CALCULATION OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE REACTANCE USING ENERGY TECHNIQUE

A. Naderian-Jahromi, Jawad Faiz and Hossein Mohseni Department of Electrical Engineering University of Tehran, IRAN [email protected]

Abstract
Energy technique procedures for computing the leakage reactances in distribution transformers are presented. This method is very efficient compared with the use of flux element and image technique and is also remarkably accurate. Examples of calculated leakage inductances and the short circuit impedance are given for illustration. For validation, the results are compared with the results obtained using test.

List of symbols: Leakage flux N No. of turn of winding I current Lmt Mean length of one turn of winding Lc length of window of core d Width of winding s1 Distance between core and LV windings s,s2 Distance between LV and HV windings rave1, rave2 Mean radius of HV and LV winding respectively X Reactance of transformer f frequency of current of windings W Electromagnetic energy stored in active part Leq Equivalent inductance of transformer Hx Magnetic field intensity in a distance x of first layer of primary winding I. INTRODUCTION Determination of transformer leakage reactance using magnetic cores has long been an area of interest to engineers involved the design of power and distribution transformers. This is required for predicting the performance of transformers before actual assembly of the transformers. A method has been presented [1] for estimating the leakage reactance by flux tube in order to include in an electric circuit model of transformer. Computer-based numerical solution techniques using finite elements analysis, boundary element method and boundary-integral method are accurate and form an important part of the design procedures but require rather elaborate computer resources and a somewhat lengthy setup before a solution can be obtained. Also a closed-

form solution often provides more insight about critical physical parameters than a computer-based numerical solution. In this paper a closed form solution technique applicable to the leakage reactance calculations for transformers is presented. Emphases is on the development of a simple method to characterize the leakage reactance of the transformers. Leakage reactance calculations play an important role in designing geometry of transformers. The design parameters my be varied as such that the required short circuit impedance is determined. A 2D representation proves to be satisfactory in determining the leakage reactance. Final expressions are developed on a per-unit-of-length basis for the third dimension. Certain assumptions have been made in this calculation. End effects introduced by the terminations in 3D configurations are not evaluated here. There are different techniques for the leakagereactance evaluation in transformer. The most common technique is the use of the flux leakage elements and estimation of the flux in different parts of the transformer [1-6]. The images technique can be also used. The base of this method is considering the image of every turn of the winding where the magnetic potential vector [7,8] is employed to compute the mutual and leakage inductances. Although the technique is effective, the computation result depends on the current of the image conductor [7]. This paper presents a novel technique for calculation of the leakage inductance in different parts of the transformer using the electromagnetic stored energy.

2. COMPUTATION USING FLUX ELEMENT TECHNIQUE In order to compute the leakage reactances analytically, some approximation is required to achieve a closed-loop solution [1]. There assumptions are: 1. The leakage flux distribution in the winding and the space between the windings must be in the direction of the winding axial. 2. The leakage flux is uniformly distributed along the length of the windings. 3. The leakage flux in the space of two windings is divided equally between them.

Using the magnetic vector potential for a circular filament for two conductors ,the leakage inductance is[7]: Lleakage12=f(r1,r2,A(r1), Aimage(r1),A(r1-r2),Aimage(r1-r2), i1,i2,i1image,i2image) (6)

Where r1 and r2 are the radiuses of conductors, A and Aimage are the magnetic vector potential respect to actual and image conductors that are dependent of elliptic integral of first and second kinds [7,8]. The current of image conductor has a value differ from real conductor and it should be adjusted for The leakage flux for each winding for a two-winding each image conductor .So the result of leakage transformer, based on the above assumptions is[1]: inductance changes according to default of image conductor currents. There are several recommends for this parameter to evaluate the best result in Image Method but there is (d / 3 + S / 2) = 0 N 2 ILmt (1) not a constant rule for it and the error of calculation Lc and test result may be not optimized. 4. COMPUTATION USING ENERGY TECHNIQUE (2)

Using the following equation:

The electromagnetic energy stored in the windings and the space between them can be used to calculate the inductance between the windings and the leakage inductance. and reflecting leakage reactance between HV The previous assumptions are considered here in windings to the primary side yields: order to obtain a closed-form solution. Consider the path F1 in Fig. 1, mmf for the path having distance x (3) from the beginning of LV winding is [2]: X=X1+(N1/N2)2X2

X =

2f I

Eqn. 3 will be as follows: X=(2pfN12/Lc)[Lmt1(d1/3+s/2)+Lmt2(d2/2+s/2)] (4) If it is assumed Lmt1=Lmt2 (it means the length of each turn of HV and LV windings are equal), Eqn. 3 can be simplified as follows: X=(2 N12/Lc)Lmt1[(d1+d2)/3+s] (5)

mmfx=N1I1x/d1

(7)

d1

d2

r2

HV WINDING s2

LV WINDING

CORE

This is the conventional equation used in the references [3,4,5 ]. 3.COMPUTATION USING IMAGE METHOD This method is based on considering an Image conductor to the core for each loop, because the surface of core is an equipotential for the magnetic scalar potential so the core surface will be a mirror for magnetic field [7].

Lc

ra r1

s1

dx

Fig. 1. The volume element of LV winding for Leq=(2 N22)[rave1d1+rave2d2)/3+ras2]/Lc 0 energy computation Rising x from 0 to d1 increases the magnetic field intensity and approaches its peak value N1I1/Lc. A volume differential from LV winding as shown in Fig. 1, with height Lc, thickness dx and radius r+s1+x is considered. The electromagnetic energy stored in this element is [9]: dWx=1/2 0 Hx2dv (8) and the total energy is: W1= dWx =(
d1

(17)

If the following simplification is also applied: (18) (Lmt1+Lmt2)/2=2 ra Because we know: (19) Lmt1=2 rave1 Lmt2=2 rave2 (20) Eqn. 17 is converted into Eqn. 5. It means that the flux element method is an approximation of the energy method. 3. SIMULATION Case 1:A single-phase transformer A small single-phase transformer with specifications given in Table 1 is simulated [7]. Image method result of this reference is used to compare the accuracy of different methods, TABLE 1. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED
SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

2 2 0 N1 I1 )[(r+s1)/3+d1/4]d1/Lc

(9)

Similarly the stored energy in HV winding can be determined: W2=( 0 N22I22)[(r+s1+s2+d1+d2)/3-d2/4]d2/Lc (10) With a constant magnetic field intensity between the windings, Wa the electromagnetic energy stored between them is: Wa= 0 Ha2Va/2 (11) Hence: Wa=( 0 N22I22)[(r+s1+d1+s2/2)s2/Lc (12)

dimentions are in mm Power N1/N2 Voltage Lc S1 S2

2kVA 118/118 110 v 198 5 17 5 5 60

As shown in Table 2, the error using the energy method is lower than that of the image method. Also The stored energy for this two-winding transformer the flux element method has larger error compared to two other methods. is: W=W1+W2+Wa=LeqI2/2 (13) TABLE 2. COMPUTATIONS RESULTS USING DIFFERENT METHODS Method Inductance Error in respect (mH) to the test (%) Data sheet 0.5475 21.68 Flux method 0.4673 10.51 Image method 0.4609 4.44 Energy method 0.430 2.42 Test results 0.45 ***

Using Eqns. 9-13, the inductance will be as follows: Leq=(2 0 N22)[(r1/3+d1/4)d1+(r2/3-d2/4)d2+ras1]/Lc (14) r1 and r2 are defined as follows: r1=r+s1 r2=r+s1+d1+s2+d2 (15) (16)

Case 2: three-phase distribution transformers A notable point is that if term (r1/3+d1/4) is 3 three-phase distribution transformers with voltages substituted by rave1/3 and term (r2/3-d2/4) in replaced 20/0.4 kV and connection group YZn5 with specification given in Table 3 is considered. Fig. 2 by r /3, L will be:
ave2 eq

shows the required dimensions of the transformer for 25,50 and 100kVA transformers. The last column of Table 4 shows the result of short-circuit test of transformers. TABLE 3. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED TRANSFORMERS
Power

TABLE 4. COMPUTATION RESULTS FOR TRANSFORMERS Power kVA 25 Method Eq. (5) Flux Method Image Method Energy Method Test result Eq. (5) Flux Method Image Method Energy Method Test result Eq. (5) Flux Method Image Method Energy Method Test result Impedance (%) 6.56 4.37 4.30 4.27 4.13 5.10 4.33 4.23 4.20 4.09 5.086 4.416 4.358 4.340 4.248 Error (%) 58.7 5.7 4.03 3.45 **** 24.68 5.97 3.47 2.81 **** 19.71 3.94 2.57 2.16 ****

kVA 25 50 100

N1 116 88 68

N2 5224 3962 3062

D1 mm 105 111 122

D2 mm 110 116 127

D3 mm 135 161 177

V/N 2.30 3.03 3.92

Zsc % 4.13 4.09 4.25

50

D3 D2 D1

Lc

100 D1 : diameter of core D2: diameter of primary winding D3: diameter of secondary winding Fig. 2. A simple geometrical schematic Dimensions of the transformer The short-circuit impedance has been calculated using the above-mentioned methods. The results for these transformers have been summarized in Table 4. The result shows that energy method has the best accuracy comparing other methods for all of these distribution transformers. Case 3:A Single-phase High Voltage Test Transformer The result of simulation of a 500 kVA, 250kV test transformer illustrates in figure 3, that designed by authors and manufactured in IRAN shows in table 4. The schematic of windings are in figure 4.It is noticeable that the transformer has 3 windings: low voltage, high voltage and coupling (for energy transmission to upper step). The reactance between windings calculated two by two and the detail of calculation is in Appendix A. The result shows that energy method is also reliable in this case.

Fig3- A 250kV,500 kVA test transformer designed and manufactured in IRAN

Considering Leakage reactance between LV & HV: Table 5. RESULT OF METHODS FOR THE TEST TRANSFORMER Impedance% LV HV LV- Couple HVCouple Flux Met. 6.12 22.5 6.69 Image Met. 6.05 22.6 6.45 Energy Met. 5.83 22.81 6.32 Test result 5.85 22.74 6.30
Xeq12 =
2 4 2 . f o N 2 r1 dw1 LC1 1 [( + ) dw1 + ras 2 + [ (r2 + 3kLC 2 )( LC1 + LC 2 ) 3 4 LC1 dw2 2 2 (r + kLC 2 ) LC 2 LC1 k 2 ( LC12 + LC 2 + LC1 LC 2 + 2 ]] Ln 3 LC1 LC 2 LC 2

2 LC 2 (r2 + 1.5kLC 2 )

(A2)

1 2 3

1-LV Winding 2- HV Winding 3-Coupling Winding Fig4-Schematic of windings of the test transformer

Figure5- Dimensions of windings of the test transformer 6. REFERENCES

[1].K.Karsai ,D.Kerenyi and L.Kiss,"Large power transformers", Hungary,Elsevier,1987 [2]. R.K.Agrawal, "Principles of electrical machines design" , 3rd Edition, India, 1997. 4. CONCLUSIONS [3]. J.Turowski, M.Turowski and M. Kopec, Different analytical methods for the leakage "Methods of three-dimensional network solution of inductance of transformer calculation have been leakage field of three-phase transformers", IEEE compared. It has been shown that the energy method Trans. On Magnetics, Vol. 26, No. 5, September is the most accurate one. Although the image method 1990,pp. 2911-2919 . is accurate and convenient method, it depends on the [4]. L.F. Blume,et. Al., "Transformer engineering",, current of the image conductors. So by calculating Second edition ,John wily and sons,1951 . stored electromagnetic energy in windings and [5]. D.J. Allan and T.H. Harrison, "Design for distance between them leakage reactance will be reliability of high voltage power transformers and calculated simply and accurately comparing to test reactors", GEC Rev., Vol. 1, 1985 . [6]. Transformer reactance calculations with digital result. computers, AIEE Trans., 1956, 75, I,pp. 261-267. 5. APPENDIX : CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE [7].F. De Leon and A. Semlyen, "Efficient calculation of elementary parameters of REACTANCE OF TEST TRANSFORMER transformers" IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. Because of trapezoid shape of HV winding of 7, No. 1, January 1992, pp. 376-383. test transformer according to Fig. 5, the formula of [8].D.J. Wilcox, W.G. Hurley, and M.Conlon, "Calculation of self and mutual impedances between 10 will be change: 2 2 section of transformer windings", IEE Proceeding, N I 1 W2 = o 2 2 [ (r2 + 3kLC 2 )( LC1 + LC 2 ) 2 LC 2 (r2 + 1.5kLC 2 ) Vol. 136,Pt.C,No. 5,September 1989,pp. 308-314. dw2 2 [9]. Kruse, Paul C., "Analysis of electric machinery 2 LC (r + kLC 2 ) LC 2 k 2 ", McGraw-Hill , 1986 . ( LC12 + LC 2 + LC1 LC 2 ) + 2 Ln 1 ]
3 LC1 LC 2 LC 2

(A1)