic conditions, preferably on the type of sites identified as potential incident locations. Underpinning knowledge and understanding should be measured by oral questioning during practical training. This information requires recording and validating in line with the Integrated Personal Development System (IPDS) 7.7.9 Maintenance of Skills
7.7.6
Fire and Rescue Service policy Equipment fit for purpose Competent trained personnel Risk assessment Incident Command System Operational Capability
7.7.7
The operational capability will depend on the Fire and Rescue Services policy for a large animal rescue. Mobilisation of personnel and equipment to a
Given the operating environments in which animal rescue crews may be required to work, it is important that a high standard of competence is maintained. This can only be achieved through regular hands-on experience.
Figure 7.8 showing 2 x 2m Inflatable rescue paths being used as a safe working platform.
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Formal reassessment should be carried out at not more than 6 monthly intervals, to allow coverage of both summer and winter conditions. Whilst such assessments can be undertaken during normal on-going training sessions, it may be preferable to rotate assessors between stations, or indeed Fire and Rescue Services, when carrying out testing, and ensure that Fire Service policy and procedures are being fully implemented at all times. This measure would ensure commonality, and provide fresh perspectives for personnel. 7.7.10 Awareness - Fire and Rescue Service employees, and other agencies In common with other specialist areas, there is a clear potential that other personnel within the organisation will be unaware of the capabilities or limitations of trained animal rescue personnel. A level of awareness training for large animal rescue outlining the expectations and limitations of the service should be undertaken. The aforementioned awareness training should include practical demonstrations (where available) and include scene preparation, location of equipment on vehicles; manual-handling requirements when transporting equipment, and importantly, where the non-specialist response ends and the specialist takes over. It is important that Incident Commanders are fully aware of the capabilities and limitations of specialist crews. In the particular case of large animal rescue, specialist trained crews have a high level of knowledge and although they may be working in conjunction with a Veterinarian must have absolute primacy of command of the animal and must have the final word in terms of what is or is not safe or practicable at the task level.
use the simplest, safest and lowest tech approach to an incident therefore reducing the risk of injury to the rescuer or the animal. Rescuing a large animal can pose an immediate threat to life, cause irreversible adverse health effects, and interfere with the rescuer's ability to escape unaided from the rescue environment. 7.8.2 Additional Control Measures
Large animal rescues from water, fast flowing or still, will require safety procedures in accordance with national guidelines, which will have to be implemented before a firefighter enters the water. Specialist personnel trained for water rescue may need to be deployed when undertaking a water related animal rescue. Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) will pose many hazards, working on the highway, loose animals that may be roaming free, animals trapped within trailers or Large Goods Vehicles. Not only will knowledge, skills and understanding of large animals be required, but also the competencies to use generic range of RTC equipment in unusual circumstances. The initial risk assessment process must firstly include all the generic hazards, slips trips and falls, manual handling, access, terrain, environmental, and PPE levels including personal hygiene and barrier protection before the rescue can commence. Gather all intelligence before approaching the animal, often the owner or veterinarian can provide useful information on how the incident occurred, level and severity of injuries, the emotional state of the animal, how the animal will react during the rescue, and rescue techniques that will be the safest for the rescuer and the animal. 7.8.3 Typical Animal Weights 3000kgs to 5000kgs 600kgs to lOOOkgs 450kgs to lOOOkgs 150kgs to 250kgs 40kgs to 70kgs
7.8
7.8.1
Operational Considerations
General Considerations Elephant Cow Horse Donkey Sheep
Any activity around a large animal does not have a calming effect. The basic principal of rescue is to
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The size of the animal, level of entrapment, severity of injuries, the scene of operations must all be considered before approaching the animal. Risk against benefit may decide that no rescue is possible due to the unacceptable level of risk to the firefighter, unsuitable provision of equipment, and lack of knowledge skills and understanding. A mobile 3-metre risk zone must be established around the animal with only the minimum amount of trained personnel that are required to undertake the task should be present. 7.8.4 Animal Senses
7.8.6
Hearing
Animals can hear sounds at frequencies above those of humans, with almost 360 degrees of audition. They can usually detect the direction of a sound before it can visually detect its source. Horses for example are very sensitive to sound coming from above. 7.8.7 Touch
Reading the senses of most large animals is an essential skill for the rescuer as most animals when trapped revert to their wild status very quickly. Do not assume that animals think; they react, and a trapped animal will not move or assist with a rescue unless it senses freedom, when it moves - it moves. Stay calm and move slowly, fear in an animal is the main defensive mechanism, and the animal will also sense fear or panic behaviour in humans. Avoid direct eye-to-eye contact, as this will be sensed as threatening to the animal. 7.8.5 Vision
Animals are very sensitive and are responsive to touching, they communicate by rubbing and touching each other, not patting. The rescuer can also transmit either confidence or nervousness to the animal through their fingers. A horse for example can feel a fly landing on its hair. 7.8.8 Smell
Animals use the sense of smell to aid them identifying each other and in locating and choosing forage/food. Horses for example use their sense of smell for identification, smelling the owner and providing some forage will almost certainly calm a disturbed horse. 7.8.9 Veterinarian
Animals have some of the largest eyes compared to body size and are very sensitive to movement; most have a 300-degree field of vision that requires very little head movement.
The attendance of a veterinarian at a large animal rescue will provide the necessary medical skills and knowledge of the animal that the Incident Commander will need to provide a safe system of work. The Veterinarian is best qualified to assess the condition of the animal; they will be equipped with emergency medication, sedatives and painkillers, but will not necessarily be trained in large animal extrication. The Incident Commander must liaise throughout the incident with the veterinarian who will monitor and advise on the condition of the animal. Safe systems of work must be established with veterinarians when considering if the animal may have to be destroyed, or injected, given the quantities and potency of the medication involved. The owner of the animal must be consulted especially if the animal is to be destroyed.
Figure 7.9 Field of vision of the horse
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7.9.1
Incident Commander
Establish Command Deploy a safe system of work Assess incident priorities Develop and implement the tactical plan Develop a command structure Coordinate all activities Manage incident recourses Crew Commander
7.9.2
The horse needs its head and neck for balance during assisted rescue. The torso is the best area for forward assist, backward drag, or vertical lift.
Whenever possible, do not use the head or legs as handles. The lower legs are the most fragile part of the horse.
Implement the tactical plan Determine the resources required Request additional resources if required via Incident Commander Provide regular situation reports to the Incident Commander Safety Officer
Figure 7.10 Lifting horses during assisted rescue.
7.9.3
This veterinarian service is not provided free, most veterinarians will require payment for their services and any medication provided. The owner of the animal should meet the request for the veterinarian and any charges made. Not every large animal will need to be sedated during rescue, sedatives will only last for a set period of time, and a sedated animal can still kick with great force and accuracy. The veterinarian will be able to advise which areas of the animal can be used to support rescue equipment, the main torso being the best area depending on its injuries. Most large animals use their head and neck for balance; whenever possible do not use the head or legs as handles during the rescue process.
Monitor and assess safety hazards Correct levels of PPE Detect and stop unsafe situations Regularly review all risk assessments Account for all personnel Monitor for lone working situations Hygiene and barrier protection Provide regular situation reports to the Incident Commander Logistics Officer
7.9.4
Provide an equipment pool Monitor personnel requirements Provide regular situation reports to the Incident Commander
7.10 Methods of Rescue

General
7.9
Incident Command
This section of the chapter is designed to give a brief overview of different methods of rescue. Human casualties of Road Traffic Collisions are not pulled out by the arms and legs. The scene and the casualty are stabilised and the same must apply where possible to large animal rescue. Manual handling is a major hazard at large animal rescues; Fire and Rescue Services must consider
An appropriate level of the incident command structure will need to be established to facilitate the development of safe, effective and appropriate incident command; this will ensure a clear line of command and communication throughout the incident. The success of the incident and safety of crew members will depend on the tactics of the Incident Commander.
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the use of mechanical lifting devices to reduce the hazards and injuries to personnel caused by manual handling and reduce the hazard to the lowest possible level. Some of the rescue methods described involve the use of lifting equipment, if the lifting equipment is part of the rescue vehicle all equipment and plant must be tested, certificated, and used within its maximum working limits. Personnel who use this equipment must be fully trained and accredited in its use. The use of mechanical plant and equipment not designed or tested for lifting purposes must not be used. If third party plant and equipment is to be considered for use it must conform to all legal requirements appropriate to its type and to the Fire and Rescue Services written Health and Safety policy. 7.10.1 Rescue Techniques There are six basic procedures used in large animal rescue, as follows. 7.10.2 Containment This is usually where the containment of one or a number of large animals maybe required following either an escape on to the highway following an RTC or the emergency release of animals following a barn or heath fire. The use of lines or vehicles to provide a temporary containment pen may also be considered. 7.10.3 Forward Assistance This method is used where the animal is capable of using its body to assist. A large animal down an embankment, or in water related incidents might only need slight assistance to negotiate the hazard. A wide strop with sewn loops at each end is passed around the girth area of the animal with one loop passed through the other; the free end of the strop is pulled between the front legs and attached to a long line.
This enables personnel to gently pull on the line but stay far in front and prevent being charged by the animal once it senses freedom. A halter and long line are also deployed for guidance of the animal once released. 7.10.4 Backward Drag This technique is used to remove a laterally recumbent animal that might be inside an overturned vehicle, collapsed structure or where the rescuer has only access to the rear end of the animal. This method is the same as the forward assistance but the strop is passed around the pelvic bones and passed between the rear legs. 7.10.5 Hobbled Lift This is the most difficult type of rescue that may only be undertaken on certain types of large animal and only by fully trained personnel, with the assistance of specialist lifting equipment. The hobbled lift is used to lift a large animal in dorsal recumbence, when trapped in a narrow trench or similar situation. Rescue grade hobbles are secured around the fetlock and hoof; all four hoofs are attached to a suitable lifting frame that is attached to a suitable lifting device. Support must be provided to the head and neck of the animal during this rescue process. The animal will need to be fully sedated by a veterinarian during this rescue. 7.10.6 Vertical Lift In the majority of rescues involving a large animal a vertical lift provides an easy and practical means of moving the animal onto safe ground. Given the weight of the animal a mechanical means to lift the beast must be used. (See Figure 7.11.)
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Figure 7.11 shows fit for purpose vertical lifting equipment.
The genitalia of bulls and the udders of cows must not be damaged during any lifting process. These areas give the animal commercial value. Any potential or existing injury to these areas must be assessed before committing personnel to what may be an unviable rescue.
Many different lifting methods are available from strops to purpose made lifting slings. All use the torso of the animal leaving the legs head and neck free, care must be taken, as the lifting process will distress the animal, making sure that the animal cannot break free during the lift. (See Figure 7.12.)
7.10.7 Rescue Guide The rescue guide is a practical method of moving a large animal on a special guide sheet adapted for a fully sedated animal to be transported. (See Figure 7.13.)
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Figure 7.12 (above) showing mechanical lifting equipment.
Figure 7.13 (left) showing a fit for purpose rescue guide
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APPENDIX A Summary of Zoonoses BRUCELLOSIS

Brucellosis (also known as Undulant Fever) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria of the genus Brucella. These bacteria are primarily passed among animals, and they cause disease in many different vertebrates. Various Brucella species affect: Sheep Goats Cattle Deer Elk Pigs Dogs
Since the 1970's all dairy cattle are accredited and thus free of brucellosis. Although the most common cause was through eating or drinking contaminated milk products, with accreditation and the current pasteurisation process, the risk of contraction is LOW. CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum with widespread distribution in farm and wild animals. In Humans, common clinical features are: Watery or mucoid diarrhoea Nausea and vomiting: and Abdominal pain with 'flu-like' symptoms.
and several other animals. Humans become infected by coming into contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. In humans, brucellosis can cause a range of symptoms that are similar to Influenza and may include: Fever Sweating Headaches Back Pains: and Physical Weakness
Outbreaks have been associated with watercourses because of contamination with animal faeces or human sewage. Contaminated food is also a cause. Seasonal outbreaks have been associated with farm visits to feed and handle lambs. Infection through swimming pools has also been reported. In Humans the symptoms are normally selflimiting, lasting approximately two weeks in most instances. In humans with a suppressed immune system the disease can be very severe and potentially fatal.
Severe infections can affect the central nervous system or lining of the heart. Brucellosis can also cause long-lasting or chronic symptoms that include recurrent fevers, joint pains and fatigue.
Humans are generally infected in one of three ways: eating or drinking contaminated products, breathing in organism or having the bacteria enter the body through skin wounds.
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Leptospirosis is an acute bacterial infection primarily hosted by rats and cattle1. Infection is transmitted with coming into contact with infected animal urine, or less frequently, from animal bites and contaminated water.
1 See L. Hardjo
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Person-to-Person contamination is exceptionally rare.

Human symptoms of infection are wide ranging from showing no symptoms to suffering from: Fever Vomiting Headaches Muscular pains Conjunctivitis Depression Haemolytic anaemia Meningitis Pneumonia: and Inflammation of the Kidneys
A 'bulls-eye' rash where bitten accompanied by non-specific symptoms such as and affecting: Fever Nervous system (facial palsy) Malaise Fatigue Headaches Muscle aches (myalgia): and Joint aches (arthralgia)
Although Lyme disease is rarely fatal, and can be treated with antibiotics, the aforementioned symptoms or varying combinations of the symptoms can manifest themselves over a period of months to years. ORF [Contagiou Ecthym (CE)] s a
ORF (or 'pustular dermatitis') is a skin disease most commonly encountered in sheep and goats. Manifesting particularly around the nose, lips and face (referred to as 'sore mouth') ORF can be encountered worldwide and is not parochial to any one breed or age although young animals are more susceptible.
In cases where jaundice occurs, the illness is known as WEIL'S DISEASE, which is a serious and sometimes fatal infection.
Simple hygienic precautions and PPE can significantly reduce the risk of infection. L. HARDJO (Cattle Leptospirosis) Is a milder form of Leptospirosis caused by direct contact with the urinary tract shedding by cattle (the maintenance host) and is frequently an occupational disease of agricultural workers especially those involved in dairy farming and cattle in general.
It should be noted a live vaccine is used to control the disease in animals.

ORF has the ability to be spread normally to the hands and arms of people handling infected animals.
LYMEDISEASE
Caused by the spiral shaped bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick (Ixodes ricinus). The host of the tick is normally Deer, but can be generalised as being found in the reservoir of wildlife. Lyme disease is a multi-system disorder with considerable variations of symptoms including:
RABIE S
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system and although treatment is available, the disease is invariably fatal. Contamination (albeit rarely) can be via broken skin and mucous membranes, however the most common cause is being bitten by an infected cat or dog.
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Early symptoms of infection can include: Par aesthesia around the bitten area Fever Headache Nausea and a sense of Apprehension Progression of the disease can result in: Paralysis Hydrophobia Delirium Convulsions
RINGWORM IS CONTAGIOUS and can be passed person-to-person by skin contact or by contact with contaminated items such as clothing, combs and even shower/pool surfaces. Q FEVER Q Fever (Coxiella burneti) can affect a range of wild and domestic animals. Transmission to humans is via inhalation of contaminated aerosols or by direct contact with infected animals.
Although common in ruminants, it has been reported that infection in dairy herds 2 may be as high as 20%.
Human manifestation of Q Fever indicate flu-like symptoms with: Severe headache Chills and fever Endocarditis Hepatitis Muscle and Joint aches Pneumonia (50% of cases)
Death resulting from respiratory and bulbar paralysis is almost inevitable once clinical symptoms have appeared.
In 2003 it was recognised that UK bats may carry a rabies-like virus [European Lyssavirus 2 (EBL2)] RINGWORM Categorised as one of the most common zoonotic infections, ringworm is caused by fungal infection with a number of species of fungi. Ringworm is found to be fairly common in farm animals, particularly cattle, but may also occur in horses, cats and dogs.
With treatment, illness lasts between 1 and 3 weeks. However, up to 30% of acute cases go on to develop a chronic post Q fever debility syndrome.
OVINE ENZOOTIC ABORTION (Chlamydophila abortus) Susceptible species are Sheep and Goats and less commonly Cattle and Deer. The disease causes the animal to abort pregnancy and as a result to have further low fertility results (consequence of abortions). Humans are also susceptible to this condition.
Contact with an infected animal may not necessarily be the only cause as the fungi may survive on gateposts, fences and on farm buildings for long periods of time.
Infected cattle show signs of grey-white plaques on the skin of the head and neck, which over time may enlarge and spread to other parts of the body. On the other hand, cats (the most common carriers) may show no symptoms at all.
Source - DEFRA Zoonoses Report United Kingdom 2002
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STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS Streptococcus suis was first identified and isolated in pigs (S. suis serotype 14) in 1996. Most cases of human infection (S. suis type 2) occur in abattoir workers, meat handlers and occasionally in farm workers and vets. The disease can be carried on the tonsils of clinically normal pigs. The disease is a cause of: Meningitis Polyarthritis Septicaemia
Notes
Help in the production of this chapter Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service Kent Fire and Rescue Service HMFS1 Fire Brigades Union Dr Tomas Gimenez David Lamb, Plumpton Agricultural College Pictures Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service Kent Fire and Rescue Service Dr Gimenez
The disease is rare in humans with 21 reports between 1991-2002 (averaging only 2 confirmed cases per year). 3
ASTHMAGENS There are numerous sources from which asthma may result. These are commonly referred to as asthmagens.
Humans who are exposed to the dust and dander from the hair of cattle may develop asthma of varying intensities. Medical assistance may be required. 4
In addition, exposure to mites habituating in humid conditions, hay and grain5 may also cause asthma.
3 4 5
Source - DEFRA Zoonoses Report United Kingdom 2002 HSE Asthmagen Compendium Section C8 HSE Asthmagen Compendium Section C8
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Glossary of terms
Life Jacket Provides extra buoyancy to assist a conscious or unconscious person in keeping afloat with their mouth and nose clear of the water. They are designed to self-right an unconscious person from a face down position. Provides extra buoyancy to assist a conscious person in keeping afloat with their mouth and nose clear of the water. They are not designed to self-right an unconscious person from a face down position. An item that increases buoyancy in water but is not a life saving device. Water flowing in the opposite direction to the main flow, occurring alongside or behind objects. A line which floats in water. Where a water course and/or drainage system is not able to cope with the excess of water causing urban or rural damage and threatening the lives of the public or animals. The person with the sole responsibility for the safety of the rescuer and control of the rescuers floating line, whilst they are in the water. The process by which a person is removed from the water and brought to a place of safety. An area which forms part of the safe system of work and should if possible extend a minimum of 3m from the water's edge. Where water flowing over an object causes a vertical reversal of flow, as with a weir. Any perforate object placed or trapped in flowing water such as a tree or metal grating which allows the water to flow through it. Sub surface Weir Tow Back Whitewater Below water surface. (3.4.8.19.) A man made dam across a river over which water falls to a lower level. Water from downstream moves back against the flow towards the face of the weir. Churning water that contains up to 40 - 60% of air. Too thin to swim in, too thick to breathe in.
Buoyancy Aid
Aid to Buoyancy Eddies
Floating line Flooding
Individual Safety Officer Rescue Restricted Area/ Risk Zone Stopper Strainer

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27
References
Lifejackets/ Buoyancy Aids When selecting the correct personal buoyancy equipment, Brigades will need to consider a number of factors. Combined British and European Standards (BS Ens) exist for buoyancy equipment. Each standard is intended to be suitable for different activities m various risk situations. Buoyancy equipment needs to be selected from the appropriate standard, taking into account factors such as frequency of use, size weight of the wearer, likely weather/ water conditions at site and availability of help. The standards include:
BS EN 393:1994 BS EN 3951995 BS EN 396:1994 BS EN 399:1994
- Lifejackets and personal buoyancy aids Buoyancy aids -50 N. - Lifejackets and personal buoyancy aids - Lifejackets - 100 N. - Lifejackets and personal buoyancy aids - Lifejackets - 150 N. - Lifejackets and personal buoyancy aids - Lifejackets 275 N.
Other reference information is included in: Guidance to PPE r egulations - L25 - page 40 - paragraph 118. PD 6636:1998 - CR 13033:1997selection and use. Floating Lines No specific legislation exists regarding the specification of floating lines. However, when purchasing new lines or using existing lines, Brigades need to contact the manufacturer and ensure that the line intended to be used is fit for the specified purpose. Personal protective equipment - Lifejackets and buoyancy aids Guide for
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Acknowledgements
Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Association Fire Brigades Union Fire Research and Development Group Fire Service College Health and Safety Executive Local Government Association Dumfries and Galloway Fire Brigade Kent Fire Brigade Greater Manchester County Fire Service London Fire Brigade Mid and West Wales Fire Brigade Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service Outreach Organisation Rescue 3 International

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Fire Service Manual Volume 2 Fire Service Operations

Safe Working near, on or in water

HM Fire Service Inspectorate Publications Section London: TSO

Published byTS0 (The Stationery Office) and available from:

Online www.tso.co.uk/ bookshop

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Safe Working near, on or in water

Safe Working near: on or in water iii

Safe Working near, on or in water

Chapter 2 - Water/Incident types

Chapter 3 - Operational Procedures

Chapter 4 - Personal Health Considerations

Chapter 5 - Training Courses

Glossary of terms References Acknowledgements

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Introduction and Service Aim

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2.2.2 River Current/Flow

Accumulated debris collects on the inside of the bend

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Weir Escape Route Re-circulating Current

2.2.3 Tidal Conditions

2.2.5 Force of Water

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There are three principal health issues to consider;

Shivering Slurred speech Lack of co-ordination Cold to the touch

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2.3.3 Water borne diseases

Salmonella Amoebic Dysentery Tetanus

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Talk Reach Throw Row Go

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Restricted Area/Risk Zone

General Health and Safety Rules

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3.4.3 Swimming Rescues

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3.4.6 Panic of a Drowning Person

3.4.7 Control Measures

3.4.8 Sub Surface Rescue/Recovery

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3.5.2 Personnel requiring rescue should:

3.6.2 Vehicle Behaviour

3.5.3 Casualty Management

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3.6.3 Associated Hazards

3.7 Casualties Within a Canal Lock

3.6.4 Rescue Considerations

Plan View of Canal Lock Figure 3.I0

Rescues From Ice

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