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Type Conversions: Coercion Related Problem

This document discusses type conversions and logical expressions in C programming. It provides examples of acceptable and unacceptable type coercion during assignments due to range violations. It also covers relational, equality, logical operators and their precedence. Examples demonstrate the use of explicit type casting, evaluation of logical expressions, and short-circuit evaluation in logical operators.

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Shohagh Shosagh
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47 views

Type Conversions: Coercion Related Problem

This document discusses type conversions and logical expressions in C programming. It provides examples of acceptable and unacceptable type coercion during assignments due to range violations. It also covers relational, equality, logical operators and their precedence. Examples demonstrate the use of explicit type casting, evaluation of logical expressions, and short-circuit evaluation in logical operators.

Uploaded by

Shohagh Shosagh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C Programming Fundamentals of C Mixed mode arithmetic

Type Conversions
Coercion Related Problem Some assignment with type coercion are acceptable.
i = 8 4 5 . 2 4 ; // i h a s 845 i = 8 4 5 . 2 4 ; // i h a s 845

Other cases of assignment with type coercion may not be acceptable due to range violation.
c = 1 0 0 0 0 ; // WRONG: e x c e e d s r a n g e i = 1 . 0 e34 ; // WRONG: r e s u l t s i n o v e r f l o w i n c o n v e r s i o n f = 1 . 0 e34 ; // WRONG: r e s u l t s i n l o s s o f p r e c i s i o n

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

21 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Mixed mode arithmetic

Type Conversions
Example 12 (Casting) Use explicit type casting when needed: ( type ) expression Some example are given below:
float frac part = f ( int ) f ;

i = ( int ) f ; float quotient ; int dividend , d i v i s o r ; quotient = ( float ) dividend / ( float ) divisor ; quotient = ( float ) dividend / divisor ; quotient = dividend / ( float ) divisor ;

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

21 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Mixed mode arithmetic

Type Conversions
Example 13 (Casting) Explicit casting prevents arithmetic overow.
int i ; i n t j = 1000; i = j j; // c o u l d r e s u l t i n o v e r f l o w i = ( long ) j j ; // p r e v e n t s o v e r f l o w i = ( l o n g ) ( j j ) ; // o v e r f l o w a s i t o c c u r s by t h e t i m e o f c a s t i n g

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

21 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Relational & Equality Operators Relation operators: <, <=, >=, > Precedence of relation operators are less than arithmetic operators. i+1 > j+3 evaluates to 1, if the relation is true, otherwise false. Expression i < j < k is equivalent to (i < j) < k. So, results in 1, when i = 10, j = 5, k = 40. Equality operators ==, != have lower precedence, eg. i < j == j < k is equvalent to (i < j) == (j < k)

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

22 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Logical Operators Three operators: negation (!), and (&&), (||). ! has same precedence as unary operators and right associative, ie., !!a is !(!a). Precedence of || and && are lower than relational and equality opertor and they are left associative. So, i < j && k == m means (i < j) && (k==m) i < j < k is legal but meaningless.
Consider i = 40, j = 160, j = 90 Evaluation order: (i < j) < k, so it returns true.

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

22 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Evaluation of Logical Expressions
int i = 2 , j = 3; i n t k = i j == 6 ; // k = ( ( i j ) == 6 ) i n t i = 5 , j = 10 , k = 1 ; p r i n t f (%d , k > i < j ) ; // ( k > i ) < j => 1

=> 1

i n t i = 3 , j = 4 , k =5; p r i n t f (%d , i % j + i < k ) ; // ( ( i % j ) + i ) < k => 0 i n t i = 10 , j = 5 ; p r i n t f (%d , ! i < j ) ; // ( ! i ) < j i n t i = 5 , j = 0 , k = 5; p r i n t f (%d , i && j | | k ) ; // ( i && j ) | | ( k )

=> 1

=> 1

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

22 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Example 14
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> main ( ) { int a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 1; printf printf printf printf printf printf printf printf printf printf printf a || }
R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming January 13, 2011 22 / 26

( a && b i s \n%i \n\n , a && b ) ; ( a && c i s \n%i \n\n , a && c ) ; ( a | | b i s \n%i \n\n , a | | b ) ; // b n o t e v a l u a t e d ( a | | c i s \n%i \n\n , a | | c ) ; // c n o t e v a l u a t e d ( ! a i s \n%i \n\n , ! a ) ; ( ! b i s \n%i \n\n , ! b ) ; ( ! ( a && b ) i s \n%i \n\n , ! ( a && b ) ) ; ( ! ( a && c ) i s \n%i \n\n , ! ( a && c ) ) ; ( ! a | | ! b i s \n%i \n\n , ! a | | ! b ) ; ( ! a | | ! c i s \n%i \n\n , ! a | | ! c ) ; ( The v a l u e o f a | | ( ! c && ( ! b | | a ) ) i s \n%i \n\n , ( ! c && ( ! b | | a ) ) ) ; // o n l y a i s e v a l u a t e d

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Example 15 (boolean values)
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { int k; p r i n t f ( Enter k : ) ; s c a n f (%d , &k ) ; i f (k) p r i n t f ( TRUE, v a l u e o f k = %d\n , k ) ; else p r i n t f ( FALSE , v a l u e o f k = %d\n , k ) ; }

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

22 / 26

C Programming Fundamentals of C Logical expressions

Logical Expressions
Example 16
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { i n t i = 3, j = 2 , k = 0 , m; m = ++i | | ++j && ++k ; // (++ i ) | | ((++ j ) && (++k ) ) p r i n t f (%d %d %d %d\n , i , j , k , m) ; }

Outputs -2 2 0 1 Precedence of && greater than ||, but short circuit evaluation occurs in A || (B && C). So, RHS of ||, i.e., (B&&C) not evaluated as LHS (i.e., A) is 1.

R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)

C Programming

January 13, 2011

22 / 26

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